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The 'Eureka Flag'
The 'Eureka Flag'

The Eureka Stockade was the setting of a gold miners' revolt in 1854 near Ballarat, Victoria, Australia, against the officials supervising the mining of gold in the region. The Eureka Flag was the battle flag used at the Eureka Stockade, a gold miners' Revolt in 1854 in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia Rebellion is a refusal of obedienceIt may therefore be seen as encompassing a range of Behaviours from Civil disobedience and mass Nonviolent resistance Ballarat (formerly spelt "Ballaarat" is a city in Victoria, Australia, and one of the country's largest inland cities For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 The revolt was prompted by grievances over heavily priced mining items, the expense of a Miner's Licence, taxation (via the license) without representation and the actions of the government and its agents (the police and military). The Miner's Licence was the colonial government's response to the Australian gold rushes and the need to provide infrastructure including policing [1][2] While the events which sparked the rebellion were specific to the Ballarat gold fields, the underlying grievances had been the subject of public meetings, civil disobedience and deputations across the various Victorian gold fields for almost three years. The miners' demands included the right to vote and purchase land, and the reduction of License fees. Agitation for these demands commenced with the Forest Creek Monster Meeting of December 1851 and included the formation of the Anti-Gold License Association at nearby Bendigo in 1853. One of the social effects of the Australian gold rushes in the colony of Victoria (Australia in the period 1851-54 was the growing demand for political representation and reasonable The Anti-Gold Licence Association was formed in Bendigo Victoria, Australia on 6 June 1853. Bendigo is a regional city in central Victoria Australia, located in the City of Greater Bendigo. 22 people died in the revolt and 35 were injured.

Although swiftly and violently put down, the Eureka rebellion was a watershed event in Australian politics. The Politics of Australia take place within the framework of parliamentary democracy. The preceding three years of agitation for the miners' demands, combined with mass public support in Melbourne for the captured 'rebels' when they were placed on trial, resulted in the introduction of full white-male suffrage for elections for the lower house in the Victorian parliament. Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to The Legislative Assembly, or lower house is one of the two chambers of the Parliament of Victoria in Australia [3] The role of the Eureka Stockade in generating public support for these demands beyond the goldfields resulted in Eureka being controversially identified with the birth of democracy in Australia. [4][5][6]

Contents

Protests, Chartism and the Ballarat Reform League

Civil disobedience and protests began to grow as a result of these perceived injustices:

In setting its goals, the Ballarat Reform League used the British Chartist movement's principles. For chartism in financial markets see Technical analysis, and for the British socialist journal see Chartist (magazine Chartism was The meeting passed a resolution "that it is the inalienable right of every citizen to have a voice in making the laws he is called on to obey, that taxation without representation is tyranny". The meeting also decided to leave open the possibility of secession from the United Kingdom if the situation did not improve. [7]

The demands of the Ballarat Reform League encompassed:

Throughout the following weeks, the League sought to negotiate with Commissioner Rede and Governor Hotham, both on the specific unsubstantiated matters relating to Bentley and the men being tried for the burning of the Eureka Hotel, and on the broader issues of abolition of the license, universal suffrage and democratic representation of the gold fields, and disbanding of the Gold Commission. Sir Charles Hotham, KCB, RN ( January 14, 1806 &ndash December 31, 1855) was Lieutenant-governor and later Commissioner Rede's response has been attributed by many historians (most notably Manning Clark) to his belief in his right to exert authority over the "rabble. Charles Manning Hope Clark AC " Rather than hear the grievances, he increased the police presence in the gold fields and summoned reinforcements from Melbourne. Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3

On Monday 6 November 1854, a delegation from the Ballarat Reform League — John Humffray, George Black and Thomas Kennedy — met with Governor Hotham. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Sir Charles Hotham, KCB, RN ( January 14, 1806 &ndash December 31, 1855) was Lieutenant-governor and later They attempted to negotiate the release of the miners arrested after the attack on Eureka Hotel, and presented the demands for universal suffrage as well as abolition of the miners and storekeepers licenses. The only concession Hotham was willing to make was for one digger's representative to be elected to the Legislative Council. The delegation rejected this, and returned to Ballarat empty-handed.

The writings of Raffaello Carboni, who was present at the Stockade, make it clear that "amongst the foreigners . Raffaello Carboni ( December 15 1817 - October 24 1875) was an Italian Writer. . . there was no democratic feeling, but merely a spirit of resistance to the licence fee"; and he also disputes the accusations "that have branded the miners of Ballarat as disloyal to their QUEEN" (emphasis as in the original). [8]

Escalation

Swearing Allegiance to the Southern Cross on 1 December 1854 — watercolour by Charles Doudiet
Swearing Allegiance to the Southern Cross on 1 December 1854 — watercolour by Charles Doudiet

On 28 November 1854, the reinforcements marching from Melbourne were attacked by a crowd of miners. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Charles Alphonse Doudiet (1832 - June 13, 1913) was a Canadian artist and digger present at the Eureka Stockade, Ballarat, Australia For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year A number were injured, and a drummer boy was allegedly killed. The rumour of the drummer boy's death was perpetuated, even with a memorial erected to him in Ballarat Cemetery for many years, although historical research has shown that the boy, John Egan, continued military service until dying in 1860. [9]

At a meeting of about 12,000 'diggers' on the following day, (29 November), the Reform League delegation relayed its failure to achieve any success in negotiations with the authorities. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe The miners resolved on open resistance to the authorities and to burn the hated licences.

Most notably, the Eureka Flag, a blue flag designed by a Canadian miner, "Captain" Henry Ross, and bearing nothing but the Southern Cross, was flown for the first (recorded) time. The Eureka Flag was the battle flag used at the Eureka Stockade, a gold miners' Revolt in 1854 in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Captain Henry Ross (1829 - 5 December, 1854) was a Canadian gold miner at Ballarat, Victoria, Australia, and was known on the goldfields CRUX is a lightweight I686 -optimized Linux distribution targeted at experienced Linux users As a gesture of defiance, it deliberately excluded the British Union Flag, which is included in the official flag of Australia. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland uses as its national flag the royal banner locally known as the Union Flag or popularly Union Jack The flag of Australia was chosen in 1901 from entries in a worldwide design competition held following Federation. The Argus newspaper, of 4 December 1854, reported that the Union Jack flag flew underneath the Southern Cross flag of the diggers at the Eureka Stockade. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year The original Eureka flag is now housed at the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery.

At the meeting on Bakery Hill an oath of allegiance was sworn: "We swear by the Southern Cross to stand truly by each other and fight to defend our rights and liberties. "[10]

Rede responded by ordering police to conduct a licence search on 30 November. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Eight defaulters were arrested, and most of the military resources available had to be summoned to extricate the arresting officers from the angry mob that had assembled. Ochlocracy ( Greek: οχλοκρατία or okhlokratía; Latin: ochlocratia) is government by mob or a mass of people [11] This raid prompted a change in the leadership of the Reform League, to people who argued in favour of 'physical force' rather than the 'moral force' championed by Humffray and the old leadership. [12] In the rising tide of anger and resentment amongst the miners, a more militant leader, Peter Lalor, was elected. Peter Finta Lalor ( ( 5 February 1827 – 9 February 1889) was the leader of the Eureka Stockade rebellion one of Australia's In swift fashion, a military structure was assembled. Brigades were formed, and captains were appointed. Licences were burned, the rebel "Eureka" flag was unfurled, and an oath of allegiance was sworn. The miners who encamped themselves around the flag vowed to defend themselves from licence hunts and harassment by the authorities.

The celebrated stockade itself was a ramshackle affair hastily constructed over the following days from timber and overturned carts. The structure was never meant to be a military stockade or fortress. In the words of Lalor: "it was nothing more than an enclosure to keep our own men together, and was never erected with an eye to military defence". Lalor had already outlined a plan whereby, "if the government forces came to attack us, we should meet them on the Gravel Pits, and if compelled, we should retreat by the heights to the old Canadian Gully, and there make our final stand".

Irish born people were strongly represented at the Eureka Stockade. [13] Eureka historians have discovered that as well as most of the miners inside the stockade, in the area where the defensive position was established, the miners were overwhelmingly Irish. Even the password used at the Eureka Stockade — "Vinegar Hill" — was the scene of an 1804 Irish convict uprising in New South Wales (Battle of Vinegar Hill). The Castle Hill Rebellion of 4 March, 1804, also called the Irish Rebellion, was a large scale rebellion by Irish convicts against

During Saturday 2 December, some 1500 men trained in and around the stockade. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire A further two hundred Americans, the Independent Californian Rangers, under the leadership of James McGill, arrived about 4 pm. The Americans were armed with revolvers and Mexican knives, and possessed horses. In a fateful decision, McGill decided to take most of the Californian Rangers away from the stockade to intercept rumoured British reinforcements coming from Melbourne. Rede's spies observed these actions. That night many of the miners went back to their own tents after the traditional Saturday night carousing, with the assumption that the Queen's military forces would not be sent to attack on the Sabbath, Sunday. A small contingent of about 150 miners remained at the stockade overnight, which the spies reported to Rede.

Peter Lalor

Main article: Peter Lalor
Eureka leader Peter Lalor in later life as Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Victoria
Eureka leader Peter Lalor in later life as Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Victoria

Lalor was the leader of the miners who fought at the Eureka Stockade, and the author of the oath of allegiance used by the miners at the Eureka Stockade which he swore to their affirmation. Peter Finta Lalor ( ( 5 February 1827 – 9 February 1889) was the leader of the Eureka Stockade rebellion one of Australia's He was originally from Tinakill in County Laois, Ireland. He was the son of a member of the British House of Commons. According to Bert and Bon Strange ". . .  it seems he became commander-in-chief almost by accident. . . He was 25 years of age, six feet tall and impulsive by nature. Their licence was 2 pound a month"

Ballarat historian Weston Bate says Lalor ". . . a positive, independent thinker, but no democrat, mounted the stump and proclaimed 'Liberty', and called for volunteers to form (military) companies. His initiative declared him leader. "

After the battle, Lalor wrote in a statement to the colonists of Victoria, "There are two things connected with the late outbreak (Eureka) which I deeply regret. The first is, that we should have been forced to take up arms at all; and the second is, that when we were compelled to take the field in our own defence, we were unable (through want of arms, ammunition and a little organisation) to inflict on the real authors of the outbreak the punishment they so richly deserved. "[14]

Lalor was elected unopposed in the 1856 Victorian elections. As he was the Eureka hero his policies were not scrutinised at all before the election and his later voting record as a parliamentarian shows he once opposed a bill to introduce full white-male suffrage in the colony of Victoria. Cited in Weston Bate Lucky City page 133. During a speech in the Legislative Council in 1856 he said, "I would ask these gentlemen what they mean by the term 'democracy'. Do they mean Chartism or Communism or Republicanism? If so, I never was, I am not now, nor do I ever intend to be a democrat. But if a democrat means opposition to a tyrannical press, a tyrannical people, or a tyrannical government, then I have been, I am still, and will ever remain a democrat. " Weston Bate wrote that the role of landowner and company director seemed to suit him more than that of rebel.

Weston Bate in Lucky City at page 134 stated that Peter Lalor "disgraced himself in democratic eyes by trying to use Chinese as strike-breakers at the Clunes mine of which he was a director. He was absolutely ruthless in using low paid Chinese workers to get rid of Australians seeking better and safer working conditions. In parliament he supported a repressive land Bill in 1857 which favoured the rich. There were 17,745 Ballarat signatures to a petition against Lalor's land Bill. Lalor never represented Ballarat again and in the 1859 election, he stood for South Granville.

Weston Bate ibid. p. 184 stated that Withers and others were puzzled and hurt that the folk hero should prove to be a better fighter for money and political position than for the people's rights.

Battle/conflict

Rede's inaction thus far did not reflect his true intent, and at 3 am on Sunday, 3 December 1854, a party of 276 police and military personnel under the command of Captain J. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year W. Thomas approached the Eureka Stockade and a battle ensued. There is no agreement as to which side fired first, but the battle was fierce, brief, and terribly one-sided. The ramshackle army of miners was hopelessly outclassed by a military regiment and was routed in about 15 minutes. During the height of the battle, Lalor was shot in his right arm, took refuge under some timber and was smuggled out of the stockade and hidden. His arm was later amputated.

Map of the stockade
Map of the stockade

Killing was indiscriminate, bodies were mutilated, tents set on fire, and nearby stores were burnt and pillaged (store owners and others later received compensation for this destruction). Stories tell how women ran forward and threw themselves over the injured to prevent further indiscriminate killing. The Commission of Inquiry would later say that it was "a needless as well as a ruthless sacrifice of human life indiscriminate of innocent or guilty, and after all resistance had disappeared".

According to Lalor's report, fourteen miners (mostly Irish) died inside the stockade and an additional eight died later from injuries they sustained. A further dozen were wounded but recovered. Three months after the Eureka Stockade, Peter Lalor wrote: "As the inhuman brutalities practised by the troops are so well known, it is unnecessary for me to repeat them. There were 34 digger casualties of which 22 died. The unusual proportion of the killed to the wounded, is owing to the butchery of the military and troopers after the surrender. "

By 7am, Captain Pasley, the second in command of the British forces, sickened by the carnage, saved a group of prisoners from being bayoneted and threatened to shoot any police or soldiers who continued with the slaughter. One hundred and fourteen diggers, some wounded, were marched off to the Government camp about two kilometres away, where they were kept in an overcrowded lockup, before being moved to a more spacious barn on Monday morning.

Among the soldiers and military police, six were killed, including one Captain Wise. Martial law was imposed, and all armed resistance collapsed. Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect when the military takes control of the normal administration of justice News of the massacre spread quickly to Melbourne and other gold field regions, turning a perceived Government military victory in repressing a minor insurrection into a public relations disaster, with widespread condemnation of the Government's action and support for the diggers' requested reforms.

Aftermath

A memorial stone
A memorial stone

As historian Geoffrey Blainey has commented, "Every government in the world would probably have counterattacked in the face of the building of the stockade. Professor Geoffrey Blainey AC (born 11 March 1930) is an Australian Historian. " For a few weeks it appeared that the status quo had been restored, and Rede ruled the camps with an iron fist. Status quo is a Latin term meaning the present existing state of affairs or "the state in which"

Trials for Sedition and High Treason

The first trial relating to the rebellion was a charge of sedition against Henry Seekamp of the Ballarat Times. Australian sedition law is the area of the Criminal law of Australia relating to the crime of Sedition. Henry Erle Seekamp (1829 - July 19, 1864) was the Journalist, editor and owner of the Ballarat Times at the time of the Eureka Stockade Seekamp was arrested in his newspaper office on 4 December 1854, for a series of articles that appeared in the Ballarat Times. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Many of these articles were written by George Lang, the son of the prominent republican and Presbyterian Minister of Sydney, the Reverend John Dunmore Lang. John Dunmore Lang ( 25 August 1799 &ndash 8 August 1878) Australian Presbyterian clergyman writer politician and activist was the He was tried and convicted of seditious libel by a Melbourne jury on 23 January 1855 and, after a series of appeals, sentenced to six months imprisonment on 23 March. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. He was released from prison on 28 June 1855, precisely three months early. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year

A reward of 400 pounds was issued for Peter Lalor and George Black
A reward of 400 pounds was issued for Peter Lalor and George Black

Of the 120 odd 'diggers' detained after the rebellion, thirteen were brought to trial. Peter Finta Lalor ( ( 5 February 1827 – 9 February 1889) was the leader of the Eureka Stockade rebellion one of Australia's They were:[15]

The first trial started on 22 February 1855, with John Joseph being brought before the court on charges of high treason. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Joseph was one of three Americans arrested at the stockade, with the US Consul intervening for the release of the other two Americans. The prosecution was handled by Attorney General William Stawell representing the Crown before Chief Justice William à Beckett. Sir William Foster Stawell KCMG ( 27 June 1815 – 12 March 1889) was a British colonial statesman and a Sir William à Beckett ( 28 July 1806 – 27 June 1869) was the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria, which is the After hearing the evidence, the jury quickly returned a Not Guilty verdict with the court erupting in wild cheering. John Joseph was carried around the streets of Melbourne in a chair in triumph by over 10,000 people.

Under the auspices of Victorian Chief Justice Redmond Barry, all the other 13 accused men were rapidly acquitted to great public acclaim. Sir Redmond Barry KCMG ( June 7 1813 – November 23 1880) was a British colonial Judge in Victoria Australia Rede himself was quietly removed from the camps and reassigned to an insignificant position in rural Victoria.

Commission of Enquiry

Centenary anniversary commemoration in 1954
Centenary anniversary commemoration in 1954

Governor Hotham, on the 16 November 1854, appointed a Royal Commission on goldfields problems and grievances. Sir Charles Hotham, KCB, RN ( January 14, 1806 &ndash December 31, 1855) was Lieutenant-governor and later Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year According to Blainey, "It was perhaps the most generous concession offered by a governor to a major opponent in the history of Australia up to that time. The members of the commission were appointed before Eureka. . . they were men who were likely to be sympathetic to the diggers. "

When its report was handed down, it was scathing in its assessment of all aspects of the administration of the gold fields, and particularly the Eureka Stockade affair. It made several major recommendations, one of which was to restrict Chinese immigration. The gold licences were abolished, and replaced by an annual miner's right and an export fee based on the value of the gold. The Miner's Licence was the colonial government's response to the Australian gold rushes and the need to provide infrastructure including policing The Miner's Right was introduced in 1855 in the colony of Victoria, replacing the Miner's Licence. Mining wardens replaced the gold commissioners, and police numbers were cut drastically. The Legislative Council was expanded to allow representation to the major goldfields and Peter Lalor and John Basson Humffray were elected for Ballarat. Peter Finta Lalor ( ( 5 February 1827 – 9 February 1889) was the leader of the Eureka Stockade rebellion one of Australia's John Basson Humffray ( April 17 1824 &ndash March 18 1891) was born in Newtown, Montgomeryshire Wales and became After 12 months, all but one of the demands of the Ballarat Reform League had been granted. Lalor and Humffray both enjoyed distinguished careers as politicians, with Lalor later elected as Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Victoria. The Legislative Assembly, or lower house is one of the two chambers of the Parliament of Victoria in Australia

Commemoration

150th anniversary official commemoration, December 3, 2004
150th anniversary official commemoration, December 3, 2004
Dawn Lantern Walk, 2004
Dawn Lantern Walk, 2004

Over the next thirty years, press interest in the events that had taken place at the Eureka Stockade dwindled, but Eureka was kept alive at the campfires and in the pubs, and in memorial events in Ballarat. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " In addition, key figures such as Lalor and Humfray were still in the public eye. Eureka had not been forgotten: it was readily remembered, and a flag similar to the Eureka flag was flown above the Barcaldine strike camp in the 1891 Australian shearers' strike. Barcaldine is a small town and Local Government Area located in Western Queensland, Australia, approximately 520 kilometres by road west of the city The 1891 Shearers' Strike is one of Australia 's oldest and most important industrial disputes The rebellion was also recalled in the poetry of Henry Lawson, such as Flag of the Southern Cross (1887), Eureka (A Fragment) (1889), The Fight at Eureka Stockade (1890), and Freedom on the Wallaby (1891),

In 1889, Melbourne businessmen employed renowned American cyclorama artist Thaddeus Welch, who teamed up with local artist Izett Watson to paint 1000 square feet (90 m²) of canvas of the Eureka Stockade, wrapped around a wooden structure. Henry Lawson (17 June 1867 – 2 September 1922 was an Australian writer and poet " Freedom on the Wallaby " Henry Lawson 's well known poem was written as a comment on the 1891 Australian shearers' strike and published by William A cyclorama is a cylindrical panoramic painting designed to provide a viewer standing in the middle of the cylinder with a 360° view of the painting When it opened in Melbourne, the exhibition was an instant hit. The Age reported in 1891 that "it afforded a very good opportunity for people to see what it might have been like at Eureka". The Age is a Broadsheet daily Newspaper, which has been published in Melbourne, Australia since 1854 The Australasian claimed "that many persons familiar with the incidents depicted, were able to testify to the fidelity of the painted scene". The people of Melbourne flocked to the cyclorama, paid up and had their picture taken before it. It was eventually dismantled and disappeared from sight.

The writer Samuel Clemens, better known as Mark Twain, visited the Victorian Goldfields in 1895. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist Following his visit, he said of the Eureka Stockade:

By and by there was a result, and I think it may be called the finest thing in Australasian history. It was a revolution — small in size; but great politically; it was a strike for liberty, a struggle for principle, a stand against injustice and oppression. . . . It is another instance of a victory won by a lost battle. It adds an honorable page to history; the people know it and are proud of it. They keep green the memory of the men who fell at the Eureka stockade, and Peter Lalor has his monument.

—Mark Twain[16]

The materials used to build the stockade were rapidly removed to be used for the mines, and the entire area around the site was so extensively worked that the original landscape became unrecognisable, so identifying the exact location of the stockade is now virtually impossible. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist

Memorials to soldiers and miners are location in the Ballarat Old Cemetery[17] and the Eureka Stockade Memorial is located within the Eureka Stockade Gardens and is listed on Australia's National Heritage List. [18]

Eureka today

Pre dawn at the Eureka Monument, December 3, 2005
Pre dawn at the Eureka Monument, December 3, 2005

The Eureka Stockade (and the driving force of public opinion that followed) has been characterised as the "Birth of Democracy" within Australia. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Its actual significance is uncertain; it has been variously mythologised by particular interest groups as a revolt of free men against imperial tyranny, of independent free enterprise against burdensome taxation, of labour against a privileged ruling class, or as an expression of republicanism. Republicanism in Australia is a movement to change Australia 's status as a Constitutional monarchy to a Republican form of government

The Eureka Stockade was certainly the most prominent rebellion in Australia's history and, depending on how one defines rebellion, can be regarded as the only such event. (But see also Rum Rebellion, Vinegar Hill and more recently the New Guard. The Rum Rebellion, also known as the Rum Puncheon Rebellion of 1808 was the only successful armed takeover of government in Australia's recorded history The Castle Hill Rebellion of 4 March, 1804, also called the Irish Rebellion, was a large scale rebellion by Irish convicts against The New Guard was a Paramilitary organisation that existed in Australia in the 1930s ) Its significance, however, remains debatable. Some historians believe that the prominence of the event in the public record has come about because Australian history does not include a major armed rebellion phase equivalent to the French Revolution, the English Civil War, or the American War of Independence or any of the numerous rebellions in Ireland before the ultimate successful Irish War of Independence of 1919-1921 which led to Ireland (excluding 6 north east counties) achieving dominion status: in consequence (according to this view) the Eureka story tends to be inflated well beyond its real significance. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The Irish War of Independence (or Tan War, or Anglo-Irish War, Irish: Cogadh na Saoirse) from January 1919 to July 1921 was a guerrilla Others, however, maintain that Eureka was a seminal event and that it marked a major change in the course of Australian history.

In 1980, historian Geoffrey Blainey drew attention to the fact that many miners were temporary migrants from Britain and the United States, who did not intend to settle permanently in Australia. Professor Geoffrey Blainey AC (born 11 March 1930) is an Australian Historian. He wrote:

"Nowadays it is common to see the noble Eureka flag and the rebellion of 1854 as the symbol of Australian independence, of freedom from foreign domination; but many saw the rebellion in 1854 as an uprising by outsiders who were exploiting the country's resources and refusing to pay their fair share of taxes. The Eureka Flag was the battle flag used at the Eureka Stockade, a gold miners' Revolt in 1854 in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia So we make history do its handsprings. "[19]

The debate remains active and may remain so as long as Eureka is remembered.

On December 13, 2005, Premier Steve Bracks renamed Spencer Street Station as Southern Cross Station in order to commemorate the Eureka Stockade and promote Victoria's cultural heritage. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A premier is a title for the Head of government in some countries Stephen Philip Bracks (better known as Steve Bracks (born 15 October, 1954) is a former Australian politician and the 44th Premier of Victoria Southern Cross (formerly Spencer Street and before that Batman's Hill) is a major railway station and transport hub of Melbourne, Victoria

Eureka Stockade (film)

Main article: Eureka Stockade (film)

A film made in Australia in 1949 presented this episode. Eureka Stockade is a 1949 British film of the story surrounding Peter Lalor and the gold miners' rebellion of 1854 at Ballarat For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. It was directed by Harry Watt, and produced by Leslie Norman. Harry Watt may refer to Harry Watt (director, a film director A Harry Watt drill-bit a type of Mortiser Its cast included Chips Rafferty, Jane Barrett, Jack Lambert, Gordon Jackson, Peter Finch and Sydney Loder. Chips Rafferty MBE ( 26 March 1909 – 27 May 1971) was an Australian actor Gordon Cameron Jackson, OBE (19 December 1923 &ndash 15 January 1990 was a Scottish Emmy Award -winning Actor best remembered for his roles This article is about the actor For the poet see Peter Finch (poet.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "The government was forced to abandon the license and substitute it with a cheaper miner's right which also conferred on men the right to vote" The Victorians: Arriving; Richard Broome, 1984. The Darwin Rebellion of 17 December 1918, was the culmination of unrest in the Australian trade workers union between 1911 and The Miner's Right was introduced in 1855 in the colony of Victoria, replacing the Miner's Licence. P. 92.
  2. ^ Withers, WB History of Ballarat and some Ballarat Reminiscences, Facsimile Edition Published by Ballarat Heritage Services 1999, First Published 1870, Pp 63-64.
  3. ^ "The government was forced to abandon the license and substitute it with a cheaper miner's right which also conferred on men the right to vote. The Miner's Right was introduced in 1855 in the colony of Victoria, replacing the Miner's Licence. " The Victorians: Arriving; Richard Broome, 1984. P. 92
  4. ^ 'Dr. H. V. Evatt, leader of the ALP, wrote that "The Eureka Stockade was of crucial importance in the making of Australian democracy"; Robert Menzies, later Liberal Prime Minister, said that "the Eureka revolution was an earnest attempt at democratic government"; and, Ben Chifley, former ALP Prime Minister, wrote that "Eureka was more than an incident or passing phase. It was greater in significance than the short-lived revolt against tyrannical authority would suggest. The permanency of Eureka in its impact on our development was that it was the first real affirmation of our determination to be masters of our own political destiny. " (from The Eureka Rebellion. National Republicans. , quoting Historical Studies: Eureka Supplement, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Vic. , 1965, pages 125-6)
  5. ^ Sunter, Anne Beggs (2003). Contested Memories of Eureka: Museum Interpretations of the Eureka Stockade. Labour History. History Cooperative. Retrieved on 2006-12-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies
  6. ^ Geoffrey Blainey commented in 1963 that "Eureka became a legend, a battlecry for nationalists. Professor Geoffrey Blainey AC (born 11 March 1930) is an Australian Historian. republicans, liberals, radicals, or communists, each creed finding in the rebellion the lessons they liked to see. " . . . "In fact the new colonies' political constitutions were not affected by Eureka, but the first Parliament that met under Victoria's new constitution was alert to the democratic spirit of the goldfields, and passed laws enabling each adult man in Victoria to vote at elections, to vote by secret ballot, and to stand for the Legislative Assembly. The secret ballot is a voting method in which a Voter 's choices are confidential " Blainey, Geoffrey (1963). Professor Geoffrey Blainey AC (born 11 March 1930) is an Australian Historian. The Rush That Never Ended. Melbourne University Press, pages 56-7.  
  7. ^ MacDougal, Ian (2006). November 29 and the Birth of Australian Democracy. Webdiary. Retrieved on 2007-01-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca
  8. ^ RC:108,153
  9. ^ Drummer Boy John Egan (Regiment No. 3059) Eureka's first Military Casualty Retrieved 29 November 2006. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  10. ^ Escalating Tensions: The Southern Cross. Eureka on Trial. Public record Office of Victoria (2003). Retrieved on 2007-02-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment
  11. ^ Rede's account of the Gravel Pits riots and call for Martial Law to be proclaimed. Eureka on Trial. Public record Office of Victoria (2003). Retrieved on 2007-02-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment
  12. ^ Reclaiming the Radical Spirit of the Eureka Rebellion in 1854 Retrieved 29 November 2006. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  13. ^ C. H. Curry, 'The Irish at Eureka', Angus & Robertson, 1954
  14. ^ Lalor, Peter (1855). Peter Finta Lalor ( ( 5 February 1827 – 9 February 1889) was the leader of the Eureka Stockade rebellion one of Australia's Peter Lalor's Narrative. Eureka on Trial. Public Record Office Victoria, (2003). Retrieved on 2007-02-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland
  15. ^ The State Trials. Eureka on Trial. Public record Office of Victoria (2003). Retrieved on 2007-02-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum
  16. ^ Twain, Mark (1897). Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist Chapter XXIV. Following The Equator. Classical Bookshelf. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
  17. ^ Search the Heritage Register and Inventory
  18. ^ Eureka Stockade Gardens. Department of the Environment and Water Resources. The Department of the Environment Water Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA formerly the Department of the Environment and Water Resources (DEWR is a department of the Australian Retrieved on 2007-12-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French
  19. ^ Geoffrey Blainey, A Land Half Won, Melbourne: Sun Books, 1983 (first printed in 1980), ISBN 0-7251-0411-2, p. Professor Geoffrey Blainey AC (born 11 March 1930) is an Australian Historian. 158

References

External links

Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
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