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Eumetazoa
Fossil range: Ediacaran - Recent
A lancelet
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Butschli, 1910
Phyla

Radiata (unranked)

Bilateria (unranked)

Eumetazoa is a clade comprising all major animal groups except sponges. The Ediacaran Period (ˌiːdiˈækərən named after the Ediacara Hills of South Australia) is the last geological period of the Neoproterozoic The lancelets (subphylum Cephalochordata, traditionally known as amphioxus) are a group of primitive Chordates. Animals Plants fungi, and Protists are eukaryotes (juːˈkærɪɒt or -oʊt Organisms whose cells are organized into complex A phylum ( Plural: phyla) is a Taxonomic rank between Kingdom and above Class. Trichoplax adhaerens is a simple balloon-like marine Animal with a body cavity filled with pressurized fluid The Radiata are the radially symmetric animals of the Eumetazoa subregnum The phylum Ctenophora (tɨˈnɒfərə commonly known as comb jellies, is a phylum that includes the Sea gooseberry ( Pleurobrachia pileus) and Cnidaria (naɪˈdɛəriə is a phylum containing some 9000 Species of Animals found exclusively in aquatic mostly marine, environments The Bilateria (ˌbaɪləˈtɪəriə are all animals having a bilateral symmetry, i Orthonectida is a small phylum of poorly-known Parasites of marine invertebrates that are among the simplest of multi-cellular organisms Rhombozoa, or Dicyemida, is a phylum of tiny Parasites that live in the renal appendages of Cephalopods Although the name Dicyemida The Acoelomorpha are a Phylum of animals with planula-like features and formerly considered to be in Platyhelmintha, but recently classified by Jaume Chaetognatha is a phylum of predatory marine worms that are a major component of Plankton worldwide Deuterostomes (taxonomic term Deuterostomia; from the Greek "second mouth" are a superphylum of Animals They are a subtaxon of the Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Hemichordata is a phylum of worm-shaped marine Deuterostome Animals generally considered the sister group of the Echinoderms They date Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata) are a phylum of marine Animals (including Sea stars) Xenoturbella is a Genus of Bilaterian animals it contains two marine Worm -like species Vetulicolia is an extinct Phylum erected by Shu et al (2001 encompassing several early- Cambrian Fossil forms In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. Protostomia (from the Greek: mouth first) are a Taxon of Animals Together with the Deuterostomes and a few smaller phyla The Ecdysozoa (ˌɛkdɪsəˈzoʊə are a grouping of Protostome animals including the Arthropoda ( Insects, Chelicerata, Crustaceans Kinorhyncha (Gr κίνηω kīneō 'move' + ρυνχος rhynchos 'snout' is a phylum of small (1 mm or less marine pseudocoelomate Loricifera (from Latin, lorica, Corselet + Greek, φορη phora, bearing is a small Phylum of marine sediment-dwelling Priapulida ( priapulid worms or penis worms, from Gr πριάπος priāpos ' Priapus ' + Lat The nematodes or roundworms ( Phylum Nematoda from Greek (nema "thread" + -ode "like" are one of the most common Nematomorpha (sometimes called Gordiacea, and commonly known as Horsehair worms or Gordian worms) are a Phylum of Parasitic Lobopodia is a group of poorly understood animals which mostly fall as a Stem group of Arthropods. In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. The velvet worms ( Onychophora — literally "claw bearers" form a Clade within the Ecdysozoa and can be simply described as " Worms Tardigrades (commonly known as water bears) form the Phylum Tardigrada, part of the superphylum Ecdysozoa. Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " The Platyzoa (ˌplætɨˈzoʊə are a group of Protostome animals proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1998 The flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes from the Greek πλατύ platy, meaning "flat" and ἕλμινς (root ἑλμινθ- helminth- The gastrotrichs (from Greek γαστερ gaster "stomach" and θριξ thrix "hair" are a phylum of microscopic (0 The rotifers make up a Phylum of microscopic and near-microscopic pseudocoelomate Animals They were first described by Rev The Acanthocephala ( Greek ακανθος akanthos, thorn + κεφαλη kephale, head is a phylum of Parasitic worms known as Gnathostomulids, or jaw worms, are a small phylum of nearly microscopic marine Animals Most measure between 0 Limnognathia maerski is a microscopic animal discovered living in homothermic springs on Disko Island, Greenland in 1994 that was given Symbion is the name of a Genus of aquatic animals less than ½ mm wide found living attached to the bodies of cold-water lobsters The Lophotrochozoa (ləˌfɒtroʊkəˈzoʊə "crest-bearing animals" are one of three major groupings of Protostome animals The Sipuncula or Sipunculida, sipunculid worms or peanut worms, are a phylum containing 144-320 Species (estimates vary of bilaterally Hyolitha are enigmatic Animals with small conical shells known from the Palaeozoic Era In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. Nemertea is a Phylum of Invertebrate Animals also known as ribbon worms or proboscis worms   Phoronids (' Phoronida') commonly known as horseshoe worms, are a relatively small animal Phylum: twenty species are known in two genera Bryozoans are tiny colonial Animals that generally build stony Skeletons of Calcium carbonate, superficially similar to Coral (although some Entoprocta (Gr εντος entos inside + προκτος proktos anus is a phylum of small aquatic Animals ranging in size from 0 Brachiopods (from Latin brachium, arm + New Latin -poda, foot are a small phylum of Benthic Invertebrates Also Molluscs are animals belonging to the phylum Mollusca. There are around 250000 extant Species within the phylum with an estimated 70000 The annelids, collectively called Annelida (from Latin anellus "little ring" are a large phylum of Animals comprising The Echiura, or spoon worms are a small group of marine Animals They are often considered to be a group of Annelids although they lack the segmented A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor The sponges or poriferans (from Latin porus "pore" and ferre "to bear" are Animals Characteristics of eumetazoans include true tissues organized into germ layers, and an embryo that goes through a gastrula stage. Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism A germ layer is a collection of cells formed during animal Embryogenesis. Gastrulation is a phase early in the development of animal Embryos during which the morphology of the embryo is dramatically restructured by Cell migration. The clade is usually held to contain at least Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and Bilateria. The phylum Ctenophora (tɨˈnɒfərə commonly known as comb jellies, is a phylum that includes the Sea gooseberry ( Pleurobrachia pileus) and Cnidaria (naɪˈdɛəriə is a phylum containing some 9000 Species of Animals found exclusively in aquatic mostly marine, environments The Bilateria (ˌbaɪləˈtɪəriə are all animals having a bilateral symmetry, i Whether mesozoans and placozoans belong is in dispute. The Mesozoa are enigmatic minuscule Worm -like Parasites of marine invertebrates Trichoplax adhaerens is a simple balloon-like marine Animal with a body cavity filled with pressurized fluid

Some phylogenists have speculated the sponges and eumetazoans evolved separately from single-celled organisms, which would mean that the animal kingdom does not form a clade (a complete grouping of organisms descended from a common ancestor). eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor However, genetic studies and some morphological characteristics, like the common presence of choanocytes, support a common origin. Choanocytes (also known as "collar cells" are cells that line the interior of Asconoid sponges that contain a central Flagellum surrounded

Eumetazoans are a major group of animals in the Five Kingdoms classification of Lynn Margulis and K. Lynn Margulis (born March 5, 1938) is an American Biologist and University Professor in the Department of Geosciences V. Schwartz, comprising the Radiata and Bilateria - all animals except the sponges, placozoans and mesozoans. The Radiata are the radially symmetric animals of the Eumetazoa subregnum The Bilateria (ˌbaɪləˈtɪəriə are all animals having a bilateral symmetry, i The sponges or poriferans (from Latin porus "pore" and ferre "to bear" are Animals Trichoplax adhaerens is a simple balloon-like marine Animal with a body cavity filled with pressurized fluid The Mesozoa are enigmatic minuscule Worm -like Parasites of marine invertebrates [1] When treated as a formal taxon Eumetazoa is typically ranked as a subkingdom. The name Metazoa has also been used to refer to this group, but more often refers to the Animalia as a whole. Many classification schemes do not include a subkingdom Eumetazoa.

Taxonomy

Over the last decade, the work of developmental biologists and molecular phylogeneticists spawned new ideas about bilaterian relationships resulting in a paradigm shift. Developmental Biology is the official journal of the Society for Developmental Biology. Paradigm shift, sometimes known as extraordinary science or revolutionary science, is the term first used by Thomas Kuhn in his influential

The current widely accepted hypothesis, based on molecular data (mostly 18S rRNA sequences), divides bilateria into the following four groups: Deuterostomia, Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Platyzoa (sometimes included in Lophotrochozoa). A non-coding RNA ( ncRNA) is any RNA molecule that is not translated into a Protein. Deuterostomes (taxonomic term Deuterostomia; from the Greek "second mouth" are a superphylum of Animals They are a subtaxon of the The Ecdysozoa (ˌɛkdɪsəˈzoʊə are a grouping of Protostome animals including the Arthropoda ( Insects, Chelicerata, Crustaceans The Lophotrochozoa (ləˌfɒtroʊkəˈzoʊə "crest-bearing animals" are one of three major groupings of Protostome animals The Platyzoa (ˌplætɨˈzoʊə are a group of Protostome animals proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1998 The last three groups are also collectively known as Protostomia. Protostomia (from the Greek: mouth first) are a Taxon of Animals Together with the Deuterostomes and a few smaller phyla [2]

However, many skeptics emphasize the pitfalls and inconsistencies associated with the new data. Claus Nielsen, a professor of evolutionary invertebrate embryology at the Zoological Museum University of Copenhagen champions one of the most prominent alternative views based on morphological evidence. The Faculty of Science ( Det naturvidenskabelige fakultet in Danish at the University of Copenhagen consists of both mathematical and natural sciences and is divided In his 2001 book Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla, he maintains the traditional divisions of Protostomia and Deuterostomia. Protostomia (from the Greek: mouth first) are a Taxon of Animals Together with the Deuterostomes and a few smaller phyla Deuterostomes (taxonomic term Deuterostomia; from the Greek "second mouth" are a superphylum of Animals They are a subtaxon of the

Evolutionary origins

It has been suggested that one type of molecular clock and one approach to interpretation of the fossil record both place the evolutionary origins of eumetazoa in the Ediacaran. The molecular clock (based on the molecular clock hypothesis ( MCH) is a technique in Molecular evolution to relate the divergence time of two Species The Ediacaran Period (ˌiːdiˈækərən named after the Ediacara Hills of South Australia) is the last geological period of the Neoproterozoic [3] However, the earliest eumetazoans may not have left a clear impact on the fossil record and other interpretations of molecular clocks suggest the possibility of an earlier origin. [4] The discoverers of Vernanimalcula describe it as the fossil of a bilateral triploblastic animal that appeared at the end of the Marinoan glaciation prior to the Ediacaran Period, implying an even earlier origin for eumetazoans. Vernanimalcula is a fossil believed by some to represent the earliest known member of the Bilateria ( Animals with bilateral symmetry) This article is about the political term for the term as used in Biology, see symmetry (biology. Triploblasty is a condition of the Blastula in which there are three primary Germ layers the Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm. The Cryogenian (from Greek cryos "cold" and genesis "birth" is a Geologic period that lasted from. The Ediacaran Period (ˌiːdiˈækərən named after the Ediacara Hills of South Australia) is the last geological period of the Neoproterozoic [5]

References

  1. ^ Systema Naturae 2000 Taxon: Subkingdom Eumetazoa - retrieved February 2, 2006
  2. ^ Protostomia
  3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. , and Nicholas J. Butterfield. "Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing ecological predictions of molecular clocks against the Proterozoic fossil record. " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 (2005): 9547–9552. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, usually referred to as PNAS, is the official journal of the United Full text online: doi:10.1073/pnas.0503660102. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
  4. ^ J. E. Blair and S. B. Hedges "Molecular clocks do not support the Cambrian explosion" Molecular biology and evolution 22 (2005): 387-390. PMID 15537810.
  5. ^ Chen, J. -Y. , Bottjer, D. J. , Oliveri, P. , Dornbos, S. Q. , Gao, F. , Ruffins, S. , Chi, H. , Li, C. -W. and Davidson, E. H. 2004. Small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian. Science, 305 (2005): 218-222.
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