Citizendia

This article deals with the European people as an ethnic group or ethnic groups. For information about residents or nationals of Europe, see Demography of Europe. Since the Renaissance, Europe has had a dominating influence in culture economics and social movements in the world For information on other uses please see disambiguation page: European

The European peoples are the various nations and ethnic groups of Europe.

European Ethnology is the field of anthropology focusing on Europe. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of

Contents

Ethnic groups of Europe

see Category:Ethnic groups in Europe
Further information: Demography of Europe, Languages of Europe, and Eurolinguistics
Languages of Europe:                     North Germanic                 West Germanic                 Celtic                     Western Romance    Italian+Southern     Eastern Romance     Basque                     East Slavic                 West Slavic             South Slavic         Baltic     Greek     Albanian     Armenian     Iranian             Finno-Permic     Hungarian     Ob-Ugric     Caucasian     Turkic     Kalmyk     Arabic+Maltese     Berber
Languages of Europe:
                    North Germanic                 West Germanic                 Celtic
                    Western Romance    Italian+Southern     Eastern Romance     Basque
                    East Slavic                 West Slavic             South Slavic         Baltic
    Greek     Albanian     Armenian     Iranian
            Finno-Permic     Hungarian     Ob-Ugric
    Caucasian     Turkic     Kalmyk     Arabic+Maltese     Berber

Of the total population of Europe of some 730 million (as of 2005), some 85% or 630 million fall within three large ethno-linguistic super-groups, viz. Since the Renaissance, Europe has had a dominating influence in culture economics and social movements in the world Most of the many Languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European Language family. Eurolinguistics is a comparatively young branch of Linguistics which deals with questions on the languages of Europe Most of the many Languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European Language family. The North Germanic languages or Scandinavian languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of Languages and include languages such as English The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. The Southern Romance languages are a sub-group of the family of Romance languages that includes the Sardinian, the Corsican language, with the Gallurese The Eastern Romance languages, sometimes known as the Vlach languages, are a group of Romance languages that developed in Southeastern Europe Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain The East Slavic languages constitute one of three regional subgroups of Slavic languages, currently spoken in Eastern Europe. The West Slavic languages is a subdivision of the Slavic language group that includes Czech, Polish, Slovak, and Sorbian. South Slavic languages comprise one of the three geographical groups of Slavic languages (besides West and East Slavic) The Baltic languages are a group of related languages belonging to the Indo-European language family and spoken mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco - The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family and its subfamily Indo-Iranian. The Finno-Permic languages form one of the main branches of the Finno-Ugric languages that split from it around 2500 - 3000 BC Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. The Ob-Ugric languages are a subset of the Finno-Ugric languages, specifically referring to the Khanty (Ostyak and Mansi (Vogul languages The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Kalmyk (also known as Kalmuck Calmouk Qalmaq Kalmytskii Jazyk Khalmag Volga Oirat Weilate Western Mongol is the Language of the Kalmyks and Oirats Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Maltese (Maltese Malti is the National language of Malta, and a co-official language of the country alongside English, Nomenclature The term Berber has been used in Europe since at least the 17th century and is still used today , Slavic, Latin (Romance) and Germanic. Slavic Europe is a region of Europe where Slavic people live This area corresponds more or less to East-Central, Eastern Europe and Southeastern The largest groups that do not fall within either of these are the Greeks and the Hungarians (about 13 million each). The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. About 20-25 million residents are members of diasporas of non-European origin. The population of the European Union with some 500 million accounts for two thirds of European population. The demographics of the European Union show a highly populated culturally diverse union of 27 member states.

The largest ethnic group of Europe are probably the Russians with some 90 million settling in the European parts of Russia, followed by the Germans (76 million), Italians (58 million), French (49 million[1]), English (45 million), Spanish (42 million), Poles (42 million) and the Ukrainians (41 million). The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens

Inasmuch as ethnic Jews are considered a separate ethnicity, Europe has a population of about 2 million ethnic Jews (mostly also counted as part of the ethnic group of their respective home countries):

Depending on what parts of the Caucasus are considered part of Europe, various peoples of the Caucasus may also be considered "European peoples":

Indigeneity

Prehistoric populations

Further information: Prehistoric Europe, Eurasian nomads, and Indo-European expansion

The Basques are assumed to descend from the populations of the Atlantic Bronze Age directly. Prehistoric Europe refers to prehistorical period of the History of Europe. Eurasian Nomads are a large group of peoples of the Eurasian Steppe. The Proto-Indo-Europeans (PIE were the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, who likely lived around 4000 BC, during the Copper Age and the The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. The so called Atlantic Bronze Age is a cultural complex of the approx The Indo-European groups of Europe (the Centum groups plus Balto-Slavic and Albanian) are assumed to have developed in situ by admixture of early Indo-European groups arriving in Europe by the Bronze Age (Corded ware, Beaker people). The Bronze Age in Europe succeeds the Neolithic in the late 3rd millennium BC (late Beaker culture) and spans the entire The Corded Ware culture, alternatively characterized as the Battle Axe culture or Single Grave culture is an enormous European Archaeological horizon that The Bell-Beaker culture (sometimes shortened to Beaker culture, Beaker people, or Beaker folk; Glockenbecherkultur) ca The Finnic peoples are indigenous to northeastern Europe. Finnic peoples ( Fennic) are a historical linguistic group of peoples Baltic Finns who are Native speakers of Baltic-Finnic

Reconstructed languages of Iron Age Europe include Proto-Celtic, Proto-Italic and Proto-Germanic, all of these Indo-European languages of the centum group, and Proto-Slavic and Proto-Baltic, of the satem group. Linguistic reconstruction is the practice of establishing the features of the unattested ancestor ( Proto-language) of one or more given languages This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. Phonological reconstruction Consonants The phonological changes from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic Consonants may be summarised as follows The Italic subfamily is a member of the Indo-European language family's Centum branch Proto-Germanic, or Common Germanic, is the hypothetical common ancestor ( Proto-language) of all the Germanic languages such as modern English Proto-Slavic is the Proto-language from which Slavic languages later emerged The Balto-Slavic language group consists of the Baltic and Slavic languages, belonging to the Indo-European family of languages A group of Tyrrhenian languages appears to have included Etruscan, Rhaetian and perhaps also Eteocretan and Eteocypriot. Aegean languages are the language groups spoken around the Aegean Sea area prior to and along with Greek. The Minoan language is a Language of ancient Crete. Its relationship to Greek is unknown and it was spoken before the island's civilization was replaced Eteocypriot was a Pre-Indo-European language spoken in Iron Age Cyprus. A pre-Roman stage of Proto-Basque can only be reconstructed with great uncertainty. Proto-Basque is the fifth century BC - year 1 period Basque language remade predecessor before Latin influence

Regarding the European Bronze Age, the only secure reconstruction is that of Proto-Greek (ca. The Bronze Age in Europe succeeds the Neolithic in the late 3rd millennium BC (late Beaker culture) and spans the entire The Proto-Greek language is the assumed last common ancestor of all known varieties of Greek, including Mycenaean, the classical Greek dialects 2000 BC). A Proto-Italo-Celtic ancestor of both Italic and Celtic (assumed for the Bell beaker period), and a Proto-Balto-Slavic language (assumed for roughly the Corded Ware horizon) has been postulated with less confidence. In historical linguistics Italo-Celtic refers to the observation that the Italic languages and the Celtic languages share a number of common features unique to these The Bell-Beaker culture (sometimes shortened to Beaker culture, Beaker people, or Beaker folk; Glockenbecherkultur) ca The Balto-Slavic language group consists of the Baltic and Slavic languages, belonging to the Indo-European family of languages The Corded Ware culture, alternatively characterized as the Battle Axe culture or Single Grave culture is an enormous European Archaeological horizon that Old European hydronymy has been taken as indicating an early (Bronze Age) Indo-European predecessor of the later centum languages. Old European ( alteuropäisch) is the term used by Hans Krahe (1964 for the language of the oldest reconstructed stratum of Indo-European Hydronymy

Historical populations

Further information: History of Europe
Provinces of the Roman Empire in AD 117.
Provinces of the Roman Empire in AD 117. The history of Europe describes the passage of time from humans inhabiting the European continent to the present day The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial

Iron Age (pre-Great Migrations) populations of Europe known from Greco-Roman historiography, notably Herodotus, Pliny, Ptolemy and Tacitus:

Historical immigration

Further information: Scythians, Huns, Turkic expansion, and Islamic conquests
The Great Migrations of Late Antiquity.
The Great Migrations of Late Antiquity. The Scythians or Scyths (Σκύθες Σκύθοι were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding Nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy The Turkic migration as defined in this article was the expansion of the Turkic peoples across most of Central Asia into Europe and the Middle The initial Arab Muslim conquests (632–732 (فتح Fatah, literally opening, also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab Late Antiquity (c 300-600 is a Periodization used by historians to describe the transitional centuries from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, in
Map showing the three main political divisions around 800: The Carolingian Empire (purple), the Byzantine Empire (orange) and the Caliphate of Córdoba (light green). (Borders are approximate.)
Map showing the three main political divisions around 800: The Carolingian Empire (purple), the Byzantine Empire (orange) and the Caliphate of Córdoba (light green). Carolingian Empire is a historiographical term sometimes used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the Carolingian dynasty. The Caliphate of Córdoba (Arabic خلافة قرطبة ruled the Iberian peninsula ( Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of (Borders are approximate. )

Ethno-linguistic groups that arrived from outside Europe during historical times are:

Indigenous minorities

Further information: Definitions and identity of indigenous peoples
A Sami family in northern Scandinavia around 1900
A Sami family in northern Scandinavia around 1900

In a more narrow sense of "indigenous peoples", ethnic minorities marginalized by historical expansion of their neighbour populations, Europe's present-day indigenous populations are relatively few, mainly confined to northern and far-eastern reaches of this Eurasian peninsula. The Adjective indigenous has the common meaning of "having originated in and being produced growing living or occurring naturally in a particular region or environment" The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. Whilst there are numerous ethnic minorities distributed within European countries, few of these still maintain traditional subsistence cultures and are recognized as indigenous peoples, per se. The following groups can be considered "indigenous peoples" of Europe in this narrow sense:[8]

Physical appearance and genetic origins

Main article: Genetic history of Europe
Further information: White people and Caucasoid

There has been human habitation (Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis) in Europe for over a million years,[10][11] but human remains with a recognisably modern anatomy have only been dated back to 40,000 years ago, with the Cro magnon settlement. European populations have a complicated demographic and genetic history including many layers of successive migrations between different time periods White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. The Caucasian race, sometimes the Caucasoid race, is a term of Racial classification, coined around 1800 by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach for the " Homo is the Genus that includes modern humans and their close relatives Homo erectus ( Latin: "upright man" is an extinct species of the genus Homo, believed to have been the first hominin The Neanderthal (neɪˈændərtɑːl also with /niː-/ and /-θɔːl/ or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from Cro-Magnon ( French) is one of the main types of Homo sapiens of the European Upper Paleolithic, living approximately 40000 to 10000 years It is probable that the origins of Cro Magnon man can be traced back ultimately to ancestors in East Africa. East Africa is the Easternmost Region of the African Continent. [12] There remains a remote possibility of limited interbreeding of Cro-Magnon and Neanderthals during the Upper Paleolithic. Ever since their discovery both the Neanderthals ' place in the human family tree and their relation to modern Europeans have been hotly debated The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe Africa

Over the prehistoric period there was continual immigration to Europe, notably with the neolithic revolution. The Neolithic Revolution was the first Agricultural revolution &mdashthe transition from hunting and gathering communities and bands to Agriculture and [13]

In 19th to early 20th century scientific racism, European groups were described as members of a Caucasian race, divided into an Alpine, a Mediterranean and a Nordic subgroup, most characterized by lightly pigmented skin and variability in eye and hair colour [14]. Scientific racism denotes the use of scientific or ostensibly scientific findings and methods to support or validate racist attitudes and worldviews The Caucasian race, sometimes the Caucasoid race, is a term of Racial classification, coined around 1800 by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach for the " the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries many Western anthropologists classified humans into a variety of races and subraces The Mediterranean race was one of the three sub-categories into which the people of Europe were divided by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century The Nordic race was one of the racial categories into which the Europeans were divided by anthropologists in the first half of the twentieth century

Genetically, the main substructure within European populations is between the Atlantic ("Basque"), the Balkans ("Near East") and the Northern ("Finnic") poles. }} Atlantic Europe is a geographical and anthropological term for the western portion of Europe which borders the Atlantic Ocean. B Syria - Belka Woman from Damascus Arab from Baghdadjpg|thumb|Inhabitants of the Near East late nineteenth century The main components in the European genomes appear to derive from ancestors whose features were similar to those of modern Basques and Near Easterners. The lowest degree of either Basque or Near Eastern admixture is found in Finland, whereas the highest values are, respectively, 70% ("Basque") in Spain and more than 60% ("Near Eastern") in the Balkans. The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. [8][9]

A 2007 study using samples exclusively from Europe found an unusually high degree of European homogeneity: "there is low apparent diversity in Europe with the entire continent-wide samples only marginally more dispersed than single population samples elsewhere in the world. " The main component of genetic differentiation in Europe was found to occur on a line from the north to the south-east (northern Europe to the Balkans), [15] with another east-west axis of differentiation across Europe. Northern Europe is a term for the northern part of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as (Finland [16]

Haplogroups

There are three major Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups which largely account for most of Europe's present-day population[17][18]. In Human genetics, a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a Haplogroup defined by differences in the non- recombining portions of DNA from the In the study of Molecular evolution, a haplogroup, from "ἁπλο-" (Greek haplo-: simple or single + "group" is a group of similar Haplotypes In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Such haplogroups indicate that individuals share one male ancestor (they do not mean that individuals do not share ancestors with individuals with other haplogroups, only that such ancestry cannot be traced using currently available methods).

Bryan Sykes in The Seven Daughters of Eve discusses seven mitochondrial haplogroups prevalent in Europe, Haplogroup U, Haplogroup X, Haplogroup H, Haplogroup V, Haplogroup T, Haplogroup K and Haplogroup J. Bryan Sykes is Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Wolfson College. The Seven Daughters of Eve (2001 ISBN 0-393-02018-5 is a book by Bryan Sykes that presents the theory of Human mitochondrial genetics to a general audience In Human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a Haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. In Human genetics, Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup, a group of people who descend from a woman in the Haplogroup R (mtDNA In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup X is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup which can be used to define genetic Populations. In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup H is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup V is a Human Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA Haplogroup. Haplogroup T is a Human Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA Haplogroup. Haplogroup T derives from the haplogroup JT, which also gave rise to Haplogroup Haplogroup K is a mitochondrial lineage that represents a sizeable fraction of the Western Eurasian genetic pool Haplogroup J is a Human Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA Haplogroup. Haplogroup J derives from the haplogroup JT, which also gave rise to Other mitochondrial groups found in Europe include I, M and W[19]. In Human genetics, Haplogroup I is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup M is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup W is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. A recent paper re-mapped European haplogroups as H, J, K, N1, T, U4, U5, V, X and W. In Human genetics, Haplogroup N is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. [20]

European identity and culture

Main articles: European culture, Western world, Christendom, and Pan-European identity

The culture of Europe might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures. The culture of Europe might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Christendom usually refers to Christianity as a territorial phenomenon Pan-European identity refers to the sense of personal identification with Europe Whether it is a question of West as opposed to East; Christianity as opposed to Islam; many have claimed to identify cultural fault lines across the continent.

European culture also has a broad influence beyond the continent of Europe due to the legacy of colonialism. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism In this broader sense it is sometimes referred to as Western Civilization. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Nearly all of the Americas and all of Africa were ruled by European powers at one time or another, and some parts of the New World, such as French Guiana, still are. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America French Guiana (Guyane française officially fr ''Guyane'' is an Overseas department (French département d'outre-mer, or DOM) of France The vast majority of the population of the Americas speak European languages, specifically Spanish, English, Portuguese, French and to a much lesser extent Dutch. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Additionally the cultures of the European colonial powers (Spain, Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal, Belgium and France) exert a strong influence. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

Pan-European identity refers to both the sense of personal identification with Europe, and to the identity possessed by 'Europe' as a whole. 'Europe' is widely used as a synonym for the European Union even though there are millions of people living on the European continent in non-EU states. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The prefix pan implies that the identity applies throughout Europe, and especially in an EU context, 'pan-European' is often contrasted with national. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy

Religion

Predominant religions in Europe      Roman Catholicism      Orthodox Christianity      Protestantism      Sunni Islam      Shia Islam
Predominant religions in Europe      Roman Catholicism      Orthodox Christianity      Protestantism      Sunni Islam      Shia Islam
Main article: Religion in Europe

Since the High Middle Ages, most of Europe has been dominated by Christianity. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The High Middle Ages was the period of European history in the 11th 12th and 13th centuries (AD 1000&ndash1299 Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings There are three major denominations, Roman Catholic, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox, with Protestantism restricted mostly to Germanic regions, and Orthodoxy to Slavic regions, Greece and Georgia. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Catholicism, while centered in the Latin parts, has a significant following also in Germanic, Slavic and Celtic regions.

Islam has some tradition in the Balkans (the European dominions of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th to 19th centuries), in Albania, Former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Turkish East Thrace. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian East Thrace, or Eastern Thrace (Източна Тракия Iztochna Trakiya; Ανατολική Θράκη or Turkish Thrace, is the part of the modern European Russia has the largest Muslim community, including the Tatars of the Middle Volga and multiple groups in the Caucasus, including Chechens, Avars, Ingush and others. Islam is currently the second most widely professed religion in the Russian Federation Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups Idel-Ural (Идел-Урал|İdel-Ural Идель-Урал is a historical region in Eastern Europe, in what is today Russia. Chechens ( Chechen: Hохчи / Noxçi) constitute the largest native Ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region Avars or Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan, in which they are the predominant group The Ingush ( Ingush: Галгай "Ghalghay" are an Ethnic group of the North Caucasus, mostly inhabiting the Russian With 20th century migrations, Muslims in Western Europe have become a noticeable minority. Minimum estimates of Muslim populations in Western Europe (EU 27 plus Norway Iceland and Switzerland as a percentage of total country population

Judaism has a long history in Europe, but is a small minority religion, with France (1%) the only European country with a Jewish population in excess of 0. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut History The earliest recorded evidence (outside of the Mediterranean world shows that Jews were settled in Europe in towns north of the Loire The Jewish community in France presently numbers around 600000 according to the World Jewish Congress and 500000 according to the Appel Unifié Juif de France and is 5%. The Jewish population of Europe is comprised primarily of two groups, the Ashkenazi and the Sephardi. See also Judaism by country Jewish ethnic divisions refers to a number of distinct communities within the world's ethnically Jewish population Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Ashkenazi Jews migrated to Europe as early as the 8th century, while Sephardi Jews established themselves in Spain and Portugal at least one thousand years before that. Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Spanish and Portuguese Jews are a distinctive sub-group of Sephardim who have their main ethnic origins within the crypto-Jewish communities of the Iberian Jewish European history was notably affected by the Holocaust and resulting emigration in the 20th century. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Aliyah ( refers to Jewish Immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948 the State of Israel)

In modern times, significant secularization has taken place, notably in laicist France in the 19th century and in Communist Eastern Europe in the 20th century. Secularization or secularisation generally refers to the process of transformation by which a Society migrates from close identification with religious institutions Laïcité (laisiˈte is the French concept of a Secular society, connoting the absence of religious involvement in government affairs During the Cold War, the term Communist Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it either controlled or that were Currently, distribution of theism in Europe is very heterogeneous, with more than 95% in Poland, and less than 20% in the Czech Republic. Theism, in its most inclusive usage is the belief in at least one Deity. On average, the 2005 Eurobarometer poll[21] found that 52% of the citizens of EU member state that they believe in God. Eurobarometer is a series of surveys regularly performed on behalf of the European Commission since 1973

Immigration

Main article: Immigration to Europe
Further information: Islam in Europe, Muslims in Western Europe, Hinduism in Europe, and Buddhism in Europe

Populations of non-European origin in Europe (approx. Immigration to Europe is a phenomenon that has grown dramatically since the end of World War II. This article deals with the history and the evolution of the Islamic religion in Europe. Minimum estimates of Muslim populations in Western Europe (EU 27 plus Norway Iceland and Switzerland as a percentage of total country population The percentage of Hindu population of each country was taken from the US State Department's International Religious Freedom Report 2006. Although there was regular contact between practising Buddhists and Europeans in antiquity the former had little direct impact 25 - 30+ million, or approx. 3% to 4% [depending on definition of non-European origin], out of a total population of approx. 730 million):

European diasporas

Further information: History of colonialism and Greater Europe

Nations and regions outside of Europe with significant populations of European ancestry [25]:

Mexico: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA</ref>

National diasporas:

Further information: List of diasporas



References

  1. ^ Recensement officiel de l'Insee [1]
  2. ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Switzerland
  3. ^ CIA factbook. Norfolk Island ( Norfuk: Norfuk Ailen) is a small inhabited island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand History provides us with many examples of notable Diasporas Note the list below is not definitive and includes groups that have not been given significant historical attention See also Basque people The Basque Diaspora is the name given to describe people of Basque origin living outside their traditional homeland on the The Bosnian diaspora is a term used to describe communities of Bosnians living outside of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Croatian Diaspora refers to the Croatian communities that have formed outside Croatia. Emigration from the Netherlands has been happening for at least the last eight centuries This article is about the German diaspora See Germans for the German ethnicity in general The Greek diaspora (ελληνική διασπορά elliniki diaspora) is a term used to refer to the communities of Greek people living outside of the traditional Hungarian diaspora ( Magyar diaspora) is a term that encompasses the total ethnic Hungarian population located outside of current-day Hungary The Irish diaspora (Diaspóra na nGael consists of Irish Emigrants and their descendants in countries such as Great Britain, the United States The term Italian Diaspora refers to the large-scale migration of Italians away from Italy in the period roughly between the unification of Italy in 1861 and the beginning of Polonia, the name for Poland in Latin and many Romance and other languages refers in modern Polish to the Polish Diaspora " Romanian diaspora " is a term that encompasses the total Ethnic Romanian population located outside Romania and Moldova. The term Russian diaspora refers to the global community of ethnic Russians. The Scots people ( Scots Gaelic: Albannaich) are a Nation and an Ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. There are currently 45 to 55 million Serbs in Diaspora throughout the world (those that are not constitutional peoples like in Serbia, Montenegro and The Swiss diaspora ( German Auslandschweizer, also Fünfte Schweiz "fifth Switzerland" alluding to the fourfold linguistic division The term Ukrainian diaspora refers to the global community of ethnic Ukrainians, usually more specifically those who maintain some kind of connection even if ephemeral Turkey is a transcontinentalc country, with 80% of its population Turkish and 20% Kurdish. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches
  4. ^ CIA factbook Statistics for Germany.
  5. ^ Turkish Statistical Institute
  6. ^ As a transcontinental country, Georgia may be considered to be in Asia and/or Europe. This is a list of countries spanning more than one continent, sometimes referred to as transcontinental states. The UN classification of world regions places Georgia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook [2], National Geographic, and Encyclopædia Britannica also place Georgia in Asia. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the Conversely, numerous sources place Georgia in Europe such as the BBC [3], Oxford Reference Online [4], Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, and www.worldatlas.com.
  7. ^ My Jewish Learning - European Origins
  8. ^ see also Definitions and identity of indigenous peoples. The Adjective indigenous has the common meaning of "having originated in and being produced growing living or occurring naturally in a particular region or environment"
  9. ^ Old World Contacts/Colonists/Canary Islands
  10. ^ Georgian Homo Erectus Published by Angela M. H. Schuster. Archaeology May 2000
  11. ^ The million year old tooth from Atapuerca, Spain, found in June 2007
  12. ^ The Genographic Project, National Geographic
  13. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, s. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc v. "Europe : The people".
  14. ^ Europe, Encyclopædia Britannica Online
  15. ^ In 2006, an autosomal analysis comparing samples from various European populations concluded that “there is a consistent and reproducible distinction between ‘northern’ and ‘southern’ European population groups”. [5]
  16. ^ Measuring European Population Stratification using Microarray Genotype Data [6]
  17. ^ DNA Heritage [7]
  18. ^ Semino et al (2000),The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans, Science Vol 290. Note: Haplogroup names are different in this article. For ex: Haplogroup I is referred as M170
  19. ^ mtDNA (Mitochondria) Tests Interpretation
  20. ^ description of paper entitled Disuniting Uniformity: A Pied Cladistic Canvas of mtDNA haplogroup H in Eurasia
  21. ^ ReportDGResearchSocialValuesEN2.PDF
  22. ^ Youths bring violence from a war-torn land
  23. ^ France's blacks stand up to be counted
  24. ^ Latin American Immigration to Southern Europe
  25. ^ Ethnic groups by country. Statistics (where available) from CIA Factbook.
  26. ^ South Africa: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  27. ^ Namibia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  28. ^ Réunion Island
  29. ^ Swaziland: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  30. ^ Tunisia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  31. ^ Fiona Hill, Russia — Coming In From the Cold?, The Globalist, 23 February 2004
  32. ^ Robert Greenall, Russians left behind in Central Asia, BBC News, 23 November 2005. The Globalist is a daily Online magazine that "focuses on the economics, politics and culture " of Globalization Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
  33. ^ Uzbekistan: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  34. ^ Kyrgyzstan: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  35. ^ Turkmenistan: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  36. ^ HK Census. "HK Census. " Statistical Table. Retrieved on 2007-03-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion.
  37. ^ Greenland
  38. ^ North America - Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
  39. ^ Mexico :: Ethnic groups - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  40. ^ Bahamas: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  41. ^ Barbados: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  42. ^ Bermuda: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  43. ^ Cayman Islands: People: Ethnic Groups. The World Factbook of CIA
  44. ^ "Cuba; People; Ethnic groups", CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-11-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem.  
  45. ^ [https:http://dev.prenhall.com/divisions/hss/worldreference/CU/people.html#People Cuba: People: Ethnic Groups. ] World Factbook of CIA
  46. ^ Dominican Republic: People: Ethnic groups. World Factbook of CIA
  47. ^ El Salvador: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  48. ^ Martinique: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  49. ^ "Nicaragua: People; Ethnic groups", CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-11-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria.  
  50. ^ "Panama; People; Ethnic groups", CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-11-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem.  
  51. ^ Puerto Rico: People: Ethnic Groups World Factbook of CIA
  52. ^ Argentina
  53. ^ Argentina: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  54. ^ Bolivia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  55. ^ PNAD (Portuguese) Table 1. 2 (2006). Retrieved on 2007-09-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
  56. ^ Elementos de Salud Pública
  57. ^ Colombia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  58. ^ "Ecuador: People; Ethnic groups", CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-11-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus"  
  59. ^ French Guiana: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  60. ^ Peru: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  61. ^ Venezuela
  62. ^ Uruguay: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  63. ^ French Polynesia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  64. ^ Brazil: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA

Bibliography

External links

See also

Pan-European identity refers to the sense of personal identification with Europe European populations have a complicated demographic and genetic history including many layers of successive migrations between different time periods The Caucasian race, sometimes the Caucasoid race, is a term of Racial classification, coined around 1800 by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach for the " White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. " White British " was a racially -based classification used by the 2001 census. White Latin Americans are the white population of Latin America. This article deals with the various Ethnic groups inhabiting the Caucasus region Listed here are notable Ethnic groups by Y-DNA Haplogroups based on relevant studies
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