Typhoon
Eurofighter of the German Luftwaffe, Instrumented Production Aircraft #3 a 2-seat trainer version used for air-to-air weapons integration. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force.
Type	Multirole fighter
Manufacturer	Eurofighter GmbH
Maiden flight	27 March 1994[1]
Introduced	2003
Status	Operational
Primary users	Royal Air Force Luftwaffe Aeronautica Militare Ejército del Aire
Number built	137 (as of December 2007)[2] 707 Ordered (as of January 2008)
Unit cost	£61. An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing building testing selling and maintaining Aircraft, Aircraft parts Eurofighter Jagdflugzeug GmbH ( English Eurofighter Fighter aircraft GmbH) is a multinational company that co-ordinates the design production and upgrade of the The maiden flight of an Aircraft is the first occasion on which an aircraft leaves the ground of its own accord Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. The Aeronautica Militare is the Air force of Italy. It has held a prominent role in modern Italian military history. The Spanish Air Force ( Spanish: Ejército del Aire; literally "Army of the Air" is the Air force of Spain. The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency 5 million,[3] €88. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 4 mil. , $122. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 5 mil. (2007 flyaway cost)
Developed from	British Aerospace EAP
Variants	Eurofighter Typhoon variants

The Eurofighter Typhoon is a twin-engine canard-delta wing multirole aircraft. The British Aerospace EAP was a technology demonstrator aircraft developed as a private venture in the 1980s and which eventually formed the basis for the Eurofighter WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout In Aeronautics, canard ( French for Duck) is an airframe configuration of Fixed-wing aircraft in which the Tailplane is ahead of the The delta wing is a Wing Planform in the form of a triangle named after the Greek uppercase delta which is a triangle (Δ A multirole (or multi-role) combat Aircraft is an aircraft that can be used as both a Fighter aircraft and a Ground attack aircraft It is being designed and built by a consortium of three separate partner companies: Alenia Aeronautica, BAE Systems, and EADS working through a holding company Eurofighter GmbH which was formed in 1986. Alenia Aeronautica is an Aerospace engineering corporation in Italy, a subsidiary of Finmeccanica. BAE Systems plc (BAE is a British defence and aerospace company headquartered in Farnborough, England, that has global interests particularly The European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS NV ( EADS) is a large European aerospace corporation formed by the merger on July 10, Eurofighter Jagdflugzeug GmbH ( English Eurofighter Fighter aircraft GmbH) is a multinational company that co-ordinates the design production and upgrade of the The project is managed by NETMA (NATO Eurofighter and Tornado Management Agency) which acts as the prime customer. The NATO Eurofighter and Tornado Management Agency is the prime customer and management body for the four nation Eurofighter Typhoon Weapon System programme ^[4] As early as 1979, studies began into what would become the Eurofighter Typhoon, also known as EF2000.

The series production of the Eurofighter Typhoon is now underway. The aircraft has entered service with the UK Royal Air Force, the German Luftwaffe (Jagdgeschwader 74),^[5] Italian Air Force, and Spanish Air Force. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. The Aeronautica Militare is the Air force of Italy. It has held a prominent role in modern Italian military history. The Spanish Air Force ( Spanish: Ejército del Aire; literally "Army of the Air" is the Air force of Spain. Austria has purchased 15 Typhoons and Saudi Arabia has signed a GB£4. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency 43 billion (approx. €6. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e 4 billion c. 2007) contract for 72 aircraft. ^[6]

Contents 1 History 1.1 Development 1.2 Testing 1.3 Production 1.4 Costs increases 1.5 Delays 1.5.1 Political 1.5.2 Technical 2 Production 2.1 Exports 3 Design 3.1 Airframe and avionics 3.2 Cockpit 3.2.1 General features 3.2.2 Voice Control 3.2.3 g protection 3.2.4 Design Process 3.3 PIRATE Infrared Search and Track 3.4 Performance 3.5 Air-to-ground capabilities 3.6 Radar signature reduction features 4 Operational history 5 Variants 6 Specifications (Typhoon) 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Bibliography 9 External links

History

See also: Eurofighter Typhoon timeline

Development

The UK had identified a requirement for a new fighter as early as 1971. A specification, AST 403, issued by the Air Staff in 1972, resulted in a conventional "tailed" design known as P. 96, which was presented in the late 1970s. While the design would have met the Air Staff's requirements, the UK air industry had reservations as it appeared to be very similar to the F/A-18 Hornet, which was then well advanced in its development. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The design had little potential for future growth, and when it entered production it would secure few exports in a market in which the Hornet would be well established. ^[7] Simultaneously, by 1979 the West German requirement for a new fighter had led to the development of the TFK-90 concept. ^[8] This was a cranked delta wing design with forward canard controls and artificial stability. In Aeronautics, canard ( French for Duck) is an airframe configuration of Fixed-wing aircraft in which the Tailplane is ahead of the Although the British Aerospace designers rejected some of its advanced features such as vectoring engine nozzles and vented trailing-edge controls, they agreed with the overall configuration.

In 1979 British Aerospace and Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm presented a formal proposal to their respective governments for the ECF, the European Collaborative Fighter^[9] or European Combat Fighter. British Aerospace (BAe was a UK aircraft and defence-systems manufacturer that is now part of BAE Systems. Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB was a German Aerospace company formed as the result of several mergers in the late 1960s ^[10] In October 1979 Dassault joined the ECF team for a tri-national study, which became known as the European Combat Aircraft. Dassault Aviation is a French aircraft manufacturer of military, regional and business jets, a subsidiary of ^[9] It was at this stage of development that the Eurofighter name was first attached to the aircraft. ^[11] The development of different national prototypes continued. France produced the ACX. The UK produced two designs. The P. 106 was a single-engined "lightweight" fighter, superficially resembling the JAS 39 Gripen, the P. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout 110 was a twin-engined fighter. The P. 106 concept was rejected by the RAF, on the grounds that it had "half the effectiveness of the two-engined aircraft at two thirds of the cost". ^[7] West Germany continued to refine the TFK-90 concept. ^[10] The ECA project collapsed in 1981 for several reasons including differing requirements, Dassault's insistence on "design leadership" and the British preference for a new version of the RB199 to power the aircraft versus the French preference for the new SNECMA M88. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Snecma is a major French manufacturer of engines for commercial and military aircraft and for space vehicles WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[11]

As a result the Panavia partners (BAe, MBB and Aeritalia) launched the Agile Combat Aircraft (ACA) programme in April 1982. Panavia Aircraft GmbH is a multinational company established by the three partner nations of the Tornado Multi Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA project Germany British Aerospace (BAe was a UK aircraft and defence-systems manufacturer that is now part of BAE Systems. Aeritalia was an Aerospace engineering corporation based in Italy, originally Fiat Aviazione before merging with Aerfer, and now part of ^[12] The ACA was very similar to the BAe P. 110, having a cranked delta wing, canards and a twin tail. One major external difference was the replacement of the side mounted engine intakes with a chin intake. The ACA was to be powered by a modified version of the RB199. The German and Italian governments withdrew funding, however the UK Ministry of Defence agreed to fund 50% of the cost with the remaining 50% to be provided by industry. The Ministry of Defence ( MoD) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for implementation of government defence policy and is the headquarters MBB and Aeritalia signed up with the aim of producing two aircraft, one at Warton and one by MBB. Warton Aerodrome is located near to Warton village on the Fylde peninsula in Lancashire, England. In May 1983 BAe announced a contract with the MoD for the development and production of an ACA demonstrator, the Experimental Aircraft Programme. The Ministry of Defence ( MoD) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for implementation of government defence policy and is the headquarters The British Aerospace EAP was a technology demonstrator aircraft developed as a private venture in the 1980s and which eventually formed the basis for the Eurofighter ^[12][13]

In 1983 the UK, France, Germany, Italy and Spain launched the Future European Fighter Aircraft (FEFA) programme. The aircraft was to have Short Take Off and Landing (STOL) and Beyond Visual Range (BVR) capabilities. STOL is an Initialism for short take-off and landing, a term used to describe Aircraft with very short Runway requirements In 1984 France reiterated its requirement for a carrier-capable version and demanded a leading role. An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with The UK, West Germany and Italy opted out and established a new EFA programme. ^[10]

In Turin on 2 August 1985 Italy, West Germany and the UK agreed to go ahead with the Eurofighter. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the This is a list of Aviation -related events from 1985: Events Ryanair founded initially as a full-service carrier The announcement of this agreement confirmed that France, along with Spain, had chosen not to proceed as a member of the project. ^[14] Despite pressure from France, Spain rejoined the Eurofighter project in early September 1985. ^[15] France officially withdrew from the project to pursue its own ACX project, which was to become the Dassault Rafale. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Also in 1985 the BAe EAP was rolled out at BAe Warton, by this time also funded by MBB and BAe itself. The British Aerospace EAP was a technology demonstrator aircraft developed as a private venture in the 1980s and which eventually formed the basis for the Eurofighter The EAP first flew on 6 August 1986. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. This is a list of Aviation -related events from 1986: Events January January 9 - the UK Defence Secretary Michael ^[16] The Eurofighter bears a strong resemblance to the EAP. Design work continued over the next five years using data from the EAP. Initial requirements were: UK: 250 aircraft, Germany: 250, Italy: 165 and Spain: 100. The share of the production work was divided among the countries in proportion to their projected procurement - British Aerospace (33%), DASA (33%), Aeritalia (21%), and Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA) (13%). British Aerospace (BAe was a UK aircraft and defence-systems manufacturer that is now part of BAE Systems. DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG or DASA, was the former aerospace subsidiary of Daimler-Benz AG (later DaimlerChrysler) from 1989 Aeritalia was an Aerospace engineering corporation based in Italy, originally Fiat Aviazione before merging with Aerfer, and now part of

1986 also saw the establishment of the Munich based Eurofighter Jagdflugzeug GmbH to manage development of the project^[17] and EuroJet Turbo GmbH, the alliance of Rolls-Royce, MTU Aero Engines, FiatAvio (now Avio) and ITP for development of the EJ200. Eurofighter Jagdflugzeug GmbH ( English Eurofighter Fighter aircraft GmbH) is a multinational company that co-ordinates the design production and upgrade of the EuroJet Turbo GmbH is a multi-national consortium the partner companies of which are Rolls-Royce plc, Avio of Italy, ITP of Spain Rolls-Royce plc ( is a British Aircraft engine maker and the second-largest in the world behind GE Aviation. MTU Aero Engines is Germany 's leading Aircraft engine manufacturer Avio SpA is an Italian aerospace engine manufacturer Formerly owned by FIAT S WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The aircraft was known as Eurofighter EFA from the late 1980s until it was renamed EF 2000 in 1992. ^[18]

By 1990 the selection of the aircraft's radar had become a major stumbling block. The UK, Italy and Spain supported the Ferranti Defence Systems-led ECR-90, while Germany preferred the APG-65 based MSD2000 (a collaboration between Hughes (of the USA), AEG and GEC-Marconi). Ferranti or Ferranti International plc was a major UK Electrical engineering and equipment firm known primarily for defence Electronics and The Euroradar CAPTOR (formerly ECR-90 is a next generation mechanical multi-mode pulse doppler Radar designed for the Eurofighter Typhoon. Hughes Aircraft Company was a major aerospace and defense company founded by Howard Hughes. AEG ( Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft, General Electricity Company) was a German producer of Electronics and electrical equipment Marconi Electronic Systems (MES, or GEC-Marconi as it was until 1998 was the defence arm of The General Electric Company (GEC An agreement was reached after UK Defence Secretary Tom King assured his West German counterpart Gerhard Stoltenberg that the British government would underwrite the project and allow GEC to acquire Ferranti Defence Systems from its troubled parent. Thomas Jeremy King Baron King of Bridgwater, CH, PC (born 13 June 1933 is a British Conservative Politician who was Member Gerhard Stoltenberg ( September 29, 1928 - November 23, 2001) was a German politician ( CDU) and minister in the GEC thus withdrew its support for the MSD2000. ^[19]

Testing

The maiden flight of the Eurofighter prototype took place on 27 March 1994. The maiden flight of an Aircraft is the first occasion on which an aircraft leaves the ground of its own accord Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) ^[1] Dasa chief test pilot Peter Weger took the prototype on a test flight around Bavaria. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 The 1990s saw significant arguments over work share, the specification of the aircraft and even participation in the project.

In May 2007, Eurofighter Development Aircraft 5 made the first flight with the CAESAR (CAPTOR Active Electronically Scanning Array Radar) demonstrator system,^[20] a development of the Euroradar CAPTOR incorporating Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) technology. The Euroradar CAPTOR (formerly ECR-90 is a next generation mechanical multi-mode pulse doppler Radar designed for the Eurofighter Typhoon. An Electronically Scanned Array (AESA also known as active Phased array Radar is a type of Radar whose Transmitter and

The Eurofighter Typhoon was tested in Vidsel, Sweden where it was exposed to extreme weather conditions (down to -31˚C).

The maiden flight of Instrumented Production Aircraft 7 (IPA7), the first fully equipped Tranche 2 aircraft, took place from EADS' Manching airfield on 16 January 2008. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common ^[21]

When developed, the production version of the CAPTOR-E radar is being proposed as part of Tranche 3 of the Typhoon from 2012. Tranche 2 aircraft use the non AESA, mechanically scanned Captor-M which incorporates weight and space provisions for possible upgrade to CAESAR (AESA) standard in the future. ^[22]

Production

The first production contract was signed on 30 January 1998 between Eurofighter GmbH, Eurojet and NETMA. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) ^[23] The procurement totals were as follows: UK 232, Germany 180, Italy 121, and Spain 87. Production was again allotted according to procurement: British Aerospace (37%), DASA (29%), Aeritalia (19. 5%), and CASA (14%).

On 2 September 1998, a naming ceremony was held at Farnborough, England. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) This saw the Typhoon name formally adopted, however initially for export aircraft only. This was reportedly resisted by Germany; The Hawker Typhoon was a fighter-bomber aircraft which served with the RAF during the Second World War against German targets. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including ^[24] In September 1998 contracts were signed for production of 148 Tranche 1 aircraft and procurement of long lead-time items for Tranche 2 aircraft. ^[25]

Costs increases

In 1988 the Secretary of State told the UK House of Commons that the European Fighter Aircraft would "be a major project, costing the United Kingdom about £7 billion". ^[26] It was soon apparent that a more realistic estimate was £13 billion,^[27][28] made up of £3. 3 billion development costs^[29] plus £30 million per aircraft. ^[30] By 1997 the estimated cost was £17 billion; by 2003, £20 billion, and the in-service date (2003; defined as the date of delivery of the first aircraft to the RAF) was 54 months late. ^[31][32] Since 2003 the Ministry of Defence have refused to release updated cost estimates on the grounds of 'commercial sensitivity'. ^[33] The UK's commitment to its 88 Tranche 3 aircraft has been questioned,^[34] most recently in January 2008. ^[35]

Delays

Political

In late-1990 it became apparent that the German government was not happy about continuing with the project. The Luftwaffe was tasked to find alternative solutions including looking at cheaper implementations of Eurofighter. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. The German concerns over Eurofighter came to a head in July 1992 when they announced their decision to leave the project. However, on the insistence of the German government sometime earlier, all partners had signed binding commitments to the project and found themselves unable to withdraw.

In 1995 concerns over workshare appeared. Since the formation of Eurofighter the workshare split had been agreed at the 33/33/21/13 (United Kingdom/Germany/Italy/Spain) based on the number of units being ordered by each contributing nation. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. However, all the nations then reduced their orders. The UK cut its orders from 250 to 232, Germany from 250 to 180, Italy from 165 to 121 and Spain from 100 to 87. According to these order levels the workshare split should have been 39/24/22/15 UK/Germany/Italy/Spain, Germany was however unwilling to give up such a large amount of work. In January 1996 after much negotiation between UK and German partners, a compromise was reached whereby Germany would take another 40 aircraft from 2012. The workshare split is now 43% for EADS MAS in Germany and Spain; 37. 5% BAE Systems in the UK; and 19. 5% for Alenia in Italy. ^[36]

The next major milestone came at the Farnborough Airshow in September 1996. The UK announced the funding for the construction phase of the project. In November 1996 Spain confirmed its order but Germany again delayed its decision. After much diplomatic activity between the UK and Germany, an interim funding arrangement of DM 100 million (€ 51 million) was contributed by the German government in July 1997 to continue flight trials. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e Further negotiation finally resulted in German approval to purchase the Eurofighter in October 1997.

Technical

On 21 November 2002, DA-6, the Spanish two-seater prototype crashed due to a "double engine flame-out",^[37] said to be specifically related to the experimental trial standard of engine being used by that aircraft. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The aircraft went down but the two crew members escaped unhurt.

Production

The Eurofighter Typhoon is unique in modern combat aircraft in that there are four separate assembly lines. Each partner company assembles its own national aircraft, but builds the same parts of all 620 aircraft.

• Alenia Aeronautica – Left wing, outboard flaperons, rear fuselage sections
• BAE Systems – Front fuselage (including foreplanes), canopy, dorsal spine, tail fin, inboard flaperons, rear fuselage section
• EADS Deutschland – Main centre fuselage
• EADS CASA – Right wing, leading edge slats

Production is divided into three "tranches" (see table below) with an incremental increase in capability with each tranche. A flaperon is a type of control surface that combines aspects of both flaps and Ailerons. Tranches are further divided up into batches and blocks, eg the RAF's Tranche one twin seaters are batch 1 T1s and batch 2 T1As.

Expected Production Summary

Country	Tranche 1	Tranche 2	Tranche 3	Total
Austria	15	0	0	15
Germany	44	68	68	180
Italy	29	46	46	121
Saudi Arabia	0	48	24	72
Spain	20	33	34	87
United Kingdom	55	89	88	232
TOTAL	157	284	260	707

_{Note: In addition to 9 new Tranche 1 aircraft, Austria will receive 6 used German Tranche 1 aircraft for a total of 15 Typhoons. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For the delivered 6 used Tranche 1 aircraft receives Germany 6 Tranche 2 aircraft more. ^[38]}

Exports

In 1999, the Greek government agreed to acquire 60 Typhoons in order to replace its existing second-generation combat aircraft. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ^[39] However, the purchase was put on hold due to budget constraints, largely driven by other development programs and the need to cover the cost of the 2004 Summer Olympics. The 2004 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad, was an International Multi-sport event which was celebrated In June 2006 the government announced a 22 billion euro multi-year acquisition plan intended to provide the necessary budgetary framework to enable the purchase of a next-generation fighter over the next 10 years. The Typhoon is currently under consideration to fill this requirement. ^[40]

On 2 July 2002, the Austrian government announced the decision to buy the Typhoon as its new air defence aircraft. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The purchase of 18 Typhoons was finalised on July 1, 2003, and included 18 aircraft, training for pilots and ground crew, logistics, maintenance, and a simulator. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The future of this order has recently been questioned in the Austrian parliament. ^[41] On 26 June 2007, Austrian Minister for Defense Norbert Darabos has announced a reduction to 15 aircraft. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[42] On 12 July 2007, the first of 15 Eurofighters was delivered to Austria and formally entered service in the Austrian Air Force. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. History Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation TroopsThe Austrian Air Force ( De: Österreichische Luftstreitkräfte) was formed in May 1955 by the ^[43]

After unsuccessful campaigns in South Korea and Singapore,^[44] on 18 August 2006 it was announced that Saudi Arabia had agreed to purchase 72 Typhoons. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi ^[45] In November and December it was reported that Saudi Arabia had threatened to buy French Rafales because of a UK Serious Fraud Office investigation into the Al Yamamah defence deals which commenced in the 1980s. Al Yamamah ( اليمامة The Dove) is the name of a series of a record Arms sales by the United Kingdom to Saudi Arabia, which ^[46] However on 14 December 2006 it was announced that the Serious Fraud Office was "discontinuing" its investigation into BAE. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people This is a list of Aviation -related events from 2006 Events January January 19 - Jet Airways announces its purchase of It stated that representations to its Director and the Attorney General had lead to the conclusion that the wider public interest "to safeguard national and international security" outweighed any potential benefits of further investigation. ^[47] The Times has raised the possibility that RAF production aircraft will be diverted as early Saudi Arabian aircraft, with the service forced to wait for its full complement of aircraft. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. ^[48] This arrangement would mirror the diversion of RAF Tornados to the RSAF. However, The Times has also reported that such an arrangement will make the UK purchase of its tranche 3 commitments more likely. ^[48] On 17 September 2007 Saudi Arabia confirmed it had signed a GB£4. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency 43 billion contract for 72 aircraft. ^[6]

In March 2007, Jane's Information Group reported that the Typhoon was the favourite to win the contest for Japan's next-generation fighter requirement. Jane's Information Group (often referred to as Jane's) is a Publishing company specialising in transportation and military topics which was founded by Fred T ^[49] Currently the other competitors are the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and F-15E Strike Eagle. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[49] On 17 October 2007, Japanese Defence Minister Shigeru Ishiba confirmed that Japan may buy the Typhoon. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Shigeru Ishiba (石破 茂 Ishiba Shigeru, born 4 February 1957 is a Japanese politician Although the F-22 was in his words "exceptional", it was not "absolutely necessary for Japan", and Typhoon was the best alternative. ^[50]

Other potential customers of the Typhoon are Bulgaria, India,^[51] Denmark,^[52] Pakistan^[53] and Romania. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania ^[54] BAE SYSTEMS itself reports that Typhoon is currently actively being promoted ". . . in a number of other markets including Greece, Norway, Denmark, Switzerland, Turkey and Japan". ^[55] EADS invited India to join the Eurofighter program in April 2008; India is yet to take a decision in this regard. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country ^[56][57]

Design

Airframe and avionics

The Typhoon features foreplanes, and lightweight construction (82% composites = 70% carbon fibre composites + 12% glass reinforced composites). ^[58]

The fighter achieves high agility at both supersonic and low speeds by having a relaxed stability design. In aviation relaxed stability is the tendency of an aircraft to change its attitude and angle of bank on its own accord It has a quadruplex digital fly-by-wire control system providing artificial stability, as manual operation alone could not compensate for the inherent instability. Aircraft flight control systems consist of Flight control surfaces, the respective cockpit controls connecting linkages and the necessary operating mechanisms to control The fly-by-wire system is described as "carefree" by preventing the pilot from exceeding the permitted manoeuvre envelope.

Roll control is primarily achieved by use of the wing flaperons. A flaperon is a type of control surface that combines aspects of both flaps and Ailerons. Pitch control is by operation of the foreplanes and flaperons, the yaw control is by rudder. ^[59] Control surfaces are moved through two independent hydraulics systems that are incorporated in the aircraft, which also supply various other items, such as the canopy, brakes and undercarriage. One 4000 psi engine-driven gearbox powers each system. ^[60]

Navigation is via both GPS and an inertial navigation system. Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth The Typhoon can use Instrument Landing System (ILS) for landing in poor weather. The Instrument Landing System (ILS is a ground-based Instrument approach system that provides precision guidance to an Aircraft approaching a Runway

The aircraft employs a sophisticated and highly integrated Defensive Aids Sub-System (DASS). Threat detection is provided by a Radar Warner Receiver (RWR), a Missile Approach Warner (MAW) and a Laser Warning Receiver (LWR) (RAF only). Protection is provided by Chaff and Flares, Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) and a Towed Radar Decoy (TRD) (RAF only). ^[61] The DASS monitors and responds automatically to the outside world. It provides the pilot with an all-round prioritised assessment of Air-to-Air and Air-to-Surface threats. It can respond to single or multiple threats.

The aircraft also features an advanced Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) based on the TERPROM Terrain Referenced Navigation (TRN) system used by Tornado, but further enhanced and fully integrated into the cockpit displays and controls. Ground proximity warning system ( GPWS) is a system designed to alert pilots if their Aircraft is in immediate danger of flying into the ground or an obstacle TERPROM (Terrain Profile Matching is a military navigation system used on aircraft and missiles which uses stored digital elevation data combined with navigation system and radar altimeter WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[62]

Cockpit

General features

The Eurofighter Typhoon features a "glass cockpit" without any conventional instruments. A glass cockpit is an Aircraft cockpit that features electronic instrument displays. It includes: three full colour Multi-function Head Down Displays (MHDDs) (the formats on which are manipulated by means of softkeys, XY cursor and voice (DVI) command), a wide angle Heads Up Display (HUD) with Forward Looking Infra Red (FLIR), Voice & Hands On Throttle And Stick (Voice+HOTAS), Helmet Mounted Symbology System (HMSS), Multifunction Information Distribution System (MIDS), a Manual Data Entry Facility (MDEF) located on the left glareshield and a fully integrated aircraft warning system with a Dedicated Warnings Panel (DWP). Direct Voice Input is a style of Human-Machine Interaction "HMI" in which the user makes voice commands to issue instructions to the machine. A head-up display, or HUD, is any transparent display that presents data without requiring the user to look away from his or her usual viewpont A forward looking infrared (FLIR is an imaging device that senses infrared radiation HOTAS, an abbreviation for hands on throttle-and-stick, is a style of aircraft cockpit Human-Machine Interaction (HMI which allows the pilot to access the cockpit Multifunctional Information Distribution System MIDS is the NATO name for the communication component of Link-16. Reversionary flying instruments, lit by LEDs, are located under a hinged right glareshield. ^[63]

The pilot flies the aircraft by means of a centre stick and left hand throttles. An aircraft Cockpit arrangement where the control column (or Joystick) is located conventionally in the centre of the cockpit between the pilot 's legs A throttle is the mechanism by which the flow of a fluid is managed by constriction or obstruction Emergency escape is provided by a Martin Baker Mk. Martin-Baker Aircraft Co Ltd is a British manufacturer of Aircraft Ejection seats and was a pioneer in their design and manufacture 16A ejection seat, with the canopy being jettisoned by two rocket motors. In Aircraft, an ejection seat is a system designed to rescue the pilot or other crew of an aircraft (usually military in an emergency ^[64]

Voice Control

The Typhoon DVI system utilises a Speech Recognition Module (SRM), developed by Smiths Aerospace (now GE Aviation Systems) and the then Computing Devices (now General Dynamics UK). Direct Voice Input is a style of Human-Machine Interaction "HMI" in which the user makes voice commands to issue instructions to the machine. General Dynamics Corporation ( is a defense conglomerate formed by Mergers and Divestitures and as of 2008 it is the fifth largest Defense contractor It was the first production DVI system utilised in a military cockpit. DVI provides the pilot with an additional natural mode of command and control over approximately 26 non-critical cockpit functions, to reduce pilot workload, improve aircraft safety, and expand mission capabilities. An important technological breakthrough during the development of the DVI occurred in 1987 when Texas Instruments produced their TMS-320-C30 Digital Signal Processor (DSP). Texas Instruments ( better known in the electronics industry (and popularly as TI, is an American company based in Dallas, Texas, USA This greatly advanced the packaging of DVI from large complex systems to a single card module. This early advance allowed a viable high performance system. The project was given the go ahead in July 1997, with development and pilot assessment carried out on the Eurofighter Active Cockpit Simulator at BAE SYSTEMS Warton. ^[65]

The DVI system is speaker-dependent, i. e. requires each pilot to create a template. It is not used for any safety-critical or weapon-critical tasks, such as weapon release or lowering of the undercarriage, but is used for a wide range of other cockpit functions. ^[66][67] Voice commands are confirmed by visual or aural feedback. The system is seen as a major design feature in the reduction of pilot workload and even allows the pilot to assign targets to himself with two simple voice commands, or to any of his wingmen with only five commands. ^[68]

g protection

In the standard aircraft, g protection is provided by the "Full Coverage Anti-g Trousers" (FCAGTs or so-called Faggots). ^[69] This specially developed g suit provides sustained protection up to 9 g. A g -suit is worn by Aviators and Astronauts who are subject to high levels of acceleration (' ''g'' ' The Typhoon pilots of the German Air Force and Austrian Air Force, however, wear an improved g-suit called "Libelle" (Dragonfly) Multi G Plus. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. History Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation TroopsThe Austrian Air Force ( De: Österreichische Luftstreitkräfte) was formed in May 1955 by the ^[70][71][72] which provides also protection to the arms, reducing arm-pain and theoretically allowing for more complete g tolerance.

Design Process

The design of the cockpit had involved the inputs from both test and operational pilots from each of the four partner nations from the feasibility and concept stage and throughout the design process. This has necessitated the use of specially commissioned lighting and display modelling simulation facilities and the extensive employment of rapid prototyping techniques.

PIRATE Infrared Search and Track

Eurofighters starting with Tranche 1 batch 5 will have the PIRATE (Passive Infra-Red Airborne Track Equipment) IRST (Infrared Search and Track System) which will be mounted on the port side of the fuselage, forward of the windscreen. The PIRATE system was developed by the EUROFIRST consortium. Galileo Avionica (FIAR) of Italy is the lead contractor, Thales Optronics of the UK (system technical authority) and Tecnobit of Spain make up EUROFIRST.

PIRATE operates in two IR bands, 3-5 and 8-11 microns. When used with the radar in an air-to-air role, it functions as an Infrared Search and Track system (IRST), providing passive target detection and tracking.

In an air-to-surface role, it performs target identification and acquisition. It also provides a navigation and landing aid. PIRATE is linked to the pilot’s helmet mounted display. ^[73]

The first Eurofighter Typhoon with PIRATE-IRST was delivered to the Italian Aeronautica Militare in August 2007. ^[74]

Performance

The Typhoon's combat performance compared to the new F-22 Raptor and the upcoming F-35 Lightning II fighter under development in the United States and the Dassault Rafale developed in France, has been the subject of much discussion. For the airport see Ingolstadt Manching Airport Manching is a municipality in the district of Pfaffenhofen, in Bavaria Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The United States of America —commonly referred to as the WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. In March 2005, United States Air Force Chief of Staff General John P. Jumper, then the only person to have flown both the Eurofighter Typhoon and the Raptor, talked to Air Force Print News about these two aircraft. General John P Jumper is a United States Air Force officer who served as Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force from September 6, 2001 He said,

“

The Eurofighter is both agile and sophisticated, but is still difficult to compare to the F/A-22 Raptor. They are different kinds of airplanes to start with; it's like asking us to compare a NASCAR car with a Formula 1 car. The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( NASCAR) is the largest sanctioning body of Stock cars in the United States. They are both exciting in different ways, but they are designed for different levels of performance. [75]

”

Further, "The Eurofighter is certainly, as far as smoothness of controls and the ability to pull (and sustain high G forces), very impressive," he said. "That is what it was designed to do, especially the version I flew, with the avionics, the color moving map displays, etc. — all absolutely top notch. The maneuverability of the airplane in close-in combat was also very impressive. "^[75]

The Typhoon is capable of supersonic cruise without using afterburner. The AfterBurner is a lighting solution for the Game Boy Advance system that was created by Triton-Labs This is referred to as "supercruise". A supercruising Aircraft is able to maintain Supersonic speeds in level flight without the use of Afterburners and with a cargo/weapons load According to the official German Luftwaffe and Austrian Eurofighter website, the maximum speed possible without reheat is between Mach 1. 2 and Mach 1. 5. ^[76][77][78]

In 2002, the MBDA Meteor was selected as the long range air-to-air missile armament of Eurofighter Typhoon. Meteor is an active radar guided beyond-visual-range air to air Missile (BVRAAM being developed by MBDA to equip the Eurofighter ^[79][80] Pending Meteor availability, Typhoon will be equipped with the Raytheon AMRAAM. Raytheon Company ( is a major American Defense contractor and industrial corporation with core Manufacturing concentrations in Defense systems The AIM-120 Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile, or AMRAAM (pronounced am-ram is a modern Beyond Visual Range (BVR air-to-air Missile The current in-service date for Meteor is predicted to be August 2012. Other names In Arabic, the month is called أغسطسص ʾUġusṭuṣ or آب ʾĀb; usage varies from place to place and 2012 ( MMXII) will be a Leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[80]

The Eurofighter consortium claims their fighter has a larger sustained subsonic turn rate, sustained supersonic turn rate, and faster acceleration at Mach 0. 9 at 20,000 feet than the F-15, F-16, F/A-18, Mirage 2000, Rafale, the Su-27, and the MiG-29. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[81][82][83]

In 2005, a trainer Eurofighter T1 was reported to have had a chance encounter the previous year with two U. S. Air Force F-15Es over the Lake District in the north of England. The encounter became a mock dogfight with the Eurofighter allegedly emerging victorious. ^[84][85]

In the 2005 Singapore evaluation, the Typhoon won all three combat tests, including one in which a single Typhoon defeated three RSAF F-16s, and reliably completed all planned flight tests. ^[86][87] Singapore still went on to buy the F-15.

During the exercise "Typhoon Meet" held in 2008, Eurofighters flew against Spanish F-18 Hornets, Mirage F1s, Harrier jump jets and Portuguese F-16s in a mock combat exercise. It is claimed that the Eurofighters won all engagements (even outnumbered 8 vs 27) without suffering losses. ^{[88] [89] [90]}

Air-to-ground capabilities

The Typhoon has always been planned to be a multi-role fighter with robust air-to-ground capabilities. Earlier than scheduled the RAF integrated the "austere" air to ground capability, based on the Rafael/Ultra Electronics Litening III laser designator and the Enhanced Paveway II/III LGB. ^[91] A more comprehensive air-to-ground attack capability including Paveway IV, EGBU-16 bombs and a higher degree of automation will be achieved for all partner nations with the Phase 1 enhancements currently in development. ^[92]

The absence of such a capability is believed to have been a factor in the type's rejection from Singapore's fighter competition in 2005. Back then it was claimed that Singapore was concerned about the delivery timescale and the ability of the Eurofighter partner nations to fund the current capability packages. ^[93] With the planed Phase 2 enhancements the Eurofighter GmbH hopes to increase the Typhoon's appeal to possible export customers and to make the aircraft more useful to partner air forces in the future. ^[92]

Radar signature reduction features

Although not a stealth fighter, measures were taken to reduce the Typhoon's radar cross section (RCS), especially from the frontal aspect. Stealth aircraft are Aircraft that use Stealth technology to make it harder to be detected by radar and other means than conventional aircraft by employing a Radar cross section (RCS is a measure of how detectable an object is with a Radar. ^[94][95] An example of these measures is that the Typhoon has jet inlets that conceal the front of the jet engine (a strong radar target) from radar. Many important potential radar targets, such as the wing, canard and fin leading edges, are highly swept, so will reflect radar energy well away from the front sector. ^[96] Some external weapons are mounted semi-recessed into the aircraft, partially shielding these missiles from incoming radar waves. ^[94] In addition radar absorbent materials (RAM) developed primarily by EADS/DASA coat many of the most significant reflectors, e. Radar absorbent material, or RAM, is a class of materials used in Stealth technology to disguise a vehicle or structure from radar detection The European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS NV ( EADS) is a large European aerospace corporation formed by the merger on July 10, g. the wing leading edges, the intake edges and interior, the rudder surrounds, strakes, etc. ^[94][97] The Typhoon does not use internal storage of weapons. External mounting points are used instead, which increases its radar cross section but allows for more and larger stores. ^[98] The Typhoon's current Euroradar CAPTOR radar is relatively easy to detect when operating, unlike a few more advanced radars. The Euroradar CAPTOR (formerly ECR-90 is a next generation mechanical multi-mode pulse doppler Radar designed for the Eurofighter Typhoon. For that reason the Eurofighter operates automatic Emission Controls (EMCON) to reduce the Electro-Magnetic emissions of the Radar. ^[94]

According to the RAF, the Eurofighter's RCS is better than RAF requirements. Comments from BAE Systems suggest the radar return is around four times less than the Tornado it replaces. BAE Systems plc (BAE is a British defence and aerospace company headquartered in Farnborough, England, that has global interests particularly ^[99] "No official figure are available, but the Eurofighter is understood to have an RCS under one square metre. "^[96] The producer claims the RCS of the Eurofighter to be the smallest of all aircraft currently in production. (apart of the F-22)^[100] The manufacturers have carried out tests on the early prototypes to optimize the low observability characteristics of the aircraft from the early 1990s. Testing at BAe's Warton facility on the DA4 prototype measured the RCS of the aircraft and investigated the effects of a variety of RAM coatings. Another measure to reduce the likelihood of discovery is the use of passive sensors, which minimises the radiation of treacherous electronic emissions. While canards generally have poor stealth characteristics,^[101] the flight control system is designed to minimise the RCS in flight, maintaining the elevon trim and canards at an angle to minimise RCS. ^[102][103] This compares with the estimated RCS of the Rafale of 2 square metres, and the estimated RCS of the American F-117 of 0. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout 025 square metres. ^[104]

Operational history

On 4 August 2003, Germany accepted the first series production Eurofighter (GT003). Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[105] Also that year, Spain took delivery of its first series production aircraft. ^[106]

On 16 January 2006 an RAF Typhoon T1 made an emergency landing at RAF Coningsby. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. RAF Coningsby, is a Royal Air Force station in Lincolnshire, England. The nosewheel failed to deploy, via either the normal or emergency systems. The aircraft landed on the main gear and used aerodynamic braking whilst simultaneously deploying the brake chute. The nose was then gently lowered, minimising the damage to the aircraft. The pilots vacated the aircraft once a suitable ladder was positioned next to the aircraft. ^[107] The RAF Typhoon T1 has now been returned to service.

On 9 August 2007, the UK's Ministry of Defence reported that No. XI Squadron of the RAF, which stood up as a Typhoon squadron on 29 March 2007, had taken delivery of its first two multi-role Typhoons. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. No 11 or XI(F Squadron is a Royal Air Force squadron The squadron operated the Tornado F3 until Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[108] The Typhoons were declared combat ready in the air-to-ground role by 1 July 2008. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common ^[109] The RAF Typhoons will be ready to deploy for operations by mid-2008. ^[108]

On 17 August 2007, two of XI Squadron's Typhoons were sent to intercept a Russian Tupolev Tu-95 approaching British airspace. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[110]

On or around 25 April 2008, the landing gear on a Typhoon from 17 Squadron at RAF Coningsby, operating at the US Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake test centre in California, USA, did not deploy, apparently due to pilot error, causing extensive damage. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common RAF Coningsby, is a Royal Air Force station in Lincolnshire, England. Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake or NAWS China Lake is an airborne weapons testing and training range operated by the United States Navy and its contractors ^[111]

Variants

Main article: Eurofighter Typhoon variants

The Eurofighter has so far been produced in three major versions; seven Development Aircraft (DA), five production standard Instrumented Production Aircraft (IPA) for further system development and Series Production Aircraft. These Series Production Aircraft are the aircraft now operational with the partner air forces.

The Tranche 1 aircraft were produced from 2000 onwards. Aircraft capabilities are being increased incrementally, with each software upgrade resulting in a different standard, known as blocks. ^[112] With the introduction of the Block 5 standard, the R2 retrofit programme began to bring all aircraft to that standard. ^[112]

Tranche 1

• Block 1
• Block 2 : Initial air-to-air capabilities.
• Block 2B : Full air-to-air capabilities.
• Block 5 : Full Operational Capability (FOC) by combining existing air-to-air role with air-to-ground capabilities.

Tranche 2

• Block 8 : New mission computers required for the integration of future weapons such as Meteor, Storm Shadow and Taurus. (Differences in the build to Tranche 1 related to changes in production technology or obsolescence).

Specifications (Typhoon)

General characteristics

• Crew: 1 (Typhoon F2) or 2 (Typhoon T1)
• Length: 15. 96 m (52 ft 5 in)
• Wingspan: 10. The wingspan (or just span) of an airplane or a Bird, is the distance from the left wingtip to the right wingtip 95 m (35 ft 11 in)
• Height: 5. 28 m (17 ft 4 in)
• Wing area: 50 m² (540 ft²)
• Empty weight: 11,000 kg^[113] (24,250 lb)
• Loaded weight: 15,550 kg (34,280 lb)
• Max takeoff weight: 23,000 kg^[113] (51,809 lb)
• Powerplant: 2× Eurojet EJ200 afterburning turbofan
  • Dry thrust: 60 kN (13,500 lbf) each
  • Thrust with afterburner: 90 kN (20,250 lbf) each

Performance

• Maximum speed:
  
  • At altitude: Mach 2^[114][115] (2,120 km/h, 1,320 mph)
  • At sea level: Mach 1-1. The Maximum Takeoff Weight or Maximum Takeoff Mass of an Aircraft is the maximum weight at which the pilot of the aircraft is allowed to attempt to take off WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The AfterBurner is a lighting solution for the Game Boy Advance system that was created by Triton-Labs A turbofan is a type of Jet engine, similar to a Turbojet. It essentially consists of a Ducted fan with a smaller diameter turbojet engine The AfterBurner is a lighting solution for the Game Boy Advance system that was created by Triton-Labs In Aviation, V-speeds or Velocity-speeds are standard terms used to define Airspeeds important or useful to the operation of Aircraft, such 2 (1,460 km/h, 910 mph)
  • Supercruise: Mach 1. A supercruising Aircraft is able to maintain Supersonic speeds in level flight without the use of Afterburners and with a cargo/weapons load 5 (1,593 km/h, 990 mph) ^[116]
• Range: 1,390 km (864 mi)
• Ferry range: 3,790 km (2,300 mi)
• Service ceiling 19,812 m (65,000 ft^[117])
• Rate of climb: >315 m/s^{[118][119][120]} (62,007 ft/min)
• Wing loading: 311 kg/m² (63. The maximal total range is the distance an Aircraft can fly between Takeoff and Landing, as limited by fuel capacity in powered aircraft or cross-country For Aircraft, ferry range means the maximum range the aircraft can fly In Aeronautics, a ceiling is the maximum Density altitude an aircraft can reach under a set of conditions In Aerodynamics, the rate of climb RoC is the speed at which an Aircraft increases its Altitude. In Aerodynamics, wing loading is the loaded weight of the aircraft divided by the area of the wing 7 lb/ft²)
• Thrust/weight: 1. Thrust-to-weight ratio is as its name suggests the ratio of instantaneous Thrust to Weight (where weight means weight at the Earth ’s surface 18

Armament

• Gun: 1x 27 mm Mauser BK-27 cannon
• Air-to-Air missiles: AIM-9 Sidewinder, AIM-132 ASRAAM, AIM-120 AMRAAM, IRIS-T and in the future MBDA Meteor
• Air-to-Ground missiles: AGM-84 Harpoon, AGM-88 HARM, ALARM, Storm Shadow (AKA "Scalp EG"), Brimstone, Taurus KEPD 350, Penguin and in the future AGM Armiger
• Bombs: Paveway 2, Paveway 3, Enhanced Paveway, JDAM, HOPE/HOSBO
• Laser designator, e. The BK 27 (also BK27 or BK-27) (German acronym for "Bordkanone" translation on-board cannon is a 27 mm Autocannon manufactured by The AIM-9 Sidewinder is a heat-seeking, short-range Air-to-air missile carried by Fighter aircraft and recently certain gunship helicopters The AIM-132 Advanced Short Range Air-to-Air Missile is a British Infrared homing ("heat seeking" Air-to-air missile. The AIM-120 Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile, or AMRAAM (pronounced am-ram is a modern Beyond Visual Range (BVR air-to-air Missile IRIS-T ( Infra Red Imaging System Tail/Thrust Vector-Controlled) is a German -led program to develop a short-range Air-to-air missile to replace the Meteor is an active radar guided beyond-visual-range air to air Missile (BVRAAM being developed by MBDA to equip the Eurofighter The Harpoon is an all-weather over-the-horizon, Anti-ship missile system developed and manufactured by McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing Integrated Gulf War Friendly Fire Incident During the Gulf War, the HARM was involved in a friendly fire incident when the pilot of an F-4G Wild Weasel escorting ALARM ( Air Launched Anti-Radiation Missile) is a British Anti-radiation missile designed primarily to destroy enemy radars for the purpose of Storm Shadow is an Anglo - French air-launched Cruise missile, manufactured by MBDA and used by France Italy and the United Kingdom Brimstone is an advanced air-launched Anti-tank guided missile developed by MBDA. TAURUS KEPD 350 is a German / Swedish air-launched Cruise missile, manufactured by TAURUS Systems GmbH and used by Germany and Spain The Penguin Anti-ship missile (US designation AGM-119) made by Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace (KDA of Norway from the early 1970s and continually The ARMIGER ( Anti Radiation Missile with Intelligent Guidance & Extended Range) missile was being developed by the Diehl BGT Defence to replace existing AGM-88 Paveway is a trademark of Raytheon Company which identifies its variants of Laser Guided Bombs (LGB Paveway is a trademark of Raytheon Company which identifies its variants of Laser Guided Bombs (LGB Paveway is a trademark of Raytheon Company which identifies its variants of Laser Guided Bombs (LGB Overview The JDAM is not a weapon rather it is a "bolt-on" upgrade for unguided gravity bombs installed during build up of the munition by Naval Ordnancemen or Air Force HOPE ( HO chleistungs- PE netrator = High Performance Penetrator and HOSBO ( HO chleistungs- S preng- BO mbe = High Performance Explosive Bomb are a g. LITENING pod

See also

• European defence procurement
• 4.5th generation jet fighter
  

Related development

• British Aerospace EAP
  

Related lists

• List of active United Kingdom military aircraft
• List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force
• List of military aircraft of Germany
  

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

• Official Eurofighter website
• Eurofighter for Austria (German)
• The Eurofighter in the Austrian Air Force (German)
• Unofficial UK Eurofighter site
• Eurofighter Typhoon - Demon or Lemon?
• Kingdom Buys 72 Typhoon Jets - Arab News September 18, 2007

Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

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