European integration is the process of political, legal, economic (and in some cases social and cultural) integration of European states, including some states that are partly in Europe. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The European Union is a unique entity possessing elements of Intergovernmentalism, Supranationalism and a Multi-party Parliamentary democracy The Treaties of the European Union are a set of international treaties between the Union's member states which sets out the counstitutional basis of the The Maastricht Treaty (formally the Treaty on European Union, TEU) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht, the Netherlands after final The Treaty of Maastricht, which established the European Union, divided EU policies into three main areas called pillars. The Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, commonly known as the Amsterdam Treaty The Nice Treaty was signed by European leaders on 26 February, 2001 and came into force on 1 February 2003. The Treaty of Lisbon (also known as the Reform Treaty) is a Treaty designed to streamline the workings of the European Union (EU with amendments to the There are currently five institutions of the European Union which govern the Union The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. The President of the European Commission is the head of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union. José Manuel Durão Barroso (ʒuˈzɛ mɐnuˈɛɫ duˈɾɐ̃ũ bɐˈʁozu born 23 March 1956 is the 12th President of the European Commission. The Barroso Commission is the European Commission that has been in office since 22 November 2004 and is due to serve until 31 October 2009 The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU The President of the European Parliament presides over the debates and activities of the European Parliament. Hans-Gert Pöttering (often written as Poettering; born September 15, 1945 in Bersenbrück, Lower Saxony) is a German A Member of the European Parliament ( English abbreviation MEP) is a member of the European Union 's legislative body the European Parliament. The Council of the European Union is the principal decision making institution in the European Union (EU Presidency of the Council of the European Union is the responsibility for the functioning of the Council of the European Union which is rotated between European Union Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Janez Janša (born 17 September 1958 as Ivan Janša in Ljubljana) is a Slovenian politician and president of the Slovenian Democratic Party since The High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy (HR is the main co-ordinator of the Common Foreign and Security Policy within the European Union Voting procedures for decisions not requiring unanimity Here is an overview of the formerly used currently used and proposed voting systems employed in the Council of the European There are currently five institutions of the European Union which govern the Union There are currently five institutions of the European Union which govern the Union This article refers to the European Union court not the European Court of Human Rights of the Council of Europe The Court of Justice The European Court of Auditors is the fifth institution of the European Union (EU The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union. Elections in the European Union take place every five years by universal adult suffrage. Elections to the European Parliament were held from 10 June 2004 to 13 June 2004 in the 25 member states of the European Union, using varying election days according Two member states of the European Union held elections to the European Parliament in 2007. Elections to the European Parliament will be held from 4 June to 7 June 2009 in the 27 member states of the European Union, using varying election In six European Union Member States ( Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy, Poland and the United Kingdom) the national A European political party, formally a political party at European level, informally (especially in academic circles a Europarty, is a type of Political party The European Parliament is unique among supranational assemblies because it organizes itself around ideological rather than national groups Origins of the EU History of the European Union European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC Euratom A Member State of the European Union is any one of the twenty-seven sovereign Nation states that have acceded the European Union (EU since its De facto Enlargement of the European Union is the process of expanding the European Union (EU through the accession of new member states. This article deals with relations between the European Union and third countries The Law of the European Union is the unique legal system which operates alongside the laws of Member States of the European Union (EU In economics a Monetary union is a situation where several countries have agreed to share a single currency amongst themselves There are currently five institutions of the European Union which govern the Union The agencies of the European Union (or decentralised bodies of the European Union) are bodies which are distinct from the European Union's institutions, Information on politics by country is available for every Country, including both De jure and De facto independent In the present day, European Integration is primarily achieved through the European Union and the Council of Europe. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949
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History
For centuries, there have been proposals for some form of European integration. With his "Memorandum on the Organization of a Regime of European Federal Union" in 1930, Aristide Briand produced for the French government the first twentieth-century proposal by a European government for European Unity. Aristide Briand (28 March 1862 – 7 March 1932 was a French statesman who served several terms as Prime Minister of France and won the Nobel Peace Prize The government of France is a Semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the fifth Republic, in which the nation declares The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in
Council of Europe
Against the background of the devastation and suffering during the second World War as well as the need for reconciliation after the war, the idea of European integration led to the creation of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg in 1949. The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 In his famous speech at the University of Zurich in 1946, Winston Churchill had called for a United States of Europe (though he was ambiguous on Britain's role in a United States of Europe) and the creation of a Council of Europe. The University of Zurich ( German: Universität Zürich) located in the city of Zurich, is the largest University in Switzerland Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 [1]
The most important achievement of the Council of Europe is the European Convention on Human Rights of 1950 with its European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, which serves as a de facto supreme court for human rights and fundamental freedoms throughout Europe. The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (also called the "European Convention on Human Rights" and "ECHR" was adopted under the The European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR) (Cour européenne des droits de l’homme in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights Human rights are also protected by the Council of Europe's Committee for the Prevention of Torture and the European Social Charter. The European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment or shortly Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT is the anti- The European Social Charter is a document signed by the members of the Council of Europe in Turin 18 October 1961 in which they agreed to secure to their populations the social rights
Most conventions of the Council of Europe pursue the aim of greater legal integration, such as the conventions on legal assistance, against corruption, against money laundering, against doping in sport, or internet crime.
Cultural co-operation is based on the Cultural Convention of 1954 and subsequent conventions on the recognition of university studies and diplomas as well as on the protection of minority languages.
After the fall of the Berlin Wall, former communist countries in central and eastern Europe were able to accede to the Council of Europe, which now comprises all 47 states in Europe with the exception of Belarus due to its still non-democratic government. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Therefore, European integration practically succeeded at the level of the Council of Europe, encompassing the whole European continent.
European integration at the level of the Council of Europe functions through the accession of member states to its conventions as well as through political coordination at the level of ministerial conferences and inter-parliamentary sessions. In accordance with its Statute of 1949, the Council of Europe works to achieve greater unity among its members based on common values, such as human rights and democracy.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an international organization whose aim is to secure stability in Europe. It was established as the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) in July 1973, and was subsequently transformed into its current form in January 1995. The OSCE currently has 56 member states, covering most of the northern hemisphere. Northern Hemisphere is the half of a Planet that is North of the Equator —the word hemisphere literally means 'half ball'
The OSCE develops three lines of activities, namely the Politico-Military Dimension, the Economic and Environmental Dimension, and the Human Dimension. These respectively promote (i) mechanisms for conflict prevention and resolution; (ii) the monitoring, alerting and assistance in case of economic and environmental threats; and (iii) full respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Regional integration
Several Regional integration efforts have effectively removed barriers to free trade in European regions, while increasing the free movement of people, labour, goods, and capital across national borders, and reducing the possibility of regional armed conflict. Regional integration is a process in which states enter into a regional organisation in order to increase regional cooperation and diffuse regional tensions
Benelux
The Benelux is an economic and political union between Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The Benelux is an economic union in Western Europe that includes three neighboring monarchies, '''Be'''lgium, the '''Ne'''therlands, and The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by On September 5, 1944, a treaty establishing the Benelux Customs Union was signed. The Benelux is an economic union in Western Europe that includes three neighboring monarchies, '''Be'''lgium, the '''Ne'''therlands, and It entered into force in 1948, and ceased to exist on November 1, 1960, when it was replaced by the Benelux Economic Union after a treaty signed in The Hague on February 3, 1958. The Benelux is an economic union in Western Europe that includes three neighboring monarchies, '''Be'''lgium, the '''Ne'''therlands, and A Benelux Parliament was created in 1955. The Benelux Parliament, formally the Benelux Interparliamentary Consultative Council, is one of the institutions of the Benelux Economic Union, more commonly referred
The Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU) can be seen as the Benelux forerunner. The Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union (Belgisch-Luxemburgse Economische Unie Union économique belgo-luxembourgeoise, Belsch-Lëtzebuerger Wirtschaftsunioun abbreviated to BLEU was created by the treaty signed on 25 July 1921. It established a single market between both countries, while setting the Belgian franc and Luxembourgian franc at a fixed parity. The franc ( Dutch: frank - French: franc - German: Franken) was the currency of Belgium until 2002 when the The franc ( French, Frang Franken was the Currency of Luxembourg between 1854 and 1999 (except during the period 1941 and 1944
Common Travel Area
The Common Travel Area is a passport-free zone established in 1992 that comprises the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey. The Common Travel Area is a passport-free zone that comprises the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, the Isle of Man, Jersey Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn or Mann (Mannin) is a self-governing Crown dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the geographical The Bailiwick of Jersey ( Jèrriais: Jèrri) is a British Crown dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. The Bailiwick of Guernsey (Bailliage de Guernesey is a British Crown dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy.
Council of the Baltic Sea States
The Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) was founded in 1992 to promote intergovernmental cooperation among Baltic Sea countries in questions concerning economy, civil society development, human rights issues, and nuclear and radiation safety. The Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS is an overall political forum for regional intergovernmental cooperation The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. It has 12 members including Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Iceland (since 1995), Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden and the European Commission. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union.
Nordic Council
The Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers is a co-operation forum for the parliaments and governments of the Nordic countries. The Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers is an intergovernmental forum for co-operation between the Nordic countries. The Nordic countries make up a region in Northern Europe called the Nordic region, consisting of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, It was created in February 1953.
The Nordic Passport Union, created in 1954 but implemented on May 1, 1958, establishes free movement across borders without passports for the countries' citizens. The Nordic Passport Union, created in 1954, and implemented on May 1, 1958, allows Citizens of the Nordic countries ( Denmark It comprises Denmark, Sweden and Norway as foundational states; further, it includes Finland and Iceland since September 24, 1965, and the Danish autonomous territories of Faroe Islands since January 1, 1966. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( The Faroe Islands or Faeroe Islands or simply Faroe(s or Faeroes (Føroyar meaning " Sheep Islands" Færøerne Old Norse
Switzerland - Liechtenstein
Switzerland and Liechtenstein participates in a customs union since 1924, and both employ the Swiss franc as national currency. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland A customs union is a Free trade area with a Common external tariff. The franc ( German: Franken, French and Romansh: franc, Italian: franco; code: CHF
European Communities
In 1951, a few European states agreed to confer powers over their steel and coal production to the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in Luxembourg. The European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC) was a six-nation International organisation serving to unify Western Europe during the Cold War and creating
Coal and steel production was essential for the reconstruction of countries in Europe after the second World War and this sector of the national economy had been important for warfare in the first and second World Wars. Therefore, France had originally maintained its occupation of the Saarland with its steel companies after the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in 1949. Saarland (ˈzaːɐ̯lant in German; French: Sarre) is one of the 16 federal states (German Bundesländer) of Germany. By transferring national powers over the coal and steel production to a newly created ECSC Commission, the member states of the ECSC were able to provide for greater transparency and trust among themselves.
This transfer of national powers to a "Community" to be exercised by its Commission was paralled under the 1957 Treaty of Rome establishing the European Atomic Energy Community ---or Euroatom--- and the European Economic Community (ECC) in Brussels. The European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom is an international organisation which is semi-independent of but completely controlled by the European Community The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992
In 1967, the Merger Treaty combine the institutions of the ECSC and Euratom into that of the EEC. The Merger Treaty (or Brussels Treaty) was an European treaty which combined the executive bodies of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC They already shared a Parliamentary Assembly and Courts. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU This article refers to the European Union court not the European Court of Human Rights of the Council of Europe The Court of Justice Collectively they were known as the European Communities. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 The Communities still had independent personalities although were increasingly integrated, and over the years were transformed into what is now called the European Union. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in
A key person in this initiative was Jean Monnet, regarded as the "founding father" of the European Union, which is seen as the dominant force in European integration. Jean Omer Marie Gabriel Monnet ( November 9, 1888 &ndash March 16, 1979) is regarded by many as a chief architect of European Unity
European Free Trade Areas
European Free Trade Association
The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is a European trade bloc which was established on May 3, 1960 as an alternative for European states who didn't join the EEC. The European Free Trade Association ( EFTA) is a European Trade bloc which was established on 3 May 1960 as an alternative for European states who were either A trade bloc is a large Free trade area formed by one or more Tax tariff and trade agreements The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 EFTA currently has four member states: Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland
The EFTA Convention was signed on January 4, 1960 in Stockholm by seven states: United Kingdom, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Switzerland and Portugal. Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Finland became an associate member in 1961 and a full member in 1986; Iceland joined in 1970, and Liechtenstein did the same in 1991. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland
The United Kingdom and Denmark left in 1973, when they joined the European Community. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 Portugal left EFTA in 1986, when it also joined the EC. Austria, Sweden and Finland ceased to be EFTA members in 1995, by joining the European Union. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in
Baltic Free Trade Area
The Baltic Free Trade Area (BAFTA) was a trade agreement between Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. The Baltic Free Trade Area (BAFTA was a Free trade agreement between Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania that existed between 1994 and Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. It was signed on September 13, 1993 and came into force on April 1, 1994. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) The agreement was later extended to apply also to agricultural products, effective from January 1, 1997. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar BAFTA ceased to exist when its members joined the EU on May 1, 2004. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
Central European Free Trade Agreement
The Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) is a trade agreement between countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe, which works as a preparation for full European Union membership. Members As of 1 May 2007, the parties of the CEFTA agreement are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia It currently has 8 members: Croatia, Macedonia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between The Republic of Macedonia (Република This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country
It was established in 1992 ---but came into force in 1994--- by Czechoslovakia (which split in Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993), Hungary and Poland. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Slovenia joined in 1996, while Romania did the same in 1997, Bulgaria in 1999, and Croatia in 2003. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between
In 2004, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovenia left the CEFTA to join the EU. Romania and Bulgaria left it in 2007 for the same reason.
Subsequently, Macedonia joined it in 2006, and Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia and UNMIK (on behalf of Kosovo) in 2007. The United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo or UNMIK is the interim civilian administration in Kosovo, under the authority of the United
Eastern Enlargement
In 2008, Poland and Sweden proposed to set a free trade area between the EU and eastern countries such as Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. See also List of free trade agreements This is article is on free international trade Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. [2]
European Union
The institutions of the European Union, its parliamentarians, judges, commissioners and secretariat, the governments of its member states as well as their people, all play a role in European Integration. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Nevertheless, the question of who plays the key role is disputed as there are different theories on European Integration focusing on different actors and agency.
The European Union has a number of relationships with nations that are not formally part of the Union. According to the European Union's official site, and a statement by Commissioner Günter Verheugen, the aim is to have a ring of countries, sharing EU's democratic ideals and joining them in further integration without necessarily becoming full member states.
Economic integration
- Further information: Economy of the European Union
- Further information: Third country economic relationships with the European Union
The European Union operates a single economic market across the territory of all its members, and uses a single currency between the Eurozone members. The economy of the European Union combines the economies of 27 member states and is generating an estimated nominal GDP of € 12581 billion ( $ The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Euro Enlargement of the Further, the EU has a number of economic relationships with nations that are not formally part of the Union through the European Economic Area and custom union agreements.
Customs Union
The European Customs Union defines an area where no customs are levied on goods travelling within it. The European Union Customs Union is a Customs union which consists of all European Union member states. Customs is an Authority or agency in a Country responsible for collecting and safeguarding customs duties and for controlling the flow of goods It includes all European Union member states. A Member State of the European Union is any one of the twenty-seven sovereign Nation states that have acceded the European Union (EU since its De facto The abolition of internal tariff barriers between ECC member states was achieved in 1968. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992
Further, Turkey, Andorra and San Marino belong to the EU customs unions with third states. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan: Principat d'Andorra) is a small Landlocked country in western The Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino is a country in the Apennine Mountains.
Single Market
A prominent goal of the EU since its creation by the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 is establishing and maintaining a single market This seeks to guarantee the four basic freedoms, which are related to ensure the free movement of goods, services, capital and people around the EU's internal market. The Maastricht Treaty (formally the Treaty on European Union, TEU) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht, the Netherlands after final In European Union law, the Four Freedoms is a common term for a set of treaty provisions secondary legislation and court decisions protecting the ability of Goods
The European Economic Area (EEA) agreement allows Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein to participate in the European Single Market without joining the EU. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland The four basic freedoms apply. However, some restrictions on fisheries and agriculture take place. Switzerland is linked to the European Union by Swiss-EU bilateral agreements, with a different content from that of the EEA agreement. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Switzerland took part in negotiating the European Economic Area agreement with the European Union.
Eurozone
The Eurozone refers to the European Union member states that have adopted the euro currency union as the third stage of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Euro Enlargement of the The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e In economics a monetary union is a situation where several countries have agreed to share a single currency (also known as a unitary or common currency Further, certain states outside the EU have adopted the euro as their currency, despite not belonging to the EMU.
Schengen zone
The main purpose of the establishment of the Schengen Agreement is the abolition of physical borders among European countries. The term Schengen Agreement is used for two agreements concluded among European states in 1985 and 1990 which deal with the abolition of systematic Border controls A total of 29 states, including 25 European Union states and four non-EU members (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland), are subject to the Schengen rules. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation 24 states have already implemented the agreements. Further, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City are de-facto members. For other uses see Monaco (disambiguation Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco ( French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque The Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino is a country in the Apennine Mountains. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory
Military
- Further information: Military of the European Union
The European Union is not a state and as such does not have its own dedicated military forces. At present there is no military of the European Union, as the European integration has not developed very far in the area of defence The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. However, there are a number of multi-national military and peacekeeping forces which are ultimately under the command of the EU, and therefore can be seen as the core for a future European Union army[3].
The Western European Union (WEU) capabilities and functions have been transferred to the European Union, under its developing Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP)[4]. The Western European Union ( WEU) is a partially dormant European defence and security organization established on the basis of the Treaty of Brussels of 1948 This article deals with the workings of European Union foreign policy The European Security and Defence Policy or ESDP is a major element of the Common Foreign and Security Policy pillar of the European Union
| State | EU | Common Market (EEA) | Customs Union | Schengen | EMU (Euro) | Military |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Andorra |
No | No | 1991 [5] | No | Unilaterally adopted | No |
 Austria |
1 Jan. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The European Union Customs Union is a Customs union which consists of all European Union member states. The term Schengen Agreement is used for two agreements concluded among European states in 1985 and 1990 which deal with the abolition of systematic Border controls Euro Enlargement of the At present there is no military of the European Union, as the European integration has not developed very far in the area of defence Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan: Principat d'Andorra) is a small Landlocked country in western Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich 1995 | 1 Jan. 1994 | Yes | 26 Dec. 1997 | 1999 | EU BGs |
.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg.png){kind=small} Belgium |
1 Jan. European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those 1958 | 1 Jan. 1993 | Yes | 26 Mar. 1995 | 1999 | Eurofor, Eurocorps, EU BGs |
 Bulgaria |
1 Jan. European Operational Rapid Force ( Eurofor) is a multinational Rapid reaction force composed of forces from France, Spain, Portugal Eurocorps is a multinational army corps within the framework of European Union and NATO common defence initiatives European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian 2007 | 1 Jan. 2007 | Yes | No | No | EU BGs |
 Croatia |
Candidate | No | No | No | No | No |
 Cyprus |
1 May 2004 | 1 May 2004 | Yes | No | 2008 | EU BGs |
 Czech Republic |
1 May 2004 | 1 May 2004 | Yes | 21 Dec. European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, 2007 | No | EU BGs |
 Denmark |
1 Jan. European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe 1973 | 1 Jan. 1993 | Yes | 25 Mar. 2001 | No | No |
 Estonia |
1 May 2004 | 1 May 2004 | Yes | 21 Dec. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region 2007 | No | EU BGs |
 Finland |
1 Jan. European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. 1995 | 1 Jan. 1994 | Yes | 25 Mar. 2001 | 1999 | EU BGs |
 France |
1 Jan. European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. 1958 | 1 Jan. 1993 | Yes | 26 Mar. 1995 | 1999 | Eurofor, Eurocorps, EU BGs, EGF |
 Germany |
1 Jan. European Operational Rapid Force ( Eurofor) is a multinational Rapid reaction force composed of forces from France, Spain, Portugal Eurocorps is a multinational army corps within the framework of European Union and NATO common defence initiatives European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers The European Gendarmerie Force or EGF was launched by an agreement between five members of the European Union: France, Italy, Spain Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. 1958 [6] | 1 Jan. 1993 | Yes | 26 Mar. 1995 | 1999 | Eurocorps, EU BGs |
 Greece |
1 Jan. Eurocorps is a multinational army corps within the framework of European Union and NATO common defence initiatives European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία 1981 | 1 Jan. 1993 | Yes | 26 Mar. 2000 | 2001 | EU BGs |
 Hungary |
1 May 2004 | 1 May 2004 | Yes | 21 Dec. European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic 2007 | No | EU BGs |
 Iceland |
No | 1 Jan. European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( 1994 | No | 25 Mar. 2001 | No | No |
 Ireland |
1 Jan. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world 1973 | 1 Jan. 1993 | Yes | No | 1999 | EU BGs |
 Italy |
1 Jan. European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest 1958 | 1 Jan. 1993 | Yes | 26 Oct. 1997 | 1999 | Eurofor, EU BGs, EGF |
 Kosovo |
No | No | No | No | Unilaterally adopted | No |
 Latvia |
1 May 2004 | 1 May 2004 | Yes | 21 Dec. European Operational Rapid Force ( Eurofor) is a multinational Rapid reaction force composed of forces from France, Spain, Portugal European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers The European Gendarmerie Force or EGF was launched by an agreement between five members of the European Union: France, Italy, Spain Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. 2007 | No | EU BGs |
 Lithuania |
1 May 2004 | 1 May 2004 | Yes | 21 Dec. European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the 2007 | No | EU BGs |
 Liechtenstein |
No | 1 May 1995 [7] | No | Signatory | No | No |
 Luxembourg |
1 Jan. European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by 1958 | 1 Jan. 1993 | Yes | 26 Mar. 1995 | 1999 | Eurocorps, EU BGs |
 FYRO Macedonia |
Candidate | No | No | No | No | No |
 Malta |
1 May 2004 | 1 May 2004 | Yes | 21 Dec. Eurocorps is a multinational army corps within the framework of European Union and NATO common defence initiatives European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers The Republic of Macedonia (Република Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands 2007 | 2008 | No |
 Monaco |
No | No | de facto, with France | de facto, with France | Adoption agreement | No |
 Montenegro |
No | No | No | No | Unilaterally adopted | No |
 Netherlands |
1 Jan. For other uses see Monaco (disambiguation Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco ( French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands 1958 | 1 Jan. 1993 | Yes | 26 Mar. 1995 | 1999 | EU BGs, EGF |
 Norway |
No [8] | 1 Jan. European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers The European Gendarmerie Force or EGF was launched by an agreement between five members of the European Union: France, Italy, Spain Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional 1994 | No | 25 Mar. 2001 | No | EU BGs |
 Poland |
1 May 2004 | 1 May 2004 | Yes | 21 Dec. European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland 2007 | No | EU BGs |
 Portugal |
1 Jan. European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. 1986 | 1 Jan. 1993 | Yes | 26 Mar. 1995 | 1999 | Eurofor, EU BGs, EGF |
 Romania |
1 Jan. European Operational Rapid Force ( Eurofor) is a multinational Rapid reaction force composed of forces from France, Spain, Portugal European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers The European Gendarmerie Force or EGF was launched by an agreement between five members of the European Union: France, Italy, Spain Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania 2007 | 1 Jan. 2007 | Yes | No | No | EU BGs |
 San Marino |
No | No | 2002 | Open border | Adoption agreement | No |
 Serbia |
No | No | No | No | Unilaterally adopted by the UN administration of Kosovo | No |
 Spain |
1 Jan. European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers The Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino is a country in the Apennine Mountains. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. 1986 | 1 Jan. 1993 | Yes | 26 Mar. 1995 | 1999 | Eurofor, Eurocorps, EU BGs, EGF |
 Slovakia |
1 May 2004 | 1 May 2004 | Yes | 21 Dec. European Operational Rapid Force ( Eurofor) is a multinational Rapid reaction force composed of forces from France, Spain, Portugal Eurocorps is a multinational army corps within the framework of European Union and NATO common defence initiatives European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers The European Gendarmerie Force or EGF was launched by an agreement between five members of the European Union: France, Italy, Spain Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million 2007 | No | EU BGs |
 Slovenia |
1 May 2004 | 1 May 2004 | Yes | 21 Dec. European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west 2007 | 2007 | EU BGs |
 Sweden |
1 Jan. European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. 1995 | 1 Jan. 1994 | Yes | 25 Mar. 2001 | No | EU BGs |
 Switzerland |
Application frozen | Bilateral treaties [9] | No | Signatory | No | No |
 Turkey |
Candidate | No | 1996 [10] | No | No | EU BGs |
 United Kingdom |
1 Jan. European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located 1973 | 1 Jan. 1993 | Yes | No | No | EU BGs |
 Vatican City |
No | No | No | Open border | Adoption agreement | No |
Euro-Mediterranean Partnership
The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership or Barcelona Process was organised by the European Union to strengthen its relations with the countries in the Mashriq and Maghreb regions. European Union battlegroups (EU BGs are military forces under the direct control of the European Council, each consisting of at least 1500 combat soldiers Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (or Barcelona Process) started in 1995 with the Barcelona Euro-Mediterranean Conference The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (or Barcelona Process) started in 1995 with the Barcelona Euro-Mediterranean Conference The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in This article is about the Mashriq region For other uses see Mashriq (disambiguation The Mashriq or Mashreq (also in use Mashrek The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset It started in 1995 with the Barcelona Euro-Mediterranean Conference, and it has been developed in successive annual meetings. The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (or Barcelona Process) started in 1995 with the Barcelona Euro-Mediterranean Conference
The European Union enlargement of 2004 brought two Mediterranean countries (Cyprus and Malta) into the Union, while adding a total of 10 to the number of Member States. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership today comprises 37 members: 27 EU member states and 10 Mediterranean Partners (Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey). A Member State of the European Union is any one of the twenty-seven sovereign Nation states that have acceded the European Union (EU since its De facto Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Libya has had observer status since 1999. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab
The Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Area (EU-MEFTA) is based on the Barcelona Process and European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). The Euro-Mediterranean free trade area (EU-MEFTA is based on the Barcelona Process and European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (or Barcelona Process) started in 1995 with the Barcelona Euro-Mediterranean Conference The European Neighbourhood is the region beyond the frontier of the European Union. It will cover the EU, the EFTA, the EU customs unions with third states (Turkey, Andorra, San Marino), the EU candidate states, and the partners of the Barcelona Process. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The European Free Trade Association ( EFTA) is a European Trade bloc which was established on 3 May 1960 as an alternative for European states who were either Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan: Principat d'Andorra) is a small Landlocked country in western The Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino is a country in the Apennine Mountains. Enlargement of the European Union is the process of expanding the European Union (EU through the accession of new member states. The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (or Barcelona Process) started in 1995 with the Barcelona Euro-Mediterranean Conference
The Mediterranean Union is a proposed community of countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea planned to be established in 2008. The Union for the Mediterranean (Union pour la Méditerranée previously known as the [11]
Theories of Integration
The question of how to avoid wars between the nation-states was essential for the first theories. Federalism and Functionalism proposed the containment of the nation-state, while Transactionalism sought to theorize the conditions for the stabilization of the nation-state system. Political federalism is a Political philosophy in which a group of members are bound together (Latin foedus, covenant) with a governing One of the most influential theories of European integration is Neo-functionalism, developed by Ernst B. Haas (1958) and further investigated by Leon Lindberg (1963). Functionalism in international relations Neofunctionalism is a theory of Regional integration, building on the work of Ernst B Ernst Bernard Haas (1924 – March 6, 2003) His works include Haas Ernst B The important debate between neofunctionialism and (liberal) intergovernmentalism still remains central in understanding the development and set-backs of the European Union. The term Intergovernmentalism can mean different things A decision-making method Usually intergovernmentalism refers to the decision-making methods in International But as the empirical world has changed, so have the theories and thus the understanding of European Integration. Today there is a relatively new focus on the complex policy making in the EU and Multi-level governance theory (MLG) trying to produce a theory of the workings and development of the EU.
Future of European Integration
There is no fixed end result of the process of integration. Integration and enlargement of the European Union are major issues in the politics of Europe, both at European, national and local level. Enlargement of the European Union is the process of expanding the European Union (EU through the accession of new member states. Integration may conflict with national sovereignty and cultural identity, and is opposed by eurosceptics. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself Cultural identity is the (feeling of identity of a group or Culture, or of an Individual as far as he or she is influenced by her belonging to a group Euroscepticism Euro (disambiguation --> has become a general term for opposition to the process
See also
- Enlargement of the European Union
- European Coal and Steel Community
- European Foreign Policy
- Pan-European identity
- Federalism
- Federal Europe
- Multi-speed Europe
- Europeanism
- Pro-European
- Euroscepticism
- Intergovernmentalism
- Multi-level governance
- Neofunctionalism
- Supranationalism
- United States of Europe
References
- ^ Mauter, Wendell (1998). Enlargement of the European Union is the process of expanding the European Union (EU through the accession of new member states. The European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC) was a six-nation International organisation serving to unify Western Europe during the Cold War and creating This article deals with the workings of European Union foreign policy Pan-European identity refers to the sense of personal identification with Europe Political federalism is a Political philosophy in which a group of members are bound together (Latin foedus, covenant) with a governing A federal Europe is a proposal that much of Europe be unified in the manner of a Federation. Multi-speed Europe or two-speed Europe (called also variable geometry Europe or Core Europe depending on the form it would take in practice is a concept Europeanism refers to the concept of or assertion that the people of Europe have a distinct collective Cultural identity within the larger context of Western Pro-European is a subjective term applied to a person who supports the idea of European unification (mainly through the European Union (EU and generally supports Euroscepticism Euro (disambiguation --> has become a general term for opposition to the process The term Intergovernmentalism can mean different things A decision-making method Usually intergovernmentalism refers to the decision-making methods in International Multi-level governance is a public administration Theory that is gaining more and more popularity Functionalism in international relations Neofunctionalism is a theory of Regional integration, building on the work of Ernst B Supranationalism is a method of decision-making in political communities wherein power is democratically entrusted to independent experienced appointed personalities or to representatives A federal Europe is a proposal that much of Europe be unified in the manner of a Federation. Churchill and the Unification of Europe. Churchill Facts. The Churchill Centre. Archived from the original on 2006-12-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ "EU Looks East as Foreign Policy Council Convenes" dw-world. de 25 May 2008 Link accessed 25/05/08
- ^ New force behind EU foreign policy BBC News - 15 March 2007
- ^ Marseille Declaration 2000 weu. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common int
- ^ Excluding agricultural products
- ^ 3 Oct. 1990 for East Germany
- ^ Delayed from 1 Jan. 1994 due to a previous customs union with Switzerland
- ^ accession rejected in two referenda (1972 and 1994)
- ^ Switzerland and the European Union
- ^ Excluding agricultural products
- ^ Sarkozy sounds out basis for Mediterranean Union Euractiv. Switzerland took part in negotiating the European Economic Area agreement with the European Union. com 16/07/07. Accessed 2007-07-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
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