 European Parliament
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| Established | 1952, as the Common Assembly | ||||
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| President | Hans-Gert Pöttering (EPP) Since 16 January 2007 |
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| Last election | June 2004 (785 MEPs) | ||||
| Meeting place | Strasbourg and Brussels | ||||
| Secretariat | Luxembourg and Brussels | ||||
| Website | europarl.europa.eu | ||||
The European Parliament (Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU). Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région Espace Léopold ( French, commonly used in English or Leopoldruimte ( Dutch) is the complex of parliament buildings in Brussels ( Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is Espace Léopold ( French, commonly used in English or Leopoldruimte ( Dutch) is the complex of parliament buildings in Brussels ( This article refers to the development of what is now the European Union, and to developments within those countrieswhich constitute it at the time of or near to The President of the European Parliament presides over the debates and activities of the European Parliament. Hans-Gert Pöttering (often written as Poettering; born September 15, 1945 in Bersenbrück, Lower Saxony) is a German The European People's Party (EPP is a Christian democratic and Liberal conservative European political party. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The President of the European Parliament presides over the debates and activities of the European Parliament. The President of the European Parliament presides over the debates and activities of the European Parliament. Rodi Kratsa-Tsagaropoulou (born 15 April 1953) is a Greek politician. The European People's Party (EPP is a Christian democratic and Liberal conservative European political party. Alejo Vidal-Quadras Roca (born May 20, 1945 in Barcelona) is a Spanish Member of the European Parliament, and a Radiation The European People's Party (EPP is a Christian democratic and Liberal conservative European political party. Gérard Onesta (born 5 August 1960 in Albi) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the South West of France The European Greens European Free Alliance ( The Greens European Free Alliance; Greens EFA; French: Le Groupe Verts Alliance libre européenne Edward H C McMillan-Scott (born August 15, 1949, Cambridge) is a British politician Member of the European Parliament for the The European Democrats is a loose association of Conservative parties in Europe Mario Mauro (born July 24, 1961 in San Giovanni Rotondo) is an Italian Member of the European Parliament and a teacher of History The European People's Party (EPP is a Christian democratic and Liberal conservative European political party. Miguel Angel Martínez Martínez (born January 30, 1940 in Madrid) is a Spanish politician and Member of the European Parliament for The Party of European Socialists (PES is a European political party comprising of thirty-three socialist, social democratic and labour Luigi Cocilovo (born October 7, 1947 in Palermo) is an Italian The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( French: Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour l'Europe) is an alliance between two European political parties Mechtild Rothe (born on 10 August 1947 in Paderborn)is a German Politician and Member of the European Parliament with the The Party of European Socialists (PES is a European political party comprising of thirty-three socialist, social democratic and labour Luisa Morgantini (born November 5, 1940 in Villadossola) is an Italian Member of the European Parliament. European United Left–Nordic Green Left is a socialist, eco-socialist and communist political group with seats in the European Parliament since Pierre Moscovici (born September 16, 1957) is a French politician a member of the Departmental Council of Doubs and a Member of the European The Party of European Socialists (PES is a European political party comprising of thirty-three socialist, social democratic and labour Manuel António dos Santos (born December 5, 1943 in Mirandela) is a Portuguese politician and Member of the European Parliament for The Party of European Socialists (PES is a European political party comprising of thirty-three socialist, social democratic and labour Diana Paulette Wallis (born 28 June 1954 in Hitchin, Hertfordshire) is a Member of the European Parliament for the Liberal The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( French: Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour l'Europe) is an alliance between two European political parties Marek Maciej Siwiec (born on 13 March 1955 in Piekary Slaskie)is a Polish Politician and Member of the European Parliament The Party of European Socialists (PES is a European political party comprising of thirty-three socialist, social democratic and labour Adam Jerzy Bielan (born on 12 September 1974 in Gdańsk, Poland is a Polish Politician and Member of the European Parliament Union for Europe of the Nations is a political group of the European Parliament formed on 20 July 1999) Self-Defense of the Republic The European Parliament is unique among supranational assemblies because it organizes itself around ideological rather than national groups The European Parliament is unique among supranational assemblies because it organizes itself around ideological rather than national groups This article is about the current European Parliament Group and its predecessors dating back to 1952 The Party of European Socialists (PES is a European political party comprising of thirty-three socialist, social democratic and labour The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( French: Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour l'Europe) is an alliance between two European political parties Union for Europe of the Nations is a political group of the European Parliament formed on 20 July 1999) Self-Defense of the Republic The European Greens European Free Alliance ( The Greens European Free Alliance; Greens EFA; French: Le Groupe Verts Alliance libre européenne European United Left–Nordic Green Left is a socialist, eco-socialist and communist political group with seats in the European Parliament since The Independence/Democracy Group in the European Parliament was set up on 20 July 2004. Non-Inscrits (abbreviated NI; English: Non-Attached Members, abbreviated NA; the English name is also official but the French name The Committees of the European Parliament are designed to aid the European Commission in initiating legislation. The Committees of the European Parliament are designed to aid the European Commission in initiating legislation. The Committee on Budgets ( BUDG) is a Committee within the European Parliament. The Committee on Budgetary Control (CONT is a Committee of the European Parliament. The Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON is a Committee of the European Parliament. The Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (EMPL is a Committee of the European Parliament. The Committee on the Environment Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI is a committee of the European Parliament. The Committee on Industry Research and Energy (ITRE is a Committee of the European Parliament. The Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO is a Committee of the European Parliament. The Committee on Transport and Tourism (TRAN is a Committee within the European Parliament. The Committee on Regional Development (REGI is a Committee within the European Parliament. The Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development (AGRI is a Committee of the European Parliament. The Committee on Fisheries (PECH is a Committee of the European Parliament. The Committee on Legal Affairs is a Committee of the European Parliament. The Committee on Civil Liberties Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE is a standing Committee of the European Parliament. The Committee on Constitutional Affairs (AFCO is a Committee of the European Parliament dealing with institutional matters such as the treaties and the The Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality (FEMM is a Committee of the European Parliament. The Committee on Petitions (PETI is a committee of the European Parliament. The Committee on Foreign Affairs (AFET is a Committee of the European Parliament. The Subcommittee on Human Rights (DROI is a Subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the European Parliament. The Subcommittee on Security and Defence (SEDE is a Subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the European Parliament. The Committee on Development (Commission du développement DEVE is a Standing committee of the European Parliament responsible for promoting implementing and monitoring The Committee on International Trade INTA is a Committee of the European Parliament. Elections in the European Union take place every five years by universal adult suffrage. Elections to the European Parliament were held from 10 June 2004 to 13 June 2004 in the 25 member states of the European Union, using varying election days according A Member of the European Parliament ( English abbreviation MEP) is a member of the European Union 's legislative body the European Parliament. Locations The Treaties of the European Union outline the locations of the following institutions The European Parliament has its seat in Strasbourg hosting Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is The secretariat of the European Parliament is the administrative body of the European Parliament headed by a Secretary-General The city of Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg Luxemburg also known as Luxembourg City (Stad Lëtzebuerg Ville de Luxembourg Luxemburg Stadt is a commune with city Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Direct election is a term describing a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the person persons or political party that they desire to The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Together with the Council of the European Union (the Council), it forms the bicameral legislative branch of the Union's institutions and has been described as one of the most powerful legislatures in the world. The Council of the European Union is the principal decision making institution in the European Union (EU In Government, bicameralism (bi + Latin la ''camera'' chamber is the practice of having two legislative or Parliamentary chambers Thus a bicameral There are currently five institutions of the European Union which govern the Union There are currently five institutions of the European Union which govern the Union [1] The Parliament and Council form the highest legislative body within the Union. However their powers as such are limited to the competencies conferred upon the European Community by member states. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 A Member State of the European Union is any one of the twenty-seven sovereign Nation states that have acceded the European Union (EU since its De facto Hence the institution has little control over policy areas held by the states and within the other two of the three pillars of the European Union. The Treaty of Maastricht, which established the European Union, divided EU policies into three main areas called pillars. The Parliament is composed of 785 MEPs (Member of the European Parliament), who serve the second largest democratic electorate in the world (after India) and the largest trans-national democratic electorate in the world (342 million eligible voters in 2004). A Member of the European Parliament ( English abbreviation MEP) is a member of the European Union 's legislative body the European Parliament. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country [2][3][4]
It has been directly elected every five years by universal suffrage since 1979. Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to Although the European Parliament has legislative power that such bodies as those above do not possess, it does not have legislative initiative like most national parliaments. Legislative initiative is the Constitutionally defined power to propose law proposals ( bills. While it is the "first institution" of the European Union (mentioned first in the treaties, having ceremonial precedence over all authority at European level[5]), the Council has greater powers over legislation than the Parliament where codecision procedure (equal rights of amendment and rejection) does not apply. The legislative procedures of the European Union are the ways in which the European Union Enacts Legislation. It has, however, had control over the EU budget since the 1970s and has a veto over the appointment of the European Commission. The European Union (EU is an association of 27 independent member states The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. [6]
The European Parliament has two meeting places, namely the Immeuble Louise Weiss in Strasbourg, France, which serves for plenary sessions and is the official seat and the Espace Léopold complex in Brussels, Belgium, the smaller of the two, which serves for preparatory meetings and complementary, non-plenary sessions. Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région Espace Léopold ( French, commonly used in English or Leopoldruimte ( Dutch) is the complex of parliament buildings in Brussels ( Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is The cost of having all MEPs and their staff moving several times a year from one place to another has been of concern to some. The Secretariat of the European Parliament, the Parliament's administrative body, is based in Luxembourg. The secretariat of the European Parliament is the administrative body of the European Parliament headed by a Secretary-General The European Parliament 's presence in Luxembourg currently consists of the Parliament's secretariat, although the Parliament had held Plenary sessions [7][8]
The President of the European Parliament (its speaker) is currently Hans-Gert Pöttering (EPP), elected in January 2007. The President of the European Parliament presides over the debates and activities of the European Parliament. The term speaker is a title often given to the presiding officer of a legislative body Hans-Gert Pöttering (often written as Poettering; born September 15, 1945 in Bersenbrück, Lower Saxony) is a German The European People's Party (EPP is a Christian democratic and Liberal conservative European political party. He presides over a multi-party chamber, the two largest groups being the European People's Party-European Democrats (EPP-ED) and the Party of European Socialists (PES). This article is about the current European Parliament Group and its predecessors dating back to 1952 The Party of European Socialists (PES is a European political party comprising of thirty-three socialist, social democratic and labour The last Union-wide elections were the 2004 Parliamentary Elections, however Romania and Bulgaria joined in 2007 and have elected their members in 2007 (see European Parliament election, 2007); the next union-wide parliamentary elections are in 2009 (see European Parliament election, 2009). Elections to the European Parliament were held from 10 June 2004 to 13 June 2004 in the 25 member states of the European Union, using varying election days according Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Two member states of the European Union held elections to the European Parliament in 2007. Elections to the European Parliament will be held from 4 June to 7 June 2009 in the 27 member states of the European Union, using varying election
Contents |
History
| European Union |
 This article is part of the series: |
|
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| Treaties |
|---|
| Rome · Maastricht (Pillars) Amsterdam · Nice · Lisbon |
| Institutions |
| Commission
President José Manuel Barroso |
| Parliament
President Hans-Gert Pöttering |
| Council
Presidency: Slovenia (Janez Janša) |
| Other & Future Institutions
Court of Justice · Court of Auditors |
| Elections |
| Last election (2004) · 2007 by-election Next election (2009) · Constituencies Parties · Parliamentary groups |
| Related topics |
| States · Enlargement · Foreign relations Law · EMU · Other bodies · Agencies |
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Other countries · Atlas Politics Portal |
- Further information: History of the European Union
The Parliament, like the other institutions, was not designed in its current form when it first met on September 10, 1952. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The European Union is a unique entity possessing elements of Intergovernmentalism, Supranationalism and a Multi-party Parliamentary democracy The Treaties of the European Union are a set of international treaties between the Union's member states which sets out the counstitutional basis of the The Maastricht Treaty (formally the Treaty on European Union, TEU) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht, the Netherlands after final The Treaty of Maastricht, which established the European Union, divided EU policies into three main areas called pillars. The Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, commonly known as the Amsterdam Treaty The Nice Treaty was signed by European leaders on 26 February, 2001 and came into force on 1 February 2003. The Treaty of Lisbon (also known as the Reform Treaty) is a Treaty designed to streamline the workings of the European Union (EU with amendments to the There are currently five institutions of the European Union which govern the Union The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. The President of the European Commission is the head of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union. José Manuel Durão Barroso (ʒuˈzɛ mɐnuˈɛɫ duˈɾɐ̃ũ bɐˈʁozu born 23 March 1956 is the 12th President of the European Commission. The Barroso Commission is the European Commission that has been in office since 22 November 2004 and is due to serve until 31 October 2009 The President of the European Parliament presides over the debates and activities of the European Parliament. Hans-Gert Pöttering (often written as Poettering; born September 15, 1945 in Bersenbrück, Lower Saxony) is a German A Member of the European Parliament ( English abbreviation MEP) is a member of the European Union 's legislative body the European Parliament. The Council of the European Union is the principal decision making institution in the European Union (EU Presidency of the Council of the European Union is the responsibility for the functioning of the Council of the European Union which is rotated between European Union Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Janez Janša (born 17 September 1958 as Ivan Janša in Ljubljana) is a Slovenian politician and president of the Slovenian Democratic Party since The High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy (HR is the main co-ordinator of the Common Foreign and Security Policy within the European Union Voting procedures for decisions not requiring unanimity Here is an overview of the formerly used currently used and proposed voting systems employed in the Council of the European There are currently five institutions of the European Union which govern the Union There are currently five institutions of the European Union which govern the Union This article refers to the European Union court not the European Court of Human Rights of the Council of Europe The Court of Justice The European Court of Auditors is the fifth institution of the European Union (EU The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union. Elections in the European Union take place every five years by universal adult suffrage. Elections to the European Parliament were held from 10 June 2004 to 13 June 2004 in the 25 member states of the European Union, using varying election days according Two member states of the European Union held elections to the European Parliament in 2007. Elections to the European Parliament will be held from 4 June to 7 June 2009 in the 27 member states of the European Union, using varying election In six European Union Member States ( Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy, Poland and the United Kingdom) the national A European political party, formally a political party at European level, informally (especially in academic circles a Europarty, is a type of Political party The European Parliament is unique among supranational assemblies because it organizes itself around ideological rather than national groups Origins of the EU History of the European Union European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC Euratom A Member State of the European Union is any one of the twenty-seven sovereign Nation states that have acceded the European Union (EU since its De facto Enlargement of the European Union is the process of expanding the European Union (EU through the accession of new member states. This article deals with relations between the European Union and third countries The Law of the European Union is the unique legal system which operates alongside the laws of Member States of the European Union (EU In economics a Monetary union is a situation where several countries have agreed to share a single currency amongst themselves There are currently five institutions of the European Union which govern the Union The agencies of the European Union (or decentralised bodies of the European Union) are bodies which are distinct from the European Union's institutions, Information on politics by country is available for every Country, including both De jure and De facto independent This article refers to the development of what is now the European Union, and to developments within those countrieswhich constitute it at the time of or near to Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. One of the oldest common institutions, it began as the "Common Assembly" of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). The European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC) was a six-nation International organisation serving to unify Western Europe during the Cold War and creating It was a consultative assembly of 78 parliamentarians drawn from the national parliaments of member states (see dual mandate), having no legislative powers. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A parliament is a Legislature, especially in those A dual mandate is a term used for a person who has been elected to two different bodies with different competencies for example being a member of both a national legislature and of a [9][10] This change since its foundation was highlighted by Professor David Farrell of the University of Manchester;[1]
| “ | For much of its life, the European Parliament could have been justly labelled a 'multi-lingual talking shop'. The University of Manchester is a " red brick " civic University located in Manchester, England. But this is no longer the case: the EP is now one of the most powerful legislatures in the world both in terms of its legislative and executive oversight powers. | ” |
Its development since its foundation is testament to the evolution of the Union's structures without one clear "master plan". Some such as Tom Reid of the Washington Post said of the Union, "nobody would have deliberately designed a government as complex and as redundant as the EU". The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D [11] Even the Parliament's two seats, which have switched several times, is a result of various agreements or lack of agreements. Locations The Treaties of the European Union outline the locations of the following institutions The European Parliament has its seat in Strasbourg hosting [9]
Consultative assembly
The body was not mentioned in the original Schuman Declaration, it was instead proposed by Jean Monnet on the second day of negotiations as an institution which would counterbalance and monitor the executive while providing democratic legitimacy. The Schuman Declaration is a governmental proposal by then- French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman to place the Coal and Steel industries of Jean Omer Marie Gabriel Monnet ( November 9, 1888 &ndash March 16, 1979) is regarded by many as a chief architect of European Unity In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. [9] The wording of the ECSC Treaty demonstrated the leaders desire for more than a normal consultative assembly by using the term "representatives of the people" and allowed for direct election. The Treaty of Paris, signed on 18 April, 1951 between France, West Germany, Italy and the three BeNeLux countries Its early importance was highlighted when the Assembly was given the task of drawing up the draft treaty to establish a European Political Community. The European Political Community (EPC was proposed in 1952 as a combination of the existing European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC and the proposed European In this the "Ad Hoc" Assembly was established with extra members but after the failure of the proposed European Defence Community their project was dropped. Ad hoc is a Latin phrase which means "for this [ Purpose ]" The European Defense Community ( EDC) was a plan proposed in 1950 by René Pleven, the French President of the Council (name of Prime Ministers till 1958 in response [12]
Despite this the European Economic Community and Euratom were established in 1958 by the Treaties of Rome. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 The European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom is an international organisation which is semi-independent of but completely controlled by the European Community The Common Assembly was shared by all three communities (which had separate executives) and it renamed itself the "European Parliamentary Assembly". In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. The three communities merged in 1967 and the body was renamed to the current "European Parliament" in 1962. The Merger Treaty (or Brussels Treaty) was an European treaty which combined the executive bodies of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC [9] In 1970 the Parliament was granted power over areas the Community's budget, which were expanded to the whole budget in 1975. The European Union (EU is an association of 27 independent member states [13]
Under the Rome Treaties, the Parliament should have become elected. However the Council was required to agree a uniform voting system before hand, which it failed to do. The Parliament threatened to take the Council to the European Court of Justice leading to a compromise whereby the Council would agree to elections, but the issue of voting systems would be put off till a later date. This article refers to the European Union court not the European Court of Human Rights of the Council of Europe The Court of Justice [14]
Elected Parliament
In 1979, its members were directly elected for the first time. Elections in the European Union take place every five years by universal adult suffrage. The 1979 European elections were parliamentary Elections held across all then-9 European Community member states. This set it apart from similar institutions such as those of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe or Pan-African Parliament which are appointed. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE which held its first session in Strasbourg on 10 August 1949, can be considered the The Pan-African Parliament, also known as the African Parliament is the legislative body of the African Union. [9][15][16] After that first election, the parliament held its first session on 11 July 1979, electing Simone Veil MEP as its President. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Simone Veil, DBE (born 13 July 1927 is a French Lawyer and Politician who served as a member of the Constitutional Council of France Veil was also the first female President of the Parliament since it was formed as the Common Assembly. [17]
The Parliament quickly made use of its legitimacy. For example in 1984, inspired by its previous work on the Political Community, it drafted the "draft Treaty establishing the European Union" (also known as the 'Spinelli Plan' after its rapporteur Altiero Spinelli MEP). Altiero Spinelli ( 31 August 1907 &mdash 23 May 1986) was an Italian citizen and advocate of European federalism; sometimes Although it was not adopted, many ideas were later implemented by other treaties. [18] Further more the Parliament began holding votes on proposed Commission Presidents from the 1980s, before it was given any formal right to veto. The President of the European Commission is the head of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union. [19] Since the election the membership of the European Parliament has simply expanded whenever new nations have joined (the membership was also adjusted upwards in 1994 after German reunification). German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung took place twice after 1945 first in 1957 the Saarland was permitted to join the Federal Republic of Germany Following this the Treaty of Nice imposed a cap on the number of members to be elected, 732. The Nice Treaty was signed by European leaders on 26 February, 2001 and came into force on 1 February 2003. [9]
Like the other institutions, the Parliament's seat was not yet fixed. In strict legal language, the term seat defines the seat of a Corporation or organisation as a legal entity, indicating where the Headquarters The provisional arrangements placed Parliament in Strasbourg, while the Commission and Council had their seats in Brussels. Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région In 1985 the Parliament, wishing to be closer to these institutions, built a second chamber in Brussels and moved some of its work there despite protests from some states. A final agreement was eventually reached by the European Council in 1992. The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union. It stated the Parliament would remain in Strasbourg but must also hold part sessions in Brussels. This two seat arrangement was contested by Parliament but was later enshrined in the Treaty of Amsterdam. The Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, commonly known as the Amsterdam Treaty To this day the institution's locations are a source of contention. Locations The Treaties of the European Union outline the locations of the following institutions The European Parliament has its seat in Strasbourg hosting [20]
Recent history
The Parliament had been gaining more powers from successive treaties, namely through the extension of codecision procedure,[21] and in 1999, the Parliament forced the resignation of the Santer Commission. The codecision procedure is the main legislative procedure by which law can be adopted in the European Community, the first of the Three pillars of the European The Santer Commission was the European Commission in office between 23 January 1995 and 15 March [22] The Parliament had refused to approve the Community budget over allegations of fraud and mis-management in the Commission. The European Union (EU is an association of 27 independent member states The two main parties took on a government-opposition dynamic for the first time during the crisis which ended in the Commission resigning en masse, the first of any forced resignation, in the face of an impending censure from the Parliament. [23]
In 2004, following the largest trans-national election in history, despite the European Council choosing a President from the largest political group (the EPP), the Parliament again exerted pressure on the Commission. The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union. During the Parliament's hearings of the proposed Commissioners MEPs raised doubts about some nominees with the Civil liberties committee rejecting Rocco Buttiglione from the post of Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security over his views on homosexuality. A European Commissioner is a member of the 27-member European Commission. The Committee on Civil Liberties Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE is a standing Committee of the European Parliament. Rocco Buttiglione (born June 6, 1948) is an Italian Christian Democrat politician and an academic philosopher. The Commissioner for Justice Freedom & Security is the member of the European Commission. Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. That was the first time the Parliament had ever voted against an incoming Commissioner and despite Barroso's insistence upon Buttiglione the Parliament forced Buttiglione to be withdrawn. A number of other Commissioners also had to be withdrawn or reassigned before Parliament allowed the Barroso Commission to take office. The Barroso Commission is the European Commission that has been in office since 22 November 2004 and is due to serve until 31 October 2009 [24][25]
In addition to the extension of codecision, the Parliament's democratic mandate has given it greater control over legislation against the other institutions. In voting on the Bolkestein directive in 2006, the Parliament voted by a large majority for over 400 amendments that changed the fundamental principle of the law. The Directive on services in the internal market (commonly referred to as the Bolkestein Directive) is an initiative of the European Commission aimed at creating The Financial Times described it in the following terms:[26]
| “ | The European parliament has suddenly come into its own. The Financial Times ( FT) is a British international business Newspaper. It marks another shift in power between the three central EU institutions. Last week's vote suggests that the directly elected MEPs, in spite of their multitude of ideological, national and historical allegiances, have started to coalesce as a serious and effective EU institution, just as enlargement has greatly complicated negotiations inside both the Council and Commission. | ” |
In 2007, for the first time, Justice Commissioner Franco Frattini included Parliament in talks on the second Schengen Information System even though MEPs only needed to be consulted on parts of the package. The Commissioner for Justice Freedom & Security is the member of the European Commission. Franco Frattini (born 14 March 1957 in Rome) is an Italian politician currently serving as Italy's Foreign Minister in the The Schengen Information System, also called “ SIS ” is a secure Governmental database system used by several European countries for the purpose of maintaining After that experiment, Frattini indicated he would like to include Parliament in all justice and criminal matters, informally pre-empting the new powers they would gain in 2009 under the Treaty of Lisbon. The Treaty of Lisbon (also known as the Reform Treaty) is a Treaty designed to streamline the workings of the European Union (EU with amendments to the [27]
Powers and functions
The Parliament and Council are essentially two chambers in the bicameral legislative branch of the European Union, with legislative power being officially distributed equally between both chambers. However there are some differences from national legislatures; for example, neither the Parliament nor Council have the power of legislative initiative. In Community matters, this is a power uniquely reserved for the European Commission (the executive). The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 Meaning that while Parliament can amend and reject legislation, and make a proposal for legislation, it needs the Commission to draft a bill before anything can become law. Legislation (or " Statutory law " is law which has been promulgated (or " Enacted quot by a Legislature or other Governing [28]
The Parliament also has a great deal of indirect influence, through non-binding resolutions and committee hearings, as a "pan-European soapbox" with the ear of thousands of Brussels-based journalists. The Law of the European Union is the unique legal system which operates alongside the laws of Member States of the European Union (EU The Committees of the European Parliament are designed to aid the European Commission in initiating legislation. A soapbox is a raised Platform on which one stands to make an impromptu speech, often about a political subject Brussels ( Belgium) is considered to be the de facto Capital of the European Union, having a long history of hosting the Institutions There is also an indirect effect on foreign policy; the Parliament must approve all development grants, including those overseas. This article deals with the workings of European Union foreign policy For example, the support for post-war Iraq reconstruction, or incentives for the cessation of Iranian nuclear development, must be supported by the Parliament. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign The nuclear program of Iran was launched in the 1950s with the help of the United States as part of the Atoms for Peace program Parliamentary support was also required for the transatlantic passenger data-sharing deal with the United States. [29]
Legislative procedure
With each new treaty, the powers of the Parliament have expanded. Its powers have been primarily defined through the Union's legislative procedures. The legislative procedures of the European Union are the ways in which the European Union Enacts Legislation. The method which has slowly become the dominant procedure (about three-quarters of policy areas) is the Codecision procedure, where powers are essentially equal between Parliament and Council. The codecision procedure is the main legislative procedure by which law can be adopted in the European Community, the first of the Three pillars of the European [30] Codecision provides an equal footing between the two bodies. Under the procedure, the Commission presents a proposal to Parliament and the Council. They then send amendments to the Council which can either adopt the text with those amendments or send back a "common position". That proposal may either be approved or further amendments may be tabled by the Parliament. If the Council does not approve these, then a "Conciliation Committee" is formed. The Committee is composed of the Council members plus an equal number of MEPs who seek to agree a common position. Once a position is agreed, it has to be approved by Parliament, again by an absolute majority. An absolute majority or majority of the entire membership (in American English, a Supermajority Voting requirement is a Voting basis [31][30] In addition to codecision, the Parliament's mandate as the only directly democratic institution has given it leeway to have greater control over legislation than other institutions, for example over its changes to the Bolkestein directive in 2006. [26]
Other procedures include: Cooperation, meaning the Council can overrule the Parliament if it is unanimous; Consultation, which require just consultation of the Parliament; and Assent procedure, where the Parliament has a veto. The cooperation procedure is one of the legislative procedures of the European Community, the first of the three pillars of the European Union The Consultation procedure is one of the legislative procedures of the European Community, the 1st of the Three pillars of the European Union. The assent procedure is one of the legislative procedures of the European Community, the first of the three Pillars of the European Union. The Commission and Council, or just Commission, can also act completely independently of the Parliament, but the use of these procedures are very limited. The procedure also depends upon which type of institutional act is being used. The Law of the European Union is the unique legal system which operates alongside the laws of Member States of the European Union (EU [30] The strongest act is a regulation, an act or law which is directly applicable in its entirety. A regulation is a Legislative act of the European Union which becomes immediately enforceable as law in all member states simultaneously An Act of Parliament is a Law enacted as Primary legislation by a national or sub-national Parliament. Statutory law or statute law is written Law (as opposed to oral or Customary law) set down by a Legislature or other governing Then there are directives which bind members to certain goals which they must achieve. A directive is a legislative act of the European Union which requires member states to achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving They do this through their own laws and hence have room to manoeuvre in deciding upon them. A decision is an instrument which is focused at a particular person/group and is directly applicable. A Decision (defined in Article 249/EC is one of the three binding instruments provided by secondary EU legislation Institutions may also issue recommendations and opinions which are merely non-binding, declarations. A recommendation in the European Union (introduced in Article 249/EC is one of two kinds of non- Binding acts cited in the Treaty of Rome. [32] There is a further document which does not follow normal procedures, this is a "written declaration" which is similar to an early day motion used in the Westminster system. An early day motion (EDM in the Westminster system, is a motion tabled by Members of Parliament for debate "on an early day" The Westminster system is a democratic Parliamentary system of Government modelled after the British government (the Parliament of the United It is a document proposed by up to five MEPs on a matter within the EU's activities used to launch a debate on that subject. Having been posted outside the entrance to the hemicycle, members can sign the declaration and if a majority do so it is forwarded to the President and announced to the plenary before being forwarded to the other institutions and formally noted in the minutes. [33]
Budget
The legislative branch officially holds the Union's budgetary authority, powers gained through the Budgetary Treaties of the 1970s. The Treaties of the European Union are a set of international treaties between the Union's member states which sets out the counstitutional basis of the The EU's budget is divided into compulsory and non-compulsory spending. The European Union (EU is an association of 27 independent member states Compulsory spending is that resulting from EU treaties (including agriculture) and international agreements; the rest is non-compulsory. The Treaties of the European Union are a set of international treaties between the Union's member states which sets out the counstitutional basis of the The Common Agricultural Policy ( CAP) is a system of European Union Agricultural subsidies and programmes While the Council has the last word on compulsory spending, the Parliament has the last word on non-compulsory spending. [34][35]
The institutions draw up budget estimates and the Commission consolidates them into a draft budget. Both the Council and the Parliament can amend the budget with the Parliament adopting or rejecting the budget at its second reading. The signature of the Parliament's president is required before the budget becomes law. [34][35]
The Parliament is also responsible for discharging the implementation of previous budgets, on the basis of the annual report of the European Court of Auditors. The European Court of Auditors is the fifth institution of the European Union (EU It has refused to approve the budget only twice, in 1984 and in 1998. On the latter occasion it led to the resignation of the Santer Commission. The Santer Commission was the European Commission in office between 23 January 1995 and 15 March [36][14]
Control of the executive
The President of the European Commission is proposed by the Council (in practice by the European Council) and that proposal has to be approved by the Parliament (by a simple majority), essentially giving the Parliament a veto, but not a right to propose, the head of the executive. The President of the European Commission is the head of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union. The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union. Following the approval of the Commission President, the members of the Commission are proposed by the President in accord with the member-states. Each Commissioner comes before a relevant parliamentary committee hearing covering the proposed portfolio. They are then, as a body, approved or rejected by the Parliament. [37][19] In practice, the Parliament has never voted against a President or his Commission, but it did seem likely when the Barroso Commission was put forward. The resulting pressure forced the proposal to be withdrawn and changed to be more acceptable to parliament. [24] That pressure was seen as an important sign by some of the evolving nature of the Parliament and its ability to make the Commission accountable, rather than being a rubber stamp for candidates. Furthermore, in voting on the Commission, MEPs also voted along party lines, rather than national lines, despite frequent pressure from national governments on their MEPs. This cohesion and willingness to use the Parliament's power ensured greater attention from national leaders, other institutions and the public—who previously gave the lowest ever turnout for the Parliament's elections. [38]
The Parliament also has the power to censure the Commission if they have a two-thirds majority which will force the resignation of the entire Commission from office. Not to be confused with Censor, Censer or Sensor. Censure (ˈsɛnʃəɹ is a process by which a formal Reprimand As with approval, this power has never been used but it was threatened to the Santer Commission, who subsequently resigned of their own accord. The Santer Commission was the European Commission in office between 23 January 1995 and 15 March The Santer Commission was the European Commission in office between 23 January 1995 and 15 March There are a few other controls, such as: the requirement of Commission to submit reports to the Parliament and answer questions from MEPs; the requirement of the President-in-office of the European Council to present their programme at the start of their presidency; the right of MEPs to make proposals for legislation and policy to the Commission and Council; and the right to question members of those institutions (e. The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union. Presidency of the Council of the European Union is the responsibility for the functioning of the Council of the European Union which is rotated between European Union g. "Commission Question Time" every Tuesday). Question Time in a Parliament occurs when Backbenchers (members of the parliament who are not Ministers) ask questions of the Prime Minister which [37][19]
Supervisory powers
The Parliament also has other powers of general supervision, mainly granted by the Maastricht Treaty. The Maastricht Treaty (formally the Treaty on European Union, TEU) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht, the Netherlands after final [39] The Parliament has the power to set up a Committee of Inquiry, for example over mad cow disease or CIA detention flights—the former led to the creation of the European veterinary agency. The European Medicines Agency ( EMEA) is a European agency for the evaluation of medicinal products. The Parliament can call other institutions to answer questions and if necessary to take them to court if they break EU law or treaties. This article refers to the European Union court not the European Court of Human Rights of the Council of Europe The Court of Justice [40] Further more it has powers over the appointment of the members of the Court of Auditors[41] and the president and executive board of the European Central Bank. The European Court of Auditors is the fifth institution of the European Union (EU The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the The ECB president is also obliged to present an annual report to the parliament. The Presidents of the European Central Bank List List of presidents since the establishment of the bank on 1 June 1998 [40]
The European Ombudsman is elected by the Parliament, who deals with public complaints against all institutions. The European Ombudsman (or sometimes Euro-Ombudsman) is an Ombudsman for the European Union, based in the Winston Churchill Building in [40] Petitions can also be brought forward by any EU citizen on a matter within the EU's sphere of activities. Citizenship of the European Union was introduced by the Maastricht Treaty signed in 1992 The Committee on Petitions hears cases, some 1500 each year, sometimes presented by the citizen themselves at the Parliament. The Committee on Petitions (PETI is a committee of the European Parliament. While the Parliament attempts to resolve the issue as a mediator they do resort to legal proceedings if it is necessary to resolve the citizens dispute. [42]
Members
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The parliamentarians are known in English as Members of the European Parliament (MEPs). A Member of the European Parliament ( English abbreviation MEP) is a member of the European Union 's legislative body the European Parliament. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States They are elected every 5 years by universal adult suffrage and sit according to political allegiance, about a third are women. Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to Prior to 1979 they were appointed by their national parliaments. [43][44]
As states are allocated seats according to population, the total number of MEPs should be 732; however, since 1 January 2007 there are 785 MEPs. Apportionment in the European Parliament relates to the distribution of Legislative seats in the European Parliament among the states of the European New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. This is due to the accession of Romania and Bulgaria, as the allocation of seats does not take into account members that join mid-term. Under the existing rules the number of members would be reduced again to 732 following the 2009 election[43][45] however the rules are due to be changed under the Treaty of Lisbon. Elections to the European Parliament will be held from 4 June to 7 June 2009 in the 27 member states of the European Union, using varying election Instead, there would be 751 members, however the President would no longer be counted as a voting member once in office so in practice there would be 750 members. [46] In addition, the maximum number of seats allocated to a state would be lowered to ninety-six, from the current ninety-nine, and the minimum number of seats would be raised to six, from the current five. These seats are distributed according to "degressive proportionality", meaning that the larger the state, the more citizens that are represented per MEP. It is intended that the new system, including revising the seating well in advance of elections, can avoid political horse trading when the numbers have to be revised. Vote trading is the practice of supporting someone else's initiative in exchange for their support of one's own initiative [47]
At present, members receive the same salary as members of their national parliament. However as of 2009 a new members statute will come into force which gives all members an equal pay of 7000 euro each, subject to a community tax and can also be taxed nationally. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e MEPs would retire at 63 and receive the whole of their pension from the Parliament. Retirement is the point where a person stops employment completely A pension is a steady income given to a person upon Retirement, typically in the form of a guaranteed annuity. Travelling expenses would also be given based on actual cost rather than a flat rate as is the case now. [48] In addition to their pay, members are granted a number of privileges and immunities. Diplomatic immunity is a form of legal immunity and a policy held between governments which ensures that Diplomats are given safe passage and are considered not To ensure their free movement to and from the Parliament they are accorded by their own states, the facilities accorded to senior officials travelling abroad and by other state governments the facilities of visiting foreign representatives. An official is someone who holds an office (function or mandate, regardless whether it carries an actual working space with it in an Organisation or Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states When in their own state they have all the immunities accorded to national parliamentarians, and in other states they have immunity from detention and legal proceedings. Detention generally refers to a State or Government holding a person in a particular area (generally called a Detention centre) either for Interrogation Criminal procedure refers to the legal process for adjudicating claims that someone has violated Criminal law. However immunity cannot be claimed when a member is found committing a criminal offence and the Parliament also has the right to strip a member of their immunity. [49]
Political groups
| Group | Leader(s) | MEPs | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPP-ED | Joseph Daul | 284 |  |
|
| PES | Martin Schulz | 215 | ||
| ALDE | Graham Watson | 103 | ||
| UEN | Brian Crowley Cristiana Muscardini |
44 | ||
| G-EFA | Monica Frassoni Daniel Cohn-Bendit |
42 | ||
| GUE-NGL | Francis Wurtz | 41 | ||
| ID | Nigel Farage Kathy Sinnott |
24 | ||
| Non-Inscrits | MEPs without group | 32 | Source: European Parliament | |
MEPs in Parliament are organised into seven different parliamentary groups, including over thirty non-attached members known as non-inscrits. The European Parliament is unique among supranational assemblies because it organizes itself around ideological rather than national groups This article is about the current European Parliament Group and its predecessors dating back to 1952 Joseph Daul (born 13 April 1947 in Strasbourg) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the East of France The Party of European Socialists (PES is a European political party comprising of thirty-three socialist, social democratic and labour Martin Schulz (born on 20 December 1955 in Hehlrath) is a German Politician and Member of the European Parliament The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( French: Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour l'Europe) is an alliance between two European political parties Graham Watson MEP (born 23 March 1956 is a European Politician from the United Kingdom. Union for Europe of the Nations is a political group of the European Parliament formed on 20 July 1999) Self-Defense of the Republic Brian Crowley (born 4 March 1964 is an Irish Fianna Fáil politician and a Member of the European Parliament (MEP for the South constituency Cristiana Muscardini (born on 6 November 1948 in Cannobio (Verbania)is an Italian Politician and Member of the European Parliament The European Greens European Free Alliance ( The Greens European Free Alliance; Greens EFA; French: Le Groupe Verts Alliance libre européenne Monica Frassoni (born September 10, 1963 in Veracruz, Mexico) is an Italian politician and Member of the European Parliament Daniel Marc Cohn-Bendit (born Montauban, France, April 4 1945) is a French - German politician and was a student leader during European United Left–Nordic Green Left is a socialist, eco-socialist and communist political group with seats in the European Parliament since Francis Wurtz (born January 3, 1948 in Strasbourg) is a French Member of the European Parliament. The Independence/Democracy Group in the European Parliament was set up on 20 July 2004. Nigel Paul Farage (born 3 April 1964 in Farnborough) is a British politician and leader of the Eurosceptic United Kingdom Kathy Sinnott (born 29 September 1950 in Chicago, Illinois, USA) is a Disability rights campaigner and politician representing Ireland Non-Inscrits (abbreviated NI; English: Non-Attached Members, abbreviated NA; the English name is also official but the French name Parliamentary group and parliamentary party are terms used to refer to the representation of a Political party or Electoral fusion of parties in a Non-Inscrits (abbreviated NI; English: Non-Attached Members, abbreviated NA; the English name is also official but the French name The two largest groups are the European People's Party-European Democrats (EPP-ED) and the Party of European Socialists (PES). This article is about the current European Parliament Group and its predecessors dating back to 1952 The Party of European Socialists (PES is a European political party comprising of thirty-three socialist, social democratic and labour These two groups have dominated the Parliament for much of its life, continuously holding between 50 and 70 percent of the seats together. No single group has ever held a majority in Parliament. [50]
Groups are often based around a single European political party such as the socialist group. A European political party, formally a political party at European level, informally (especially in academic circles a Europarty, is a type of Political party The Party of European Socialists (PES is a European political party comprising of thirty-three socialist, social democratic and labour However they can, like the liberal group, include more than one European party as well as national parties and independents. The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( French: Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour l'Europe) is an alliance between two European political parties [51] For a group to be recognised, it needs 20 MEPs from six different countries. Once recognised groups receive financial subsidies from the parliament and guaranteed seats on Committees, creating an incentive for the formation of groups. However some controversy occurred with the establishment of the Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty (ITS) due to its ideology; the members of the group are far-right, so there were concerns about public funds going towards such a group. Identity Tradition Sovereignty (ITS was a political group in the European Parliament composed of 23 members from European parties variously described [52] There were attempts to change the rules to block the formation of ITS, however that never came to fruition. They were, however, blocked from gaining leading positions on committees—a right that is meant to be afforded to all parties. [53] When this group engaged in infighting, causing the withdrawal of some members, its size fell below the recognisable limit causing its collapse. [54]
Grand coalition
Given that the Parliament does not form the government in the traditional sense of a Parliamentary system, its politics have developed along more consensual lines rather than majority rule of competing parties and coalitions. Indeed for much of its life it has been dominated by a grand coalition of the People's Party and Socialist Party. A grand coalition is a Coalition government in a Multi-party Parliamentary system where the two largest political parties unite in a coalition The two major parties tend to co-operate to find a compromise between their two groups leading to proposals endorsed by huge majorities. [55] However there have been some occasions where real party politics have emerged, for example over the resignation of the Santer Commission;[23]
When the initial allegations against the Commission emerged, they were directed primarily against Édith Cresson and Manuel Marín, both socialist members. The Santer Commission was the European Commission in office between 23 January 1995 and 15 March Édith Cresson (born on 27 January 1934 as Édith Campion in Boulogne-Billancourt, near Paris) is a French politician. Manuel Marín González is a Spanish politician former President of the Congress of Deputies of Spain. When the parliament was considering refusing to discharge the Community budget, President Jacques Santer stated that a no vote would be tantamount to a vote of no confidence. The European Union (EU is an association of 27 independent member states The President of the European Commission is the head of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union. Jacques Santer (born 18 May, 1937) is a politician from Luxembourg. A motion of no confidence (also vote of no confidence, censure motion, no-confidence motion, or confidence motion) is a Parliamentary motion PES supported the Commission and saw the issue as an attempt by the EPP to discredit their party ahead of the 1999 elections. PES leader, Pauline Green MEP, attempted a vote of confidence and the EPP put forward counter motions. Dame Pauline Green DBE (born) is a former Labour and Co-operative Member of the European Parliament and former Leader of the Parliamentary During this period the two parties took on similar roles to a government-opposition dynamic, with PES supporting the executive and EPP renouncing its previous coalition support and voting it down. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Parliamentary opposition is a form of political opposition to a designated government particularly in a Westminster -based Parliamentary system [23] Politicisation such as this has been increasing, in 2007 Simon Hix of the London School of Economics noted that;[1]
| “ | Our work also shows that politics in the European Parliament is becoming increasingly based around party and ideology. The London School of Economics and Political Science, more commonly referred to as The London School of Economics or LSE, is a specialist college of the Voting is increasingly split along left-right lines, and the cohesion of the party groups has risen dramatically, particularly in the fourth and fifth parliaments. So there are likely to be policy implications here too. | ” |
During the fifth term, 1999 to 2004, there was a break in the grand coalition resulting in in a centre-right coalition between the Liberal and People's parties. [56] This was reflected in the Presidency of the Parliament with the terms being shared between the EPP and the ELDR, rather than the EPP and PES. [57] In the following term the liberal group grew to hold 88 seats, the largest number of seats held by any third party in Parliament. [58]
Elections
| Far Left Socialist Group Regionalists (inc. Greens) Greens CDI or TGI Non-Inscrits Liberal Democrats | Radical Alliance (Liberals) CD / EPP Forza Europa Conservatives Eurosceptics National Conservatives Far Right |
Elections have taken place, directly in every member-state, every five years since 1979. As of 2004 there have been six. Occasionally, when a member joins mid-term, a by-election will be held to elect their members. A by-election or bye-election (called special election in the United States) is an Election held to fill a political office that has become vacant This has happened four times, the last time was when Romania and Bulgaria joined in 2007 (see below). Elections take place across several days according to local custom and, aside from having to be proportional, the electoral system is chosen by the member-state. A voting system allows voters to choose between options often in an Election where candidates are selected for public office. This includes allocation of sub-national constituencies; while most members have a national list, some, like the UK and France, divide their allocation between regions. In six European Union Member States ( Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy, Poland and the United Kingdom) the national Seats are allocated to member-states according to their population, with no state having more than 99, but no fewer than 5, in order to maintain proportionality. [59]
The most recent Union-wide elections to the European Parliament were the European elections of 2004, held in June of that year. Elections to the European Parliament were held from 10 June 2004 to 13 June 2004 in the 25 member states of the European Union, using varying election days according They were the largest simultaneous transnational elections ever held anywhere in the world, since nearly 400 million citizens were eligible to vote. The proportion of MEPs elected in 2004 who were female was 30. 2%; in 1979 it was just 16. 5%. The next Union-wide elections will be in 2009. Elections to the European Parliament will be held from 4 June to 7 June 2009 in the 27 member states of the European Union, using varying election There are a number of proposals to "dress up" the next elections to attract greater public attention to them. These include most notably the idea of linking them more closely to the Commission presidency. This would be by having political parties running with candidates for the job, so the largest party would essentially be forming the government, as in the parliamentary system of government. A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which [60][61][62] This was attempted in 2004, however only the European Green Party, which was the first true pan-European party to be established with a common campaign,[63] proposed a candidate for the post of President: Daniel Cohn-Bendit. The European Green Party (or European Greens or EGP) is the Green Political party at European level. Daniel Marc Cohn-Bendit (born Montauban, France, April 4 1945) is a French - German politician and was a student leader during [64] Meanwhile, the closest any other party had come was when the People's Party mentioned four or five people they'd like to be President. [65] It is hoped such changes would add legitimacy and counter the falling turnout[62] which has dropped consistently every year since the first election, and from 1999 it has been below 50%. [66] In 2007 both Bulgaria and Romania are electing their MEPs in by-elections, having joined at the beginning of 2007. Two member states of the European Union held elections to the European Parliament in 2007. The Bulgarian and Romanian elections saw the lowest ever turnout for a European election, just 28. 6%[67] and 28. 3%. respectively. [68]
Proceedings
Each year the activities of the Parliament cycle between committee weeks where reports are discussed in committees and interparliamentary delegations meet, political group weeks for members to discuss work within their political groups and session weeks where members spend 3½ days in Strasbourg for part-sessions. Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région In addition six 2-day part-sessions are organised in Brussels throughout the year. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is Four weeks are allocated as constituency week to allow members to do exclusively constituency work. Finally there are no meetings planned during the summer weeks. [69] The Parliament has the power to meet without being convened by another authority. Its meetings are partly controlled by the treaties but are otherwise up to Parliament according to its own "Rules of Procedure" (the regulations governing the parliament). [70]
During sessions, members may speak after being called on by the President, with a time limit of one minute. Members of the Council or Commission may also attend and speak in debates. [71][72] Partly due to the need for translation, and the politics of consensus in the chamber, debates tend to be calmer and more polite than, say, the Westminster system. The Westminster system is a democratic Parliamentary system of Government modelled after the British government (the Parliament of the United [73] Voting is conducted primarily by a show of hands, that may be checked on request by electronic voting. [74] Votes of MEPs are not recorded in either case however, that only occurs when there is a roll-call ballot. That is when each MEP in turn is called by name, in alphabetical order, to state their support or opposition. This is a historical system used when the Parliament was much smaller in membership and is rarely used now. Votes can also be a completely secret ballot (for example when the President is elected). [75] All recorded votes, along with minutes and legislation, are recorded in the Official Journal of the European Union and can be accessed online. The Official Journal (OJ of the European Union is the Gazette of record for the European Union. [76]
Members are arranged in a hemicycle according to their political groups who are ordered mainly by left to right, but some smaller groups are placed towards the outer ring of the Parliament. In Legislatures, a hemicycle is a term for a semicircular, or Horseshoe shaped debating chamber where deputies (members sit to discuss and All desks are equipped with microphones, headphones for translation and electronic voting equipment. The leaders of the groups sit on the front benches at the centre, and in the very centre is a podium for guest speakers. The remaining half of the circular chamber is primarily composed of the raised area where the President and staff sit. Further benches are provided between the sides of this area and the MEPs, these are taken up by the Council on the far left and the Commission on the far right. Both the Brussels and Strasbourg hemicycle roughly follow this layout with only minor differences. [77] With access to the chamber limited, entrance is controlled by ushers who aid MEPs in the chamber (for example in delivering documents). The ushers also act as a form of police in enforcing the President, for example in ejecting an MEP who is disrupting the session (although this is rare). The first head of protocol in the Parliament was French, so many of the duties in the Parliament are based on the French model first developed following the French Revolution. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The 180 ushers are highly visible in the Parliament, dressed in black tails and wearing a silver chain, and are recruited in the same manner as the European civil service. A tailcoat is a coat with the front of the skirt cut away so as to leave only the rear section of the skirt known as the tails. The European Personnel Selection Office (EPSO is responsible for selecting staff to work for the Institutions of the European Union ( European Parliament, the The President is allocated a personal usher. [78]
President and organisation
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The President, currently Hans-Gert Pöttering MEP of the EPP, is essentially the speaker of the Parliament. The President of the European Parliament presides over the debates and activities of the European Parliament. Hans-Gert Pöttering (often written as Poettering; born September 15, 1945 in Bersenbrück, Lower Saxony) is a German The term speaker is a title often given to the presiding officer of a legislative body He or she presides over the plenary when it is in session and the President's signature is required for all acts adopted by co-decision, including the EU budget. The President is also responsible for representing the Parliament externally, including in legal matters, and for the application of the rules of procedure. He or she is elected for two-and-a-half-year terms, meaning two elections per parliamentary term. [79][80]
In most countries, the protocol of the head of state comes before all others, however in the EU the Parliament is listed as the first institution, and hence the protocol of its President comes before any other European, or national, protocol. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state The gifts given to numerous visiting dignitaries depends upon the President. President Josep Borrell MEP of Spain gave his counterparts a crystal cup created by an artist from Barcelona which had engraved upon it parts of the Charter of Fundamental Rights among other things. Josep Borrell Fontelles (born April 24, 1947) is a Spanish politician The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union is a document containing Human rights provisions ‘solemnly proclaimed’ by the European Parliament [5]
A number of notable figures have been President of the Parliament and its predecessors. The first President was Paul-Henri Spaak MEP, one of the founding fathers of the Union. Paul Henri Charles Spaak (25 January 1899 - 31 July 1972 was a Belgian Socialist Politician and Statesman. The Founding Fathers of the European Union are a number of men who have been recognised as making a major contribution to the development of European unity and what is now the European Other founding fathers include Alcide de Gasperi MEP and Robert Schuman MEP. Alcide De Gasperi ( 3 April 1881 &ndash 19 August 1954) was an Italian Statesman and Politician. Robert Schuman (29 June 1886 4 September 1963 was a noted French Statesman The two female Presidents were Simone Veil MEP in 1979 (first President of the elected Parliament) and Nicole Fontaine MEP in 1999, both Frenchwomen. Simone Veil, DBE (born 13 July 1927 is a French Lawyer and Politician who served as a member of the Constitutional Council of France Nicole Fontaine (born January 16, 1942 in Grainville-Ymauville, Seine-Maritime) is a French politician and Member of the [81]
During the election of a President, the plenary is presided over by the oldest member of the Parliament. In 2004 and 2007 this was Giovanni Berlinguer MEP. Giovanni Berlinguer (berliŋˈgwɛr Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (born 9 July 1924) is an Italian politician and Professor of Social While the oldest member is in the chair, they hold all the powers of the President, but the only business that may be addressed is the election of the President. [82]
Below the President, there are 14 Vice-Presidents who chair debates when the President is not in the chamber. The President of the European Parliament presides over the debates and activities of the European Parliament. There are a number of other bodies and posts responsible for the running of parliament besides these speakers. The two main bodies are the Bureau, which is responsible for budgetary and administration issues, and the Conference of Presidents which is a governing body composed of the presidents of each of the parliament's political groups. The Bureau of the European Parliament is responsible for matters relating to the budget administration organisation and staff Looking after the financial and administrative interests of members are six Quaestors. Six Quaestors in the European Parliament look after the financial and administrative interests of Members of the European Parliament.
Committees and delegations
The Parliament has 20 Standing Committees consisting of 28 to 86 MEPs each (reflecting the political makeup of the whole Parliament) including a chair, a bureau and secretariat. The Committees of the European Parliament are designed to aid the European Commission in initiating legislation. They meet twice a month in public to draw up, amend to adopt legislative proposals and reports to be presented to the plenary. [83] The rapporteurs for a committee are supposed to present the view of the committee, although notably this has not always been the case. Rapporteur (derived from French is used in international and European legal and political contexts to refer to a person appointed by a deliberative body to investigate an issue or a situation In the events leading to the resignation of the Santer Commission, the rapporteur went against the Budgetary Control Committee's narrow vote to discharge the budget, and urged the Parliament to reject it. The Committee on Budgetary Control (CONT is a Committee of the European Parliament. [23]
Committees can also set up sub-committees (e. g. the Subcommittee on Human Rights) and temporary committees to deal with a specific topic (e. The Subcommittee on Human Rights (DROI is a Subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the European Parliament. g. on extraordinary rendition). The chairs of the Committees co-ordinate their work through the "Conference of Committee Chairmen". The Committees of the European Parliament are designed to aid the European Commission in initiating legislation. [83] When co-decision was introduced it increased the Parliaments powers in a number of areas, but most notably those covered by the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety. The Committee on the Environment Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI is a committee of the European Parliament. Previously this committee was considered by MEPs as a "Cinderella committee", however as it gained a new importance, it became more professional and rigorous attracting more and more attention to its work. Cinderella ( French: Cendrillon, Slovak: Popoluška, German: Aschenputtel, Spanish: Cenicienta [14]
Delegations of the Parliament are formed in a similar manner and are responsible for relations with Parliaments outside the EU. The Committees of the European Parliament are designed to aid the European Commission in initiating legislation. There are 34 delegations made up of around 15 MEPs, chairpersons of the delegations also cooperate in a conference like the committee chairs do. They include "Interparliamentary delegations" (maintain relations with Parliament outside the EU), "joint parliamentary committees" (maintaining relations with parliaments of states which are candidates or associates of the EU), the delegation to the ACP EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly and the delegation to the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly. The ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly was created to bring together the elected representatives of the European Community (the Members of the European The Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly (EMPA established in Naples on 3 December 2003 by decision of the Ministerial Conference of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership [83] MEPs also participate in other international activities such as the Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly, the Transatlantic Legislators' Dialogue and through election observation in third countries. The Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly (EUROLAT is a trans-national body of 120 Parliamentarians from Europe and Latin America. Taking the existing interparliamentary relationship as its basis the Transatlantic Legislators' Dialogue (TLD aims to strengthen and enhance the level of political discourse between European Election monitoring is the observation of an Election by one or more independent parties typically from another country or a Non-governmental organization (NGO [84]
Translation and interpreting
Speakers in the European Parliament are entitled to speak in any of the EU's 23 official languages, ranging from English and French to Maltese and Swedish. The languages of the European Union are Languages used by people within the member states of the European Union. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Maltese (Maltese Malti is the National language of Malta, and a co-official language of the country alongside English, Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the Simultaneous interpreting is offered in all plenary sessions, and all final texts of legislation are translated. With twenty-three languages, the European Parliament is the most multilingual parliament in the world[85] and the biggest employer of interpreters in the world (employing 350 full time and 400 free-lancers when there is higher demand). [86] Citizens may also address the Parliament in Basque, Catalan/Valencian and Galician. Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official [87]
Usually a language is translated from a foreign tongue into a translator's native tongue. Due to the large number of languages, some being minor ones, since 1995 translation is sometimes done the opposite way, out of a translator's native tongue (the "retour" system). In addition, a speech in a minor language may be translated via a third language for lack of interpreters ("relay" interpreting) —for example, when translating Estonian into Maltese. Estonian (; ˈeːsti ˈkeːl is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1 Maltese (Maltese Malti is the National language of Malta, and a co-official language of the country alongside English, [86] Interpreters need to be proficient in two other Union languages besides their native language. Due to the complexity of the issues, translation is not word for word. Instead, interpreters have to convey the political meaning of a speech, regardless of their own views. This requires detailed understanding of the politics and terms of the Parliament, involving a great deal of preparation beforehand (e. g. reading the documents in question). Difficulty can often arise when MEPs use colourful language, jokes and word play or speak too fast. [86]
While some see speaking their native language as an important part of their identity, and can speak more fluently in debates, the translation and the cost of it has been criticised by some. A 2006 report by Alexander Stubb MEP highlighted that by only using English, French and German costs could be reduced from €118,000 per day (for 21 languages then—Romanian and Bulgarian having not yet been included) to €8,900 per day. Cai-Göran Alexander Stubb (born April 1 1968 in Helsinki) is a Finnish Politician and Minister for Foreign Affairs from 4 April 2008 English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group [88] Although many see the ideal single language as being English due to its widespread usage, there is a campaign to make French the single tongue for all legal texts, due to its more precise legal language, overcoming ambiguity between translations of legislation. Although this would not directly affect translation in the plenary, it would shift the balance towards French when discussing draft legislation. [89]
Seat
The Parliament is based in three different cities with numerous buildings. Locations The Treaties of the European Union outline the locations of the following institutions The European Parliament has its seat in Strasbourg hosting Espace Léopold ( French, commonly used in English or Leopoldruimte ( Dutch) is the complex of parliament buildings in Brussels ( A protocol attached to the Treaty of Amsterdam requires that 12 plenary sessions be held in Strasbourg (none in August but two in September), which is the Parliament's official seat, while extra part sessions as well as committee meetings are held in Brussels. The Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, commonly known as the Amsterdam Treaty Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is Luxembourg hosts the Secretariat of the European Parliament. Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by The European Parliament 's presence in Luxembourg currently consists of the Parliament's secretariat, although the Parliament had held Plenary sessions The secretariat of the European Parliament is the administrative body of the European Parliament headed by a Secretary-General [7]
The Strasbourg seat is seen as a symbol of reconciliation between France and Germany (Strasbourg having been fought over by the two countries in the past). However it is questioned over the cost of having two seats for the parliament. While Strasbourg is the official seat, and sits alongside the Council of Europe (with which the "mutual cooperation" is being continuously "fostered"[90]), Brussels is home to nearly all other major EU institutions, with the majority of Parliament's work already being carried out there. The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 Brussels ( Belgium) is considered to be the de facto Capital of the European Union, having a long history of hosting the Institutions Therefore despite Strasbourg being the main seat, it is the one most questioned, although some do believe Strasbourg should be the single capital. [91]
Critics have described the two-seat arrangement as a "travelling circus",[92] and there is a strong movement to establish Brussels as the sole seat. This is due to the fact that the other political institutions (the Commission, Council and European Council) are located there, and hence Brussels is treated as the 'capital' of the EU. This movement has received strong backing through numerous figures, including the Commission First-Vice President who stated that "something that was once a very positive symbol of the EU reuniting France and Germany has now become a negative symbol—of wasting money, bureaucracy and the insanity of the Brussels institutions". [8] The Green party has also noted the environmental cost in a study led by Jean Lambert MEP and Caroline Lucas MEP; in addition to the extra 200 million euro spent on the extra seat, there are over 20,268 tonnes of additional carbon dioxide, undermining any environmental stance of the institution and the Union. The European Green Party (or European Greens or EGP) is the Green Political party at European level. Jean Lambert (born 1 June 1950 in Orsett, Essex) is an English politician and Member of the European Parliament for Caroline Patricia Lucas (born 9 December 1960 in Malvern Worcestershire) is an English politician [92] The campaign is further backed by a million-strong online petition started by Cecilia Malmström MEP. Anna Cecilia Malmström (born May 15, 1968) is a Swedish Politician currently serving as Minister for European Union Affairs [93] In 2006 there were allegations of irregularity in the charges made by the city of Strasbourg on buildings the Parliament rented which harmed the city's image further. [94] A poll of MEPs also found 89% of the respondents (39%) wanting a single seat, and 81% preferring Brussels. [95] Another, more academic, survey found 68% support. [1] However the Parliament, the only assembly in the world with more than one seat, does not have the right to choose its own meeting place, this is left up to the Council with the possibility of a change being vetoed by one state. [96] Notably France, which has not been affected by any campaigning, with French President Nicolas Sarkozy stating that its seat is "non-negotiable". The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected Nicolas Sarkozy (pronounced, [97]
Future of the Parliament
The Treaty of Lisbon, signed on 2007-12-13, largely retains the reforms outlined in the rejected Constitutional Treaty. The Treaty of Lisbon (also known as the Reform Treaty) is a Treaty designed to streamline the workings of the European Union (EU with amendments to the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE commonly referred to as the European Constitution, was an unimplemented international Treaty intended [98] Overall, powers would be increased. For example, nearly all policy areas would fall under co-decision procedure (now called the "ordinary legislative procedure") meaning that the Parliament would have practically equal powers to those of the Council (now officially the Council of Ministers). In the remaining minority of areas in which the powers remain unequal, the Council must consult the Parliament and/or seek its approval on the legislation. The Parliament also gains greater powers over the entirety of the EU budget, not just non-compulsory expenditure, through the ordinary legislative procedure. In terms of the composition of the Parliament there would be little change, however the minimum number of seats would be increased from 5 to 6 and the maximum number would be reduced from 99 to 96. There would also be basic rules on the distribution of seats in the Parliament, rather than them being negotiated at each enlargement. Decisions about the composition of the Parliament are currently made by the Council, this would remain so but the decision would be made based on a proposal from the Parliament itself. [99][100]
The European Council would be bound to take into account the latest elections when proposing the Commission President, something that they willingly did after the 2004 election. As currently, the Parliament's consent is needed for the President to take office, however the Treaty of Lisbon now uses the word "elect" rather than "approve" to refer to this procedure. This is an area however in which the Council of Ministers plays no part. [99][100] It will remain to be seen whether calling it an election will spur political groups to use their power and mandate to force their own candidates upon the European Council in the same way as, for example, the British House of Commons does in its relation to their Queen. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy There have been suggestions that the parliament's political groups may propose their own candidates before the 2009 election. [61][101] No major party proposed a candidate in 2004 with the fractious nature of the European-level parties being, in part, why a single candidate has not been proposed. However there are plans to strengthen the political parties before the elections[65][62] and the European Green Party, the first to have a common campaign, did manage to put forward a candidate. The European Green Party (or European Greens or EGP) is the Green Political party at European level. [64] In 2007, Franco Frattini indicated he would like to act as though the treaty was already in force, in respects to the Parliament's powers over justice and criminal matters, in order to inject more democracy and ensure the Parliament had over sight on forthcoming legislation Frattini did not wish to delay until 2009. Franco Frattini (born 14 March 1957 in Rome) is an Italian politician currently serving as Italy's Foreign Minister in the [27]
In addition to the institutional reforms brought by the Treaty of Lisbon, in 2007 the President set up the Special working group on parliamentary reform to improve the efficiency and image of the Parliament. In 2007 the President of the European Parliament, Hans-Gert Poettering, set up a special working group on parliamentary reform. Some ideas include livening up the plenary sessions and a State of the Union debate. [102] One of the group's key reform ideas, extra debates on topical issues, was rejected by MEPs[103] causing liberal leader Graham Watson MEP to withdraw from the reform group. The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( French: Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour l'Europe) is an alliance between two European political parties Graham Watson MEP (born 23 March 1956 is a European Politician from the United Kingdom. [104] However MEPs did back a proposal for greater use of the European symbols, following their rejection in the Treaty of Lisbon. It was suggested the Parliament take the avant-garde in using the symbols as it had done in adopting the flag in 1983, which was three years before the Communities as a whole. Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard [105][106] An interim report was presented in September 2007 and proposed cutting down time allocated for guest speakers and non-legislative documents. In 2006, 92 "own initiative" reports (commenting rather than legislating) were tables and 22% of debating time was spent debating such reports, while only 18% was spent on legislative bills. The group is due to produce a final report in 2008, and put the recommendations into practice by the 2009 elections[102] however Watson has stated that he doubts the left-right coalition in Parliament can pass the proposals due to opposition from more conservative members. Other members such as the co-chair of ID, Jens-Peter Bonde MEP, had wanted more radical proposals. The Independence/Democracy Group in the European Parliament was set up on 20 July 2004. Jens-Peter Bonde (born on 27 March 1948 in Aabenraa) is a Danish Politician and Member of the European Parliament with Bonde did however vote for the report, stating that "it is psychologically important to show that we want to become a more political parliament. "[104]
See also
References
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- ^ a b Beunderman, Mark (2007-11-09). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Frattini seeks to apply new EU treaty rules before 2009. EU Observer. Retrieved on 2007-11-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all
- ^ Fact Sheets 1.3.8 The Commission. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the
- ^ Schnabel, Rockwell; Francis Rocca (2005). The Next Superpower?: the Rise of Europe and its Challenge to the United States. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 111. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc was founded in 1949. It is an independent publishing house which offers scholarly works for the academic market ISBN 978-0742545489.
- ^ a b c Parliament's powers and procedures. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ Decision-making in the European Union. Europa (web portal). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-09-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated
- ^ Community legal instruments. Europa (web portal). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-09-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated
- ^ Written declarations. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-11-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi
- ^ a b Budgetary power. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ a b How is the budget decided?. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ Budgetary control: 1996 discharge raises issue of confidence in the Commission. Europa (web portal) (1999). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-10-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the
- ^ a b Oversight over the Commission and Council. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ Murray, Alasdair (2004). Three cheers for EU democracy. Centre for European Reform. The Centre for European Reform is a London-based Think-tank devoted to improving the quality of the debate on the European Union. Retrieved on 2007-07-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death
- ^ Maastricht Treaty 15 years on: birth of the "European Union". European Parliament (2007-02-07). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Retrieved on 2007-07-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England
- ^ a b c Supervisory power. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament. Rule 101: Appointment of the Members of the Court of Auditors. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-07-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death
- ^ Rickards, Mark (2007-11-03). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. MEPs get taste of people power. BBC News. Retrieved on 2007-11-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina.
- ^ a b Composition of the European Parliament. European NAvigator. European NAvigator ( ENA) is an educational platform providing a wealth of information about the history of Europe and its institutions since 1945. Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ Members. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-10-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross.
- ^ Parliament all set for enlargement. Europa (web portal). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the
- ^ Goldirova, Renata (2007-10-19). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. EU agrees new 'Treaty of Lisbon'. EU Observer. Retrieved on 2007-11-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land
- ^ Distribution of EP seats: Constitutional Affairs Committee approvals proposal. Europa (web portal) (2007-10-02). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Retrieved on 2007-10-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar)
- ^ Statue for Members of the European Parliament. Europa (web portal). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-10-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross.
- ^ 7. Protocol on the privileges and immunities of the European Union (PDF). Eur-Lex (2004-12-16). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Retrieved on 2007-10-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross.
- ^ Kreppel, Amie (2002). The European Parliament and Supranational Party System (PDF). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ Party Politics in the EU (PDF). civitas. org. uk. Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ Brunwasser, Matthew (2007-01-14). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Bulgaria and Romania bolster far right profile in EU Parliament. International Herald Tribune. The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper Retrieved on 2007-07-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death
- ^ Far-Right Wing Group Sidelined in European Parliament. Deutsche Welle. Deutsche Welle ('Welle' pronounced with a 'v' sound IPA /'vɛlə/ or DW, is Germany's international broadcaster. Retrieved on 2007-07-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death
- ^ Mahony, Honor (2007-11-14). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca MEPs welcome fall of far-right group. EU Observer. Retrieved on 2007-11-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca
- ^ Settembri, Pierpaolo (2007-02-02). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Is the European Parliament competitive or consensual ... "and why bother"? (PDF). Federal Trust. Retrieved on 2007-10-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar)
- ^ Interview: Graham Watson, leader of group of Liberal Democrat MEPs. Euractiv (2004-06-15). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Retrieved on 2007-11-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi
- ^ European Parliament elects new president. BBC News (1999-07-20). Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Retrieved on 2007-11-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi
- ^ The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe is born. Graham Watson MEP website (2004-07-14). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Retrieved on 2007-10-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar)
- ^ The European Parliament: electoral procedures. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ Spongenberg, Helena (2007-02-26). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed EU wants to dress up 2009 elections on TV. EU Observer. Retrieved on 2007-07-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000
- ^ a b Palmer, John (2007-01-10). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Size shouldn't matter. The Guardian. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Retrieved on 2007-06-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul.
- ^ a b c Mahony, Honor (2007-06-27). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden European politics to get more political. EU Observer. Retrieved on 2007-06-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul.
- ^ European Greens Found European Greens. Deutsche Welle (2004-02-23). Deutsche Welle ('Welle' pronounced with a 'v' sound IPA /'vɛlə/ or DW, is Germany's international broadcaster. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Retrieved on 2008-01-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain
- ^ a b Hughes, Kirsty. Nearing Compromise as Convention goes into Final Week? (PDF). EPIN. Retrieved on 2008-01-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain
- ^ a b The EP elections: Deepening the democratic deficit. Euractiv (2004-06-16). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Retrieved on 2007-07-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England.
- ^ Bulgaria votes for European Parliament legislators. International Herald Tribune (2007-05-20). The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Retrieved on 2007-05-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ New GERB party narrowly wins Bulgaria's first European Parliament election. Southeast European Times (2007-05-21). Southeast European Times is a United States European Command -sponsored news website dedicated to coverage of Southeastern Europe i Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Retrieved on 2007-07-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000
- ^ Romania chooses its 35 MEPS. European Parliament (2007-11-26). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Retrieved on 2008-02-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the
- ^ European Parliament 2007 calendar of activities (PDF). European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament. Rule 127: Convening of Parliament. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament. Rule 141: Calling speakers and content of speeches. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament. Rule 142: Allocation of speaking time. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ Yeomans, Chris (2004-11-02). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 Democracy 1, Autocracy 0?. Café Babel. Retrieved on 2007-07-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament. Rule 164: Disputes on voting. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ How do MEPs vote?. European Parliament (2006-06-28). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Retrieved on 2007-07-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England
- ^ The different types of document available on Europarl. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-07-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death
- ^ Brussels seating plan (PDF). European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ The European Parliament Ushers. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce.
- ^ Duties of the President. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ Functions. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history
- ^ Former E.P. Presidents. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history
- ^ Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament. Rule 11: Oldest member. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ a b c How the Parliament is Organised. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ European Parliament: In Detail. European Parliament. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-07-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ Press Release: Irish language arrives in European Parliament. European Parliament Irish Office (2007-01-11). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ a b c The European Parliament's Interpreters.. European Parliament (2006-04-12). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Retrieved on 2007-06-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce.
- ^ The European Parliament allows the written communication of citizens in Basques in Basque, Catalan and Galician.. Ciemen (2006). Retrieved on 2007-06-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce.
- ^ In European Parliament, debate—in 21 languages—can be pricey. Christian Science Monitor (2006-09-12). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ Campaign to make French sole legal language in EU. International Herald Tribune (2007-02-07). The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ The Council of Europe and the European Union sign an agreement to foster mutual cooperation. Council of Europe (2007-05-23). The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ Wheatly, Paul (2006-10-02). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule The two-seat parliament farce must end. Café Babel. Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ a b Greens condemn EU parliament's 'traveling circus'. 4ecotips (2007-04-26). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Retrieved on 2007-07-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England.
- ^ Malmström, Cecilia. Anna Cecilia Malmström (born May 15, 1968) is a Swedish Politician currently serving as Minister for European Union Affairs OneSeat.eu. Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ Kroeger, Alix (2006-04-27). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated EU and Strasbourg in rent row. BBC News. Retrieved on 2007-07-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England.
- ^ Euro MPs want to scrap Strasbourg base: poll. EU Business (2007-06-13). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Retrieved on 2007-06-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.
- ^ Alvaro, Alexander (2006-07-06). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Europe's strangest migrants. Café Babel. Retrieved on 2007-11-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi
- ^ Banks, Martin (2007-05-24). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Sarkozy slated over Strasbourg seat. EU Politix: The Parliament. Retrieved on 2007-06-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.
- ^ European Council (2007-06-22). The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Brussels European Council 21/22 June 2007: Presidency Conclusions (PDF). Council of the European Union. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.
- ^ a b The Union's institutions: The European Parliament. Europa (web portal). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-06-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul.
- ^ a b Draft treaty modifying the treaty on the European Union and the treaty establishing the European community (PDF). Open Europe (2007-07-24). Open Europe is a London based Eurosceptic Think-tank which was set up by UK business people to 'campaign for reform' in the European Union Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Retrieved on 2007-07-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason.
- ^ Leadership of the EU. Federal Union. federal union Federal Union is a Pro-European British group launched in November 1938, to advocate a Federal Union of Europe as a post-war aim Retrieved on 2007-08-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
- ^ a b Improving the public perception and efficiency of the work of the European Parliament - mandate for a working group on reform of the Parliament. European Parliament (2007-02-15). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Retrieved on 2007-06-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul.
- ^ Kubosova, Lucia (2007-07-12). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. MEPs turn down modernising reform. EU Observer. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ a b Kubosova, Lucia (2007-09-20). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. MEPs want to see fewer heads of state in plenary. EU Observer. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ Beunderman, Mark (2007-07-11). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. MEPs defy member states on EU symbols. EU Observer. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ The European Flag. Council of Europe. The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
Further reading
- Attwool, Elspeth (2000). Elspeth Attwooll (born 1 February 1943, Chislehurst, Kent) is a Scottish Liberal Democrat politician To the Power of Ten: UK Liberal Democrats in the European Parliament (Centre for Reform Papers). Centre for Reform. The Centre for European Reform is a London-based Think-tank devoted to improving the quality of the debate on the European Union. ISBN 978-1902622170.
- Butler, David; Martin Westlake (2005). Dr David Butler (born 17 October 1924) is a Social Scientist and Psephologist. British Politics and European Election. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Macmillan Publishers Ltd, also known as The Macmillan Group, is a privately-held International Publishing company owned by Georg von Holtzbrinck ISBN 978-1403935854.
- Farrell, David; Roger Scully (2007). Representing Europe's Citizens?: Electoral Institutions and the Failure of Parliamentary Representation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199285020.
- Gazzola, Michele (2006). "Managing Multilingualism in the European Union: Language Policy Evaluation for the European Parliament". Language Policy 5 (4): p. 393-417. Netherlands: Springer. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- Hix, Simon; Abdul Noury, Serard Roland (2007). Democratic Politics in the European Parliament (Themes in European Governance). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 ISBN 978-0521694605.
- Hoskyns, Catherine; Michael Newman (2000). Democratizing the European Union: Issues for the twenty-first Century (Perspectives on Democratization. Manchester University Press. Manchester University Press is the University press of the University of Manchester, England. ISBN 978-0719056666.
- Corbett, Richard; [|Jacobs, Francis] & Shackleton, Michael (2007), The European Parliament (7 ed. Note this article concerns the contemporary MEP For the 17th century poet see Richard Corbett (poet. ), London: John Harper Publishing, ISBN 978-0955114472, <http://www.johnharperpublishing.co.uk/pp007.shtml>
- Judge, David; David Earnshaw (2003). Professor David Judge is a British political scientist currently based at the University of Strathclyde, where he is head of the Department of Government The European Parliament (European Union). London: Palgrave Macmillan. Macmillan Publishers Ltd, also known as The Macmillan Group, is a privately-held International Publishing company owned by Georg von Holtzbrinck ISBN 978-0333598740.
- Kreppel, Amie (2001). The European Parliament and Supranational Party System: A Study in Institutional Development (Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 ISBN 978-0521000796.
- Van der Laan, Lousewies (2003). Louse Wies Sija Anne Lilly Berthe (Lousewies van der Laan ( Rotterdam, February 18, 1966) is a former Dutch Politician The Case For a Stronger European Parliament. London: Centre for European Reform. The Centre for European Reform is a London-based Think-tank devoted to improving the quality of the debate on the European Union. ISBN 1901229491.
- Lodge, Juliet (200-04-18). The 2004 Elections to the European Parliament. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Macmillan Publishers Ltd, also known as The Macmillan Group, is a privately-held International Publishing company owned by Georg von Holtzbrinck ISBN 978-1403935182.
- Maier, Michaela (2006). Campaigning in Europe, Campaigning for Europe: Political Parties, Campaigns, Mass Media and the European Parliament Elections 2004 (Medien). Lit Verlag. ISBN 978-3825893224.
- Rittberger, Berthold (2007). Building Europe's Parliament: Democratic Representation Beyond the Nation State. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199231997.
- Schmitter, Philippe (2000). How to Democratize the EU … and Why Bother? (Governance in Europe). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc was founded in 1949. It is an independent publishing house which offers scholarly works for the academic market ISBN 978-0847699056.
- Scully, Rodger (2005). Becoming European?: Attitudes, Behaviour, and Socialization in the European Parliament. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199284320.
- Smith, Julie (1999). Europe's Elected Parliament (Contemporary European Studies). London: Continuum International Publishing Group. The Continuum International Publishing Group is a publisher of Books, with its editorial offices in London and New York City. ISBN 978-0333598740.
- Steuenberg, Bernard; Jacques Thomassen (2002). The European Parliament on the Move: Toward Parliamentary Democracy in Europe (Governance in Europe). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc was founded in 1949. It is an independent publishing house which offers scholarly works for the academic market ISBN 978-0742501263.
- Watson, Graham (2004). Graham Watson MEP (born 23 March 1956 is a European Politician from the United Kingdom. EU've Got Mail!: Liberal Letters from the European Parliament. Baghot Publishing. ISBN 978-0954574512.
External links
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