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Eupnoi
Hadrobunus grandis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida
Order: Opiliones
Suborder: Eupnoi
Hansen & Sørensen, 1904
Diversity
6 families, > 1,700 species
Superfamilies

Caddoidea
Phalangioidea

The Eupnoi are a suborder of harvestmen, with more than 200 genera, and about 1,700 described species. Hadrobunus grandis is a species of Harvestman that occurs in the United States ( Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " Arachnids are a class ( Arachnida) of joint-legged Invertebrate Animals in the subphylum Chelicerata. Harvestmen are eight-legged Invertebrate animals belonging to the order Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) in the class Arachnida in the subphylum Caddidae is a family of Harvestmen with 15 known species the only family of the Eupnoi superfamily Caddoidea. Phalangioidea is a superfamily of the Harvestman suborder Eupnoi with five recognized families and more than 1500 species Harvestmen are eight-legged Invertebrate animals belonging to the order Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) in the class Arachnida in the subphylum

They consist of two superfamilies, the Phalangioidea with many long-legged species common to northern temperate regions, and the small group Caddoidea, which have prominent eyes and spiny pedipalps[1]. Pedipalps, are the second pair of Appendages of the Prosoma in the subphylum Chelicerata.

Examples of this suborder include Hadrobunus grandis (Sclerosomatidae), Phalangium opilio and Dicranopalpus ramosus (Phalangiidae). Hadrobunus grandis is a species of Harvestman that occurs in the United States ( Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, Phalangium opilio is a Species of Harvestman with a Holarctic distribution Dicranopalpus ramosus is a species of Harvestman. Males are up to 4 mm long females can reach up to 6 mm

Contents

Distribution

Caddoidea are mostly found in temperate zones of both hemispheres; however, they are known from the Palearctic only from Japan, and from Baltic amber (about 40 million years old). The Palearctic or Palaearctic is one of the eight Ecozones dividing the Earth surface For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Baltic region is home to the largest known deposit of Amber, called Baltic amber, with about 80% of the world's known amber found here One species known from Japan is also found in North America, where several more species are found. Other species occur in Southern South America, Venezuela, New Zealand and Australia. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

Neopilionidae show a Gondwanan distribution, with species found in South America, South Africa and Australia. Gondwana (ɡɒnˈdwɑːnə originally Gondwanaland) was a southern Supercontinent that existed about 500 to 200 Ma ago The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa

Sclerosomatidae are divided into several subfamilies, with Gagrellinae found in the Indo-Malayan and neotropical region, Gyinae at high elevations in the Caucasus, Alps and Nepal, Leiobuninae in the holarctic region down to Costa Rica, and Sclerosomatinae only in the Palearctic. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in

In the Phalangiidae, the Phalangiinae are most diverse in the Mediterranean, with several endemic genera in nearby coastal Africa. Although there are several Phalangiinae in the Nearctic, they are all introduced. Opilioninae are mostly palearctic, with a few species found in Southeast Asia. Oligolophinae are holarctic, with most species found in Europe. Platybuninae are also found from Europe to the Caucasus, with one find from Sumatra. Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two [2]

Relationships

Two different views exist at the moment: in the traditional view Eupnoi and Dyspnoi form a clade, with Laniatores as a sister group; however recently it has been proposed that Eupnoi are sister to a clade formed by Dyspnoi and Laniatores. The Dyspnoi are a suborder of Harvestmen, with about 32 genera and about 320 described species A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor Laniatores is the largest suborder of the Arachnid order Opiliones with over 4000 described species worldwide

Systematics

Although the two recognized superfamilies Caddoidea and Phalangoidea are probably monophyletic, the limits of families and subfamilies are uncertain in many cases, and are in urgent need of further study. [2]

Genus and species numbers are from the year 2005.

The supposed family "Stygophalangiidae", with its sole described species Stygophalangium karamani Oudemans, 1933 from former Yugoslavia is not a harvestman, but very likely a species of mite. Caddidae is a family of Harvestmen with 15 known species the only family of the Eupnoi superfamily Caddoidea. Caddidae is a family of Harvestmen with 15 known species the only family of the Eupnoi superfamily Caddoidea. Phalangioidea is a superfamily of the Harvestman suborder Eupnoi with five recognized families and more than 1500 species The Monoscutidae are a family of Harvestmen with 32 known species that all occur in or near Australia and New Zealand. The Neopilionidae are a family of Harvestmen with 15 known species The Sclerosomatidae are a family of Harvestmen with about 1300 known species The Phalangiidae are a family of Harvestmen with about 380 known species Stygophalangium karamani is a species of Arachnid. Although sometimes classified as a Harvestman in the infraorder Eupnoi ( Phalangioidea Stygophalangium karamani is a species of Arachnid. Although sometimes classified as a Harvestman in the infraorder Eupnoi ( Phalangioidea See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian Mites, along with Ticks belong to the subclass Acarina (also known as Acari and the class Arachnida Mites are among the most diverse and successful

Footnotes

  1. ^ Shultz, Jeffrey W. & Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo (2007): Morphology and Functional Anatomy. In: Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007: 17f
  2. ^ a b Giribet, Gonzalo & Kury, Adriano B. (2007): Phylogeny and Biogeography. In: Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007

References

See also

Harvestmen are an order of arachnids. Although they are often confused with Spiders the two orders are not closely related
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