| Euphorbia esula aka The Green Spurge | ||||||||||||||
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| Euphorbia esula L. |
Euphorbia esula aka The Green Spurge (Leafy Spurge) is a species of spurge native to central and southern Europe (north to England, the Netherlands, and Germany), and eastward through most of Asia north of the Himalaya to Korea and eastern Siberia. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Euphorbia is a Genus of Plants belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving [1][2][3]
It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 1-1. A herbaceous plant (or in botanical use a Herb) is a Plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of A perennial plant or perennial ( Latin per, "through" annus, "year" is a Plant that lives for more than 2 m tall, with several stems branched from the base. The stems are smooth, hairless or slightly hairy. The leaves are small, lanceolate, 4-8. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. 5 cm long and up to 1 cm broad, with a slightly wavy margin. The flowers are small, produced in umbels with a basal pair of bright yellow-green petal-like bracts. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also An umbel is an Inflorescence which consists of a number of short Flower stalks (called pedicels) which are equal in length and spread from a common In Botany, a bract is a modified or specialized Leaf. Bracts are ordinarily associated with reproductive structures (subtending Flowers Inflorescence Clusters of the bracts appear in late spring, while the actual flowers do not develop until early summer. All parts of the plant contain a toxic white milky sap. [3][4]
It reproduces readily by seeds that have a high germination rate and may remain viable in the soil for at least seven years. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored Germination is the process whereby growth emerges from a period of dormancy The seed capsules open explosively, dispersing seed up to 5 m from the parent plant, and may be carried further by water and wildlife. Leafy Spurge also spreads vegetatively from the root system, which is complex, reported to reach 8 m into the ground and 5 m across, and may have numerous buds. ROOT is an object-oriented program and library developed by CERN. [5]
There are two subspecies and a hybrid subspecies:[1][3]
- Euphorbia esula subsp. In Zoology, as in other branches of Biology, subspecies is the Taxonomic rank immediately subordinate to a Species. In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. esula. Leaves broadest near apex; umbel bracts 5-15 mm. Throughout the range of the species.
- Euphorbia esula subsp. tommasiniana (Bertol. ) Kuzmanov (syn. E. waldsteinii (Sojak) A. R. Smith; E. virgata Waldst. & Kit. ). Leaves broadest at the middle; umbel bracts 12-35 mm. Eastern Europe, western Asia.
- Euphorbia esula nothosubsp. pseudovirgata (Schur) Govaerts. Hybrid between the above two subspecies.
As an invasive plant
Leafy Spurge was transported to the United States possibly as a seed impurity in the early 1800s. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the First recorded from Massachusetts in 1827, Leafy Spurge spread quickly and reached North Dakota within about 80 years. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Year 1827 ( MDCCCXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common North Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern and Western regions of the United States of America. It now occurs across much of the northern U. S. , with the most extensive infestations reported for Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wyoming. Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States. It has been identified as a serious weed on a number of national parks and on reserves of The Nature Conservancy in eleven northern states. WEED (1390 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Spanish format The Nature Conservancy is a US charitable Environmental organization working to preserve the Plants, Animals, and natural communities It is now classified as an invasive species by the United States Department of Agriculture. Introduced species|Weed Invasive species is a phrase with several definitions [6][5] It is also naturalised in Canada and parts of South America. In Biology, naturalisation is the process when foreign or cultivated plants or animals have spread into the Wild, where they multiply by natural regeneration Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a [1]
It displaces native vegetation in prairie habitats and fields through shading and by usurping available water and nutrients and through plant toxins that prevent the growth of other plants underneath it. A toxin ( Greek:, toxikon, lit (poison for use on arrows is a Poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms that is active at very low It is an aggressive invader and, once present, can completely overtake large areas of open land. [5]
Because of its persistent nature and ability to regenerate from small pieces of root, Leafy Spurge is extremely difficult to eradicate. Biological control offers a highly promising management tactic for Leafy Spurge. Biological control of pests in Agriculture is a method of controlling pests (including Insects Mites Weeds and plant diseases The U. S. Department of Agriculture has shown success using six European insects that feed on Leafy Spurge. These include a stem and root-boring beetle (Oberea erythrocephala), four root-mining flea beetles (Aphthona spp. Flea beetles is a general name applied to the small jumping Beetles of the Leaf beetle family (Chrysomelidae ) and a shoot-tip gall midge (Spurgia esulae). Goats, apparently able to graze on the plant without ill effect, have been used on rail trails in Idaho to clear leafy spurge from the trail shoulders. The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe Rail trail is a term for a Trail that makes use of a railroad right-of-way (ROW. The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. A trail is a Path or Road used for Walking, Cycling, Cross-country skiing, or other activities A hard shoulder, or simply shoulder, is a reserved area by the verge of a Road or Motorway. [7] Large scale field-rearing and release programs are carried out cooperatively by federal and state officials in many northern states. The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. State governments in the United States (sometimes referred to as "The State" is generally structured in accordance with the laws of the various individual states The results are not as immediate as when herbicides are used but, if pesticide use is kept to a minimum, large numbers of these insects build up within a few years and have shown impressive results. [5]
Several systemic herbicides have been found to be effective if applied in June, when the flowers and seeds are developing, or in early to mid-September, when the plants are moving nutrients downward into the roots. A herbicide is used to kill unwanted Plants Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the desired Crop relatively unharmed Preliminary research suggests that chemical treatment in the fall followed by a spring burn to reduce seed germination may be an effective strategy for reducing Leafy Spurge infestations. Multiple treatments are necessary every year for several years, making leafy spurge control an extremely expensive undertaking. If left uncontrolled for a single year, Leafy Spurge can reinfest rapidly. Prescribed burning, in conjunction with herbicides, may also be effective. [5]
As a model weed
Leafy spurge is being developed as a model to answer fundamental questions of weed biology. Over 55,000 ESTs have been sequenced from all plant tissues including tissues from plants that were cold-stressed, drought stressed, and plant being attacked by both flea beatles and gall midges. An expressed sequence tag or EST is a short sub-sequence of a transcribed spliced nucleotide sequence (either Protein -coding or not Analysis of the EST sequences indicated that 23,000 unique sequences representing more than 19,000 unigenes were obtained. These sequences are now available on Genbank. The GenBank Sequence database is an Open access, annotated collection of all publicly available Nucleotide sequences and their Protein translations The unigenes have been used to develop cDNA microarrays that also include more than 4,000 additional cDNAs from cassava (another Euphorb related to leafy spurge). For terminology see glossary below A DNA microarray is a High-throughput technology used in Molecular biology and in The cassava, yuca, manioc, or mandioca ( Manihot esculenta) is a woody Shrub of the Euphorbiaceae (spurge family native These microarrays are being used to identify physiological processes and signals that regulate bud dormancy (one of the main reasons leafy spurge is difficult to control), and invasiveness.
References
- ^ a b c Germplasm Resources Information Network: Euphorbia esula
- ^ Flora Europaea: Euphorbia esula
- ^ a b c Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2
- ^ Huxley, A, ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. ISBN 0-333-47494-5
- ^ a b c d e U.S. National Park Service description
- ^ InvasiveSpecies.gov
- ^ "War on Weeds," Rails to Trails Magazine, Spring 2004, p. 3
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