Eugène Ionesco, born Eugen Ionescu (November 26, 1909 – March 28, 1994), was a Romanian and French playwright and dramatist, one of the foremost playwrights of the Theatre of the Absurd. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. The Theatre of the Absurd ( French: Théâtre de l'Absurde) is a designation for particular plays written by a number of primarily European Playwrights Beyond ridiculing the most banal situations, Ionesco's plays depict in a tangible way the solitude and insignificance of human existence.

Contents 1 Biographical information 2 Ionesco the author 2.1 Writing in Romania 2.2 The origins of his first play 2.3 Early plays 2.4 The full-length plays 2.5 Later works 2.6 Theoretical writings 2.7 Literary context 2.8 Selected works 2.8.1 Plays 2.8.2 Essays and theoretical writings 2.8.3 Novels and stories 2.8.4 Operatic adaptations and libretti 2.8.5 Poetry 3 References and Notes 4 Sources 4.1 Print 4.1.1 Primary sources 4.1.2 Secondary sources 5 External links

Biographical information

Ionesco was born in Slatina, Olt County, to a Romanian father of the Orthodox religion and a mother of French and Greek-Romanian heritage, whose religion was Protestant (the religion into which her father was born and to which her originally Greek Orthodox mother had converted). Slatina is the capital city of Olt county Romania, on the river Olt. Olt (olt is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania, in the historical regions of Oltenia and Muntenia (both regions are separated by the The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is a Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( There has been a Greek presence in Romania for at least 27 centuries Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) is formed by several autocephalous churches ^[1] Eugène himself was baptized into the Romanian Orthodox religion. Many sources cite his birthdate as 1912, this error being due to vanity on the part of Ionesco himself. ^[2]

He spent most of his childhood in France, and, while there, had an experience he claimed affected his perception of the world more significantly than any other. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. As Deborah B. Gaensbauer describes in Eugene Ionesco Revisited, “Walking in summer sunshine in a white-washed provincial village under an intense blue sky, [Ionesco] was profoundly altered by the light. ”^[3] He was struck very suddenly with a feeling of intense luminosity, the feeling of floating off the ground and an over-whelming feeling of well-being. When he “floated” back to the ground and the “light” left him, he saw that the real world in comparison was full of decay, corruption and meaningless repetitive action. This also coincided with the revelation that death takes everyone in the end. ^[4]Much of his later work, reflecting this new perception, demonstrates a disgust for the tangible world, a distrust of communication, and the subtle sense that a better world lies just beyond our reach. Echoes of this experience can also be seen in references and themes in many of his important works: characters pining for an unattainable "city of lights" (The Killer, The Chairs) or perceiving a world beyond (A Stroll in the Air); characters granted the ability to fly (A Stroll in the Air, Amédée); the banality of the world which often leads to depression (the Bérenger character); ecstatic revelations of beauty within a pessimistic framework (Amédée, The Chairs, the Bérenger character); and the inevitability of death (Exit the King). Berenger (or Bérenger) may refer to Berenger Fredoli, French bishop (c

He returned to Romania with his father in 1925 after his parents divorced. There he attended Saint Sava National College, after which he studied French Literature at the University of Bucharest from 1928 to 1933 and qualified as a teacher of French. The Saint Sava National College ( Colegiul Naţional Sfântul Sava) is the oldest and one of the most prestigious high schools in Bucharest, Romania. This article is a general introduction to French literature For detailed information on French literature in specific historic periods see the separate historical articles in the The University of Bucharest (Universitatea din Bucureşti in Romania, is a University founded in 1864 by Decree of Prince Alexander John Cuza Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people While there he met Emil Cioran and Mircea Eliade, and the three became lifelong friends. Emil Cioran ( April 8 1911 – June 20 1995) was a Romanian Philosopher and Essayist. Mircea Eliade ( – April 22, 1986) was a Romanian historian of religion fiction writer philosopher and professor at the University of Chicago

In 1936 Ionesco married Rodica Burileanu. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Together they had one daughter for whom he wrote a number of unconventional children's stories. He and his family returned to France in 1938 for him to complete his doctoral thesis. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Caught by the outbreak of World War II in 1939, he remained there, living in Marseille during the war before moving with his family to Paris after its liberation in 1944. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ

Ionesco was made a member of the Académie française in 1970 [2]. L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He also received numerous awards including Tours Festival Prize for film, 1959; Prix Italia, 1963; Society of Authors Theatre Prize, 1966; Grand Prix National for theatre, 1969; Monaco Grand Prix, 1969; Austrian State Prize for European Literature, 1970; Jerusalem Prize, 1973; and honorary doctorates from New York University and the universities of Leuven, Warwick and Tel Aviv. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Austrian State Prize for European Literature ( Österreichischem Staatpreis für Europäische literatur) also known as the European Literary Award ( Europäischer Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Jerusalem Prize for the Freedom of the Individual in Society is a biennial Literary award given to Writers whose work has dealt with themes of human freedom society Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. New York University ( NYU) is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research University in New York City. Leuven ( French: Louvain, often used in English German: Löwen) is the capital of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Warwick (ˈwɒrɪk worrick (silent w in middle is the County town of Warwickshire, England. Tel Aviv-Yafo (תֵּל ־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ تل أبيب Tal ʾAbīb) (usually Tel Aviv) is the second-largest city in Israel Eugène Ionesco died at age 84 on March 29, 1994, and is buried in the Cimetière du Montparnasse, in Paris. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Montparnasse Cemetery ( French: Cimetière de Montparnasse) is a famous cemetery in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris, part of the Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Although Ionesco wrote almost entirely in French, he is one of Romania's most honored artists.

Ionesco the author

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Writing in Romania

Though best known as a playwright, plays were not his first chosen medium. This article is a general introduction to French literature For detailed information on French literature in specific historic periods see the separate historical articles in the Medieval French literature is for the purpose of this article Literature written in Oïl languages (particularly Old French and early Middle For more information on historical developments in this period see Renaissance, History of France, and Early Modern France. French literature of the 17th century &mdashthe so-called Grand Siècle &mdashspans the reigns of Henry IV of France, the Regency of Marie de Medici French literature of the 18th century usually refers to the literature written between 1715, the year of the death of King Louis XIV of France, and 1798 the year French literature of the nineteenth century is for the purpose of this article literature written in French from (roughly 1799 to 1900 French literature of the twentieth century is for the purpose of this article literature written in French from (roughly 1895 to 1990 Contemporary French literature is French literature roughly from the 1990s to Today. Chronological list of French language authors (regardless of nationality by date of birth He started writing poetry and criticism, publishing in several Romanian journals. Two early writings of note are Nu, a book criticizing many other writers including prominent Romanian poets, and Hugoliade, or, The grotesque and tragic life of Victor Hugo a satirical biography mocking Victor Hugo's status as a great figure in French literature. Victor-Marie Hugo ( ( February 26, 1802 – May 22, 1885) was a French Poet, Playwright, Novelist The Hugoliade includes exaggerated retellings of the most scandalous episodes in Hugo's life and contains prototypes for many of Ionesco's later themes: the ridiculous authoritarian character, the false worship of language.

The origins of his first play

Like Samuel Beckett, Ionesco came to the theatre late: he did not write his first play until 1948 (La Cantatrice chauve, first performed in 1950 with the English title The Bald Soprano). Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989 was an Irish Writer, Dramatist and poet The Bald Soprano or The Bald Prima Donna (original French title La Cantatrice Chauve) is the first play At the age of 40 he decided to learn English using the Assimil method, conscientiously copying whole sentences in order to memorize them. Assimil is a French company founded by Alphonse Chérel in 1929 Re-reading them, he began to feel that he was not learning English, rather he was discovering some astonishing truths such as the fact that there are seven days in a week, that the ceiling is up and the floor is down; things which he already knew, but which suddenly struck him as being as stupefying as they were indisputably true.

This feeling only intensified with the introduction in later lessons of the characters known as "Mr. and Mrs. Smith". To his astonishment, Mrs. Smith informed her husband that they had several children, that they lived in the vicinity of London, that their name was Smith, that Mr. Smith was a clerk, that they had a servant, Mary, who was English like themselves. What was remarkable about Mrs. Smith, he thought, was her eminently methodical procedure in her quest for truth. For Ionesco, the clichés and truisms of the conversation primer disintegrated into wild caricature and parody with language itself disintegrating into disjointed fragments of words. Ionesco set about translating this experience into a play, La Cantatrice Chauve, which was performed for the first time in 1950 under the direction of Nicolas Bataille. It was far from a success and went unnoticed until a few established writers and critics, among them Jean Anouilh and Raymond Queneau, championed the play. Jean Marie Lucien Pierre Anouilh (ʒɑ̃ anwi June 23, 1910 &ndash October 3, 1987) was a French Dramatist. Raymond Queneau ( February 21, 1903 &ndash October 25, 1976) was a French Poet and Novelist and the co-founder

Early plays

Ionesco's earliest works, and his most innovative, were one-act nonsense plays: La Cantatrice chauve (1950), La Leçon translated as The Lesson (1951), Les Chaises translated as The Chairs (1952), and Jacques ou la Soumission translated as Jack, or: The Submission (1955). The Bald Soprano or The Bald Prima Donna (original French title La Cantatrice Chauve) is the first play Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. " The Lesson " or " La Leçon " is a short one-act play from 1951 by French-Romanian playwright Eugène Ionesco. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Les Chaises ( English: The Chairs) is an absurdist " tragic Farce " by Eugene Ionesco. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) These absurdist sketches, to which he gave such descriptions as "anti-play" (anti-pièce in French) express modern feelings of alienation and the impossibility and futility of communication with surreal comic force, parodying the conformism of the bourgeoisie and conventional theatrical forms. Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members In them Ionesco rejects a conventional story-line as their basis, instead taking their dramatic structure from accelerating rhythms and/or cyclical repetitions. He disregards psychology and coherent dialogue, thereby depicting a dehumanized world with mechanical, puppet-like characters who speak in non-sequiturs. Non sequitur ( Latin for "it does not follow" in formal logic is an argument where its conclusion does not follow from its premises Language becomes rarefied, with words and material objects gaining a life of their own, increasingly overwhelming the characters and creating a sense of menace.

The full-length plays

With Tueur sans gages translated as The Killer (1959; his second full-length play, the first being Amédée, ou Comment s'en débarrasser in 1954), Ionesco began to explore more sustained dramatic situations featuring more humanized characters. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Notably this includes Bérenger, a central character in a number of Ionesco's plays, the last of which is Le Piéton de l'air translated as A Stroll in the Air.

Bérenger is a semi-autobiographical figure expressing Ionesco's wonderment and anguish at the strangeness of reality. He is comically naïve, engaging the audience's sympathy. In The Killer he encounters death in the figure of a serial killer. In Rhinocéros he watches his friends turning into rhinoceri one by one until he alone stands unchanged against this tide of conformism. Rhinoceros ( French original title Rhinocéros) is a play by Eugène Ionesco, written in 1959. It is in this play that Ionesco most forcefully expresses his horror of ideological conformism, inspired by the rise of the fascist Iron Guard in Romania in the 1930s. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology The Iron Guard is the name most commonly given in English to a Far-right ultra- nationalist Antisemitic, fascist movement and political party Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Le Roi se meurt translated as Exit the King (1962) shows him as King Bérenger 1st, an everyman figure who struggles to come to terms with his own death. In literature and drama the term everyman has come to mean an ordinary individual with whom the audience or reader is supposed to be able to identify easily and who is often placed

Later works

Ionesco's later work has generally received less attention. This includes La Soif et la faim translated as Hunger and Thirst (1966), Jeux de massacre (1971), Macbett (1972, a free adaptation of Shakespeare's Macbeth) and Ce formidable bordel (1973). Hunger and Thirst ( French original title La Soif et la faim) is one of the last plays by Eugène Ionesco. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Macbett (1972 is Eugène Ionesco 's Satire on Shakespeare 's Macbeth. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. William Shakespeare ( baptised Macbeth is among the best-known of William Shakespeare 's plays, and is his shortest tragedy, believed to have been written some time between Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar.

Apart from the libretto for the opera Maximilien Kolbe (music by Dominique Probst) which has been performed in five countries, filmed for television and recorded on CD, Ionesco did not write for the stage after Voyage chez les morts in 1981. A libretto is the text used in an extended Musical work such as an Opera, Operetta, Masque, sacred or secular Oratorio and Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Dominique Probst (born 1954 is a French Composer. The son of a noted playwright Gisele Casadesus and actor and director with the Comedie Francaise, Lucien However, La Cantatrice chauve is still playing at the Théâtre de la Huchette today, having moved there in 1952. The Bald Soprano or The Bald Prima Donna (original French title La Cantatrice Chauve) is the first play

Theoretical writings

Like Shaw and Brecht, Ionesco also contributed to the theatre with his theoretical writings (Wellwarth, 33). George Bernard Shaw ( (26 July 1856 &ndash 2 November 1950 was an Irish Playwright. (born; 10 February 1898&ndash14 August 1956 was a German Poet, Playwright, and Theatre director. Ionesco wrote mainly in attempts to correct critics who he felt misunderstood his work and therefore wrongly influenced his audience. In doing so, Ionesco articulated ways in which he thought contemporary theatre should be reformed (Wellwarth, 33). Notes and Counter Notes is a collection of Ionesco's writings, including musings on why he chose to write for the theatre and direct responses to his contemporary critics.

In the first section, titled "Experience of the Theatre," Ionesco claimed to have hated going to the theatre as a child because it gave him "no pleasure or feeling of participation" (Ionesco, 15). He wrote that the problem with realistic theatre is that it is less interesting than theatre that invokes an "imaginative truth," which he found to be much more interesting and freeing than the "narrow" truth presented by strict realism (Ionesco, 15). He claimed that "drama that relies on simple effects is not necessarily drama simplified" (Ionesco, 28). Notes and Counter Notes also reprints a heated war of words between Ionesco and Kenneth Tynan based on Ionesco's above stated beliefs and Ionesco's hatred for Brecht and Brechtian theatre. Kenneth Peacock Tynan ( 2 April 1927 - 26 July 1980) was an influential and often controversial British Theatre Critic

Literary context

Ionesco is often considered a writer of the Theatre of the Absurd. The Theatre of the Absurd ( French: Théâtre de l'Absurde) is a designation for particular plays written by a number of primarily European Playwrights This is a label originally given to him by Martin Esslin in his book of the same name, placing Ionesco alongside such contemporary writers as Samuel Beckett, Jean Genet, and Arthur Adamov. Martin Julius Esslin ( June 6, 1918 &ndash February 24, 2002) was a Hungarian -born English producer and script Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989 was an Irish Writer, Dramatist and poet Jean Genet (ʒɑ̃ ʒəˈnɛ in French ( –) was a prominent controversial French writer and later political activist. Arthur Adamov ( 23 August 1908 – 15 March 1970) was a Playwright, one of the foremost exponents of the Theatre of the Absurd Esslin called them "absurd" based on Albert Camus' concept of the absurd, claiming that Beckett and Ionesco better captured the meaninglessness of existence in their plays than in work by Camus or Sartre. Albert Camus ( (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960 was an Algerian born French Author, philosopher, and journalist who won the Nobel prize Because of this loose association, Ionesco is often mislabeled an existentialist. Ionesco claimed in Notes and Counter Notes that he was not an existentialist and often criticized existentialist figurehead Jean-Paul Sartre. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French Although Ionesco knew Beckett and honored his work, the French group of playwrights was far from an organized movement.

Ionesco claimed instead an affinity for Pataphysics and its creator Alfred Jarry. 'Pataphysics ( French: 'Pataphysique) a term coined by French writer Alfred Jarry (1873 – 1907 is a Alfred Jarry ( 8 September 1873 &ndash 1 November 1907) was a French Writer born in Laval, Mayenne He was also a great admirer of the Dadaists and Surrealists, especially his fellow countryman Tristan Tzara. For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members Tristan Tzara (born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S Ionesco became friends with the founder of Surrealism, Andre Breton, whom he revered. Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members André Breton (in French ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃ ( February 19, 1896 &ndash September 28, 1966) was a French Writer, In Present Past, Past Present, Ionesco wrote, "Breton taught us to destroy the walls of the real that separate us from reality, to participate in being so as to live as if it were the first day of creation, a day that would every day be the first day of new creations. " ^[5] Raymond Queneau, a former associate of Breton and a champion of Ionesco's work, was a member of the Collège de ’Pataphysique and a founder of Oulipo, two groups with which Ionesco was associated. Raymond Queneau ( February 21, 1903 &ndash October 25, 1976) was a French Poet and Novelist and the co-founder 'Pataphysics ( French: 'Pataphysique) a term coined by French writer Alfred Jarry (1873 – 1907 is a Oulipo (pronounced oo-lee-PO stands for " Ou vroir de li ttérature po tentielle" which translates roughly as "workshop of potential literature" ^[6]

Selected works

Plays

• The Bald Soprano (1950, The Bald Soprano)
• Salutations (1950, Les Salutations)
• The Lesson (1951, La Leçon)
• The Chairs (1952, Les Chaises)
• The Leader (1953, Le Maître)
• Victims of Duty (1953 Victimes du devoir)
• Maid to Marry (1953, La Jeune Fille à marier)
• Amédée, or How to Get Rid of It (1954, Amédée ou comment s'en débarrasser)
• Jack, or the Submission (1955, Jacques ou la soumission)
• The New Tenant (1955, Le Nouveau Locataire)
• The Picture (1955, Le Tableau)
• Improvisation, or The Shepherd's Chameleon (1956, L'Impromptu de l'Alma)
• The Future is in Eggs (1957, L'avenir est dans les œufs)
• The Killer (1958, Tueur sans gages)
• Foursome (1959, Scène à quatre)
• Apprendre à marcher (1960)
• Rhinocéros (1959, Rhinoceros)
• Frenzy for Two or More (1962, Délire à deux)
• Exit the King (1962, Le Roi se meurt)
• A Stroll in the Air (1963, Le Piéton de l'air)
• Hunger and Thirst (1964, La Soif et la faim)
• La Lacune (1966)
• Killing Game (1970, Jeux de massacre)
• Macbett (1972)
  • Productions, 1972 to present (in French)
• Man With Bags (1977, L'Homme aux valises)
• Journeys among the Dead (1980, Voyage chez les morts)
• Le Vicomte (Unfinished, The Viscount)

Essays and theoretical writings

• Nu (1934)
• Hugoliade (1935)
• La Tragédie du langage (1958)
• Expérience du théâtre (1958)
• Discours sur l'avant-garde (1959)
• Notes et contre-notes (1962, Notes and Counternotes)
• Fragments of a Journal (1966)
• Découvertes (1969)
• Antidotes (1977)

Novels and stories

• La Vase (1956)
• Le Piéton de l'air (1961, A Stroll in the Air)
• La Photo du colonel (1962, The Colonel's Photograph and Other Stories)
• Le Solitaire (1973, The Hermit)

Operatic adaptations and libretti

• Le Maître (1962) Music by Germaine Tailleferre of Les Six
• Maximilien Kolbe (1988) Music by Dominique Probst

Poetry

• Elegii pentru fiinţe mici (1931)

References and Notes

Sources

Print

Find A Grave is a Website allowing its users to access maintain and expand an online Database of Burial records Jean Paulhan ( 2 December 1884 — 9 October 1968) was a French writer literary critic and publisher director of the literary magazine This is a list of members of the Académie française (French Academy by seat number L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. Marc Fumaroli was born June 10, 1932 in Marseille A historian and essayist he was elected to the Académie française March 2, 1995

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