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| Name, Symbol, Number | europium, Eu, 63 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | lanthanides | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | n/a, 6, f | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | silvery white |
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| Standard atomic weight | 151.964(1) g·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f7 6s2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase | solid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | 5. Samarium (səˈmɛəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Sm and Atomic number 62 Gadolinium (ˌgædəˈlɪniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Gd and Atomic number 64 Americium (ˌæməˈrɪsiəm is a Synthetic element that has the symbol Am and Atomic number 95 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Occurrence Scandium yttrium and the Lanthanides (except promethium tend to occur together in the Earth's crust and are relatively abundant compared with most D-block A period 6 element is one of the Chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides The f-block of the Periodic table of the elements consists of those elements (sometimes referred to as the inner transition elements) for which in the The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 264 g·cm−3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liquid density at m.p. | 5. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 13 g·cm−3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 1099 K (826 °C, 1519 °F) |
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| Boiling point | 1802 K (1529 °C, 2784 °F) |
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| Heat of fusion | 9. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 21 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 176 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | (25 °C) 27. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 66 J·mol−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | simple cubic (body centered) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | 3,2 (mildly basic oxide) |
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| Electronegativity | ? 1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 2 (Pauling scale) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies (more) |
1st: 547. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 1 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd: 1085 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd: 2404 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 185 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) | 231 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magnetic ordering | no data | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | (r.t.) (poly) 0. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 900 µΩ·m | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) est. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 13. 9 W·m−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | (r.t.) (poly) 35. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 0 µm/(m·K) |
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| Young's modulus | 18. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material 2 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | 7. In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear 9 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | 8. 3 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | 0. Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 152 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vickers hardness | 167 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS registry number | 7440-53-1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selected isotopes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| References | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Europium (pronounced /jʊˈroʊpiəm/) is a chemical element with the symbol Eu and atomic number 63. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton It was named after the continent Europe.
Contents |
Notable characteristics
Europium is the most reactive of the rare earth elements; it rapidly oxidizes in air, and resembles calcium in its reaction with water; deliveries of the metal element in solid form, even when coated with a protective layer of mineral oil, are rarely shiny. Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are according to IUPAC, the collection of seventeen Chemical elements in the Periodic table, namely Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Europium ignites in air at about 150 °C to 180 °C. It is about as hard as lead and quite ductile. Ductility is a mechanical property used to describe the extent to which materials can be deformed plastically or "stretched" into "wires" without
Applications
There are a lot of commercial applications for europium metal, although it has been used to dope some types of glass to make lasers, as well as for screening for Down syndrome and some other genetic diseases. A dopant, also called doping agent and dope, is an impurity element added to a crystal or semiconductor lattice in low concentrations in order to alter the optical/electrical Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission. Down syndrome, Down's syndrome, or trisomy 21 is a Chromosomal disorder caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome. Due to its amazing ability to absorb neutrons, it is also being studied for use in nuclear reactors. Europium oxide (Eu2O3) is widely used as a red phosphor in television sets and fluorescent lamps, and as an activator for yttrium-based phosphors. A phosphor is a substance that exhibits the phenomenon of Phosphorescence (sustained glowing after exposure to energized particles such as Electrons The cathode ray tube (CRT is a Vacuum tube containing an Electron gun (a source of electrons and a Fluorescent screen with internal or A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a Gas-discharge lamp that uses Electricity to excite mercury Vapor. Yttrium (ˈɪtriəm is a Chemical element with symbol Y and Atomic number 39 Whereas trivalent europium gives red phosphors, divalent europium gives blue phosphors. The two europium phosphor classes, combined with the yellow/green terbium phosphors, give the "trichromatic" lights that are becoming so important to provide economical lighting. It is also being used as an agent for the manufacture of fluorescent glass. Europium fluorescence is used to interrogate biomolecular interactions in drug-discovery screens. It is also used in the anti-counterfeiting phosphors in Euro banknotes. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e [1]
Europium is commonly included in trace element studies in geochemistry and petrology to understand the processes that form igneous rocks (rocks that cooled from magma or lava). The field of geochemistry involves study of the chemical composition of the Earth and other Planets chemical processes and reactions that govern the composition In Geology, petrology (from Greek πέτρα petra, rock and λόγος logos, knowledge is the study of rocks and the conditions on which Igneous rocks (etymology from Latin ignis, fire are rocks formed by solidification of cooled Magma (molten rock Magma (Plurals magmas and magmata) is molten rock that sometimes forms beneath the surface of the Earth (or any other Terrestrial planet Lava is molten rock expelled by a Volcano during an eruption When first expelled from a volcanic vent it is a Liquid at Temperatures The nature of the europium anomaly found is used to help reconstruct the relationships within a suite of igneous rocks. The Europium anomaly, in Geochemistry, is the phenomenon whereby Europium (Eu concentration is either depleted or enriched in a rock relative to the other Rare
History
Europium was first found by Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1890, who obtained basic fraction from samarium-gadolinium concentrates which had spectral lines not accounted for by samarium or gadolinium; however, the discovery of europium is generally credited to French chemist Eugène-Anatole Demarçay, who suspected samples of the recently discovered element samarium were contaminated with an unknown element in 1896 and who was able to isolate europium in 1901. Paul Émile ( François) Lecoq de Boisbaudran ( April 18, 1838 - May 28, 1912) was a French Chemist born Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Samarium (səˈmɛəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Sm and Atomic number 62 Gadolinium (ˌgædəˈlɪniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Gd and Atomic number 64 Samarium (səˈmɛəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Sm and Atomic number 62 Gadolinium (ˌgædəˈlɪniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Gd and Atomic number 64 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. Eugène-Anatole Demarçay ( January 1, 1852 &ndash December 1904 was a French Chemist. Samarium (səˈmɛəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Sm and Atomic number 62 Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting When the europium-doped yttrium orthovanadate red phosphor was discovered in the early 1960s, and understood to be about to cause a revolution in the color television industry, there was a mad scramble for the limited supply of europium on hand among the monazite processors. (Typical europium content in monazite was about 0. 05%. ) Luckily, Molycorp, with its bastnäsite deposit at Mountain Pass California, whose lanthanides had an unusually "rich" europium content of 0. The mineral bastnäsite is one of a family of three Carbonate - Fluoride minerals 1%, was about to come on-line and provide sufficient europium to sustain the industry. Prior to europium, the color-TV red phosphor was very weak, and the other phosphor colors had to be muted, to maintain color balance. With the brilliant red europium phosphor, it was no longer necessary to mute the other colors, and a much brighter color TV picture was the result. Europium has continued in use in the TV industry ever since, and, of course, also in computer monitors. California bastnäsite now faces stiff competition from Bayan Obo, China, with an even "richer" europium content of 0. 2%. Frank Spedding, celebrated for his development of the ion-exchange technology that revolutionized the rare earth industry in the mid-1950s once related the story of how, in the 1930s, he was lecturing on the rare earths when an elderly gentleman approached him with an offer of a gift of several pounds of europium oxide. This was an unheard-of quantity at the time, and Spedding did not take the man seriously. However, a package duly arrived in the mail, containing several pounds of genuine europium oxide. The elderly gentleman had turned out to be the Dr. McCoy who had developed a famous method of europium purification involving redox chemistry.
Occurrence
Europium is never found in nature as a free element; however, there are many minerals containing europium, with the most important sources being bastnäsite and monazite. The mineral bastnäsite is one of a family of three Carbonate - Fluoride minerals In Geology, the Mineral monazite is a reddish-brown Phosphate -containing rare earth metals and an important source of Thorium Europium has also been identified in the spectra of the sun and certain stars. Depletion or enrichment of europium in minerals relative to other rare earth elements is known as the europium anomaly. The Europium anomaly, in Geochemistry, is the phenomenon whereby Europium (Eu concentration is either depleted or enriched in a rock relative to the other Rare
Divalent europium in small amounts happens to be the activator of the bright blue fluorescence of some samples of the mineral fluorite (calcium difluoride). The most outstanding examples of this originated around Weardale, and adjacent parts of northern England, and indeed it was this fluorite that gave its name to the phenomenon of fluorescence, although it was not until much later that europium was discovered or determined to be the cause.
Compounds
Europium compounds include:
- Fluorides: EuF2 EuF3
- Chlorides: EuCl2 EuCl3
- Bromides: EuBr2 EuBr3
- Iodides: EuI2 EuI3
- Oxides: EuO Eu2O3 Eu3O4
- Sulfides: EuS
- Selenides: EuSe
- Tellurides: EuTe
- Nitrides: EuN
Europium(II) compounds tend to predominate, in contrast to most lanthanides: (which generally form compounds with an oxidation state of +3). Fluoride is the reduced form of Fluorine. Both organic and Inorganic compounds containing the element fluorine are considered fluorides The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus Europium(III chloride is a compound of Europium and Chlorine with the formula EuCl3 A bromide Ion is a Bromine atom with charge of −1 Compounds with bromine in formal Oxidation state −1 are called bromides An iodide Ion is an iodine atom with a &minus1 charge. Compounds with iodine in formal Oxidation state &minus1 are called iodides An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element The term sulfide ( sulphide in British English) refers to several types of Chemical compounds containing Sulfur in its lowest Oxidation The selenide Ion is Se2&minus A selenide is a chemical compound in which Selenium serves as an Anion with Oxidation number The telluride Ion is Te 2&minus It is the final stable member of the series of dianions O 2&minus S 2&minus In chemistry a nitride is a compound of Nitrogen with a less Electronegative element where nitrogen has an Oxidation state of -3 Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium Europium(II) chemistry is very similar to barium(II) chemistry, as they have similar ionic radii. Barium (ˈbɛəriəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol Ba, and Atomic number 56 The ionic radius, r ion is a measure of the size of an Ion in a Crystal lattice. Divalent europium is a mild reducing agent, such that under atmospheric conditions, it is the trivalent form that predominates. Under anaerobic, and particularly under geothermal conditions, the divalent form is sufficiently stable such that it tends to be incorporated into minerals of calcium and the other alkaline earths. This is the cause of the "negative europium anomaly", that depletes europium from being incorporated into the most usual light lanthanide minerals such as monazite, relative to the chondritic abundance. Bastnaesite tends to show less of a negative europium anomaly than monazite does, and hence is the major source of europium today. The accessible divalency of europium has always made it one of the easiest lanthanides to extract and purify, even when present, as it usually is, in low concentration. See also europium compounds.
Isotopes
Naturally occurring europium is composed of 2 isotopes, 151Eu and 153Eu, with 153Eu being the most abundant (52. Naturally occurring Europium is composed of 2 Isotopes 151Eu and 153Eu with 153Eu being the most abundant (52 Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides 2% natural abundance). In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet While 153Eu is stable, 151Eu was recently found to be unstable to alpha decay with half-life of 
yr[2], in reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions. Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an Atomic nucleus emits an Alpha particle (two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Besides natural radioisotope 151Eu, 35 artificial radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 150Eu with a half-life of 36. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 9 years, 152Eu with a half-life of 13. 516 years, and 154Eu with a half-life of 8. 593 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 4. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. 7612 years, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 12. 2 seconds. This element also has 8 meta states, with the most stable being 150mEu (t½ 12. A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies 8 hours), 152m1Eu (t½ 9. 3116 hours) and 152m2Eu (t½ 96 minutes).
The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 153Eu, is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta minus decay. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted The primary decay products before 153Eu are isotopes of samarium (Sm) and the primary products after are isotopes of gadolinium (Gd). In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide Samarium (səˈmɛəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Sm and Atomic number 62 Gadolinium (ˌgædəˈlɪniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Gd and Atomic number 64
Europium as a nuclear fission product
| Isotope | 151Eu | 152Eu | 153Eu | 154Eu | 155Eu |
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| Yield | ~10 | low | 1580 | >2. 5 | 330 |
| Barns | 5900 | 12800 | 312 | 1340 | 3950 |
| Medium-lived fission products |
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| Property: t½ Unit: (a) |
Yield (%) |
Q * (KeV) |
βγ * |
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| 155Eu | 4. Fission products are the atomic fragments left after a large nucleus fissions. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Annum is one form of the Latin noun meaning Year, not a form normally used for derivatives in modern languages the accusative singular See also Fission product Nuclear fission splits a heavy nucleus such as Uranium or Plutonium into two lighter nuclei which are called Fission The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Europium-155 is a Radioisotope or Europium and Fission product with a Halflife of 4 76 | . 0803 | 252 | βγ |
| 85Kr | 10. Krypton 85 ( 85Kr) is a Radioisotope of Krypton. It decays into rubidium-85 with a Half-life of 10 76 | . 2180 | 687 | βγ |
| 113mCd | 14. Cadmium-113m is a Cadmium Radioisotope and Nuclear isomer with a Halflife of 14 1 | . 0008 | 316 | β |
| 90Sr | 28. Strontium-90 (90Sr is a Radioactive Isotope of Strontium, with a Half life of 28 9 | 4. 505 | 2826 | β |
| 137Cs | 30. Caesium-137 (also spelled cesium is a radioactive Isotope of Caesium which is formed mainly by Nuclear fission. 23 | 6. 337 | 1176 | βγ |
| 121mSn | 43. Tin-121m is a radioisotope and Nuclear isomer of Tin with a Halflife of 43 9 | . 00005 | 390 | βγ |
| 151Sm | 90 | . is a Radioisotope of Samarium with a Half-life of 90 years undergoing low-energy Beta decay, and has a Fission product yield of 5314 | 77 | β |
Europium is produced by nuclear fission, but the fission product yields of europium isotopes are low near the top of the mass range for fission products. See also Fission product Nuclear fission splits a heavy nucleus such as Uranium or Plutonium into two lighter nuclei which are called Fission Fission products are the atomic fragments left after a large nucleus fissions.
Like other lanthanides, many isotopes, especially isotopes with odd mass numbers and neutron-poor isotopes like 152Eu, have high cross sections for neutron capture, often high enough to be neutron poisons. Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium Neutron capture is a kind of Nuclear reaction in which an Atomic nucleus collides with one or more Neutrons and they merge to form a heavier nucleus A nuclear poison, also called a neutron poison is a substance with a large neutron absorption cross-section in applications such as Nuclear reactors
151Eu is the beta decay product of Sm-151, but since this has a long decay half-life and short mean time to neutron absorption, most 151Sm instead winds up as 152Sm. In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted is a Radioisotope of Samarium with a Half-life of 90 years undergoing low-energy Beta decay, and has a Fission product yield of
152Eu (half-life 13. 516 years) and 154Eu (halflife 8. 593 years) cannot be beta decay products because 152Sm and 154Sm are nonradioactive, but 154Eu is the only long-lived "shielded" nuclide, other than 134Cs, to have a fission yield of more than 2. A nuclide (from lat nucleus is a species of Atom characterized by the constitution of its nucleus and hence by the number of Protons, the number of Caesium -134 has a Half-life of 20652 years It is produced both directly (at a very small yield as a Fission product, but not via Beta decay of other 5 parts per million fissions. "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly [3] A larger amount of 154Eu will be produced by neutron activation of a significant portion of the nonradioactive153Eu; however, much of this will be further converted to 155Eu. Neutron activation is the process in which Neutron radiation induces Radioactivity in materials and occurs when atomic nuclei capture Free neutrons
155Eu (halflife 4. Europium-155 is a Radioisotope or Europium and Fission product with a Halflife of 4 7612 years) has a fission yield of 330 ppm for U-235 and thermal neutrons. Uranium-235 is an isotope of uranium that differs from the element's other common isotope Uranium-238, by its ability to cause a rapidly expanding fission The neutron temperature, also called the neutron energy, indicates a free neutron's Kinetic energy, usually given in Electron volts The term Most will be transmuted to nonradioactive and nonabsorptive Gadolinium-156 by the end of fuel burnup. Gadolinium (ˌgædəˈlɪniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Gd and Atomic number 64 In Nuclear power technology burnup is a measure of the Neutron irradiation of the fuel.
Overall, europium is overshadowed by Cs-137 and Sr-90 as a radiation hazard, and by samarium and others as a neutron poison. Caesium-137 (also spelled cesium is a radioactive Isotope of Caesium which is formed mainly by Nuclear fission. Strontium-90 (90Sr is a Radioactive Isotope of Strontium, with a Half life of 28 Samarium (səˈmɛəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Sm and Atomic number 62
Precautions
The toxicity of europium compounds has not been fully investigated, but there are no clear indications that europium is highly toxic compared to other heavy metals. The metal dust presents a fire and explosion hazard. Europium has no known biological role.
Isolation of Europium
Europium metal is available commercially so it is not normally necessary to make it in the laboratory, which is just as well as it is difficult to isolate as the pure metal. This is largely because of the way it is found in nature. The lanthanoids are found in nature in a number of minerals. The most important are xenotime, monazite, and bastnaesite. Xenotime (from the Greek words xenos, "foreign" and time, "honour" is a Rare Earth phosphate mineral whose major In Geology, the Mineral monazite is a reddish-brown Phosphate -containing rare earth metals and an important source of Thorium The mineral bastnäsite is one of a family of three Carbonate - Fluoride minerals The first two are orthophosphate minerals LnPO4 (Ln denotes a mixture of all the lanthanoids except promethium which is vanishingly rare) and the third is a fluoride carbonate LnCO3F. Promethium (prəˈmiːθiəm/ /proʊˈmiːθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Pm and Atomic number 61 Lanthanoids with even atomic numbers are more common. The most common lanthanoids in these minerals are, in order, cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, and praseodymium. Cerium (ˈsɪəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ce and Atomic number 58 Lanthanum (ˈlænθənəm is a Chemical element with the symbol La and Atomic number 57 Neodymium (ˌniːoʊˈdɪmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Nd and Atomic number 60 Praseodymium (ˌpreɪzioʊˈdɪmiəm or /ˌpreɪsioʊˈdɪmiəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Pr and Atomic number 59 Monazite also contains thorium and yttrium which makes handling difficult since thorium and its decomposition products are radioactive. Thorium (ˈθɔːriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Th and Atomic number 90 Yttrium (ˈɪtriəm is a Chemical element with symbol Y and Atomic number 39
For many purposes it is not particularly necessary to separate the metals, but if separation into individual metals is required, the process is complex. Initially, the metals are extracted as salts from the ores by extraction with sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature Modern purification techniques for these lanthanoid salt mixtures are ingenious and involve selective complexation techniques, solvent extractions, and ion exchange chromatography. The term complex in Chemistry is usually used to describe molecules or ensembles formed by the combination of Ligands and metal Ions. Liquid-liquid extraction, also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two Ion-exchange chromatography (or ion chromatography) is a process that allows the separation of Ions and Polar molecules based on the charge properties of
Pure europium is available through the electrolysis of a mixture of molten EuCl3 and NaCl (or CaCl2) in a graphite cell which acts as cathode using graphite as anode. The other product is chlorine gas. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and
Footnotes
- ^ Europium and the Euro [1]
- ^ Search for α decay of natural Europium, P. Belli, R. Bernabei, F. Cappell, R. Cerulli, C. J. Dai, F. A. Danevich, A. d'Angelo, A. Incicchitti, V. V. Kobychev, S. S. Nagorny, S. Nisi, F. Nozzoli, D. Prosperi, V. I. Tretyak, and S. S. Yurchenko, Nucl. Phys. A 789, 15 (2007) doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.03.001
- ^ ORNL Table of the Nuclides