Evolution of the word "ma"

Etymology is the study of the history of words — when they entered a language, from what source, and how their form and meaning have changed over time. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology A word is a unit of Language that carries meaning and consists of one or more Morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together and has a Phonetic

In languages with a long detailed history, etymology makes use of philology, the study of how words change from culture to culture over time. See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" However, etymologists also apply the methods of comparative linguistics to reconstruct information about languages that are too old for any direct information (such as writing) to be known. Comparative linguistics (originally comparative Philology) is a branch of Historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages in order to By analyzing related languages with a technique known as the comparative method, linguists can make inferences, about their shared parent language and its vocabulary. The comparative method (in Comparative linguistics) is a technique used by linguists to demonstrate genetic relationships between Languages It aims to prove In this way, word roots have been found which can be traced all the way back to the origin of, for instance, the Indo-European language family. The root is the primary lexical unit of a Word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family

Even though etymological research originally grew from the philological tradition, nowadays much etymological research is done in language families where little or no early documentation is available, such as Uralic and Austronesian. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Uralic languages (jʊˈrælɨk constitute a language family of 39 Languages spoken by approximately 20 million people

Etymology of etymology

The word "etymology" itself comes from the Ancient Greek ἐτυμολογία (etumologia) < ἔτυμον (etumon), “‘true sense’” + -λογία (-logia), “‘study of’”, from λόγος (logos), "speech, oration, discourse, word". The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c grc-Latn Logos (ˈloʊːgɒs ( Greek, logos) is an important term in Philosophy, Analytical psychology, Rhetoric and Religion The Greek poet Pindar (b. Pindar (ˈpɪndɚ (or Pindarus, Greek:) (probably born 522 BC in Cynoscephalae a village in Boeotia; died 443 BC in Argos) was an Ancient approx. 522 BC) employed creative etymologies to flatter his patrons. Events 529 BC — Cambyses II started to rule He is son of Cyrus II. Plutarch employed etymologies insecurely based on fancied resemblances in sounds. Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c Isidore of Seville's Etymologiae was an encyclopedic tracing of "first things" that remained uncritically in use in Europe until the fifteenth century. Saint Isidore of Seville ( Spanish: es ''San Isidro'' or es ''San Isidoro de Sevilla'' Latin: latin ''Isidorus Hispalensis'' (c Etymologiae (or Origines, standard abbrev Orig) is an Encyclopedia compiled by Isidore of Seville (died Etymologicum genuinum is a grammatical encyclopedia edited at Constantinople in the ninth century, one of several similar Byzantine works. The Etymologicum Magnum ( Ancient Greek: Μέγα Ετυμολογικόν or Etymologicum genuinum was a grammatical encyclopedia edited at Constantinople The fourteenth-century Legenda Aurea begins each vita of a saint with a fanciful excursus in the form of an etymology. The Golden Legend (Legenda Aurea by Jacopo da Varagine is a collection of fanciful hagiographies or lives of the Saints that became a late medieval An excursus (from Latin excurrere, "to run out of" is a short episode or anecdote in a work of literature.

Types of word origins

Etymological theory recognizes that words originate through a limited number of basic mechanisms, the most important of which are the following:

• Borrowing, i. e. the adoption of loanwords from other languages. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation
• Word formation such as derivation and compounding. In Linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new Word. In Linguistics, derivation is "Used to form new words as with happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from In Linguistics, a compound is a Lexeme (less precisely a Word) that consists of more than one stem.
• Onomatopoeia and sound symbolism, i. Onomatopoeia (also spelled onomatopœia, from Greek: ονοματοποιΐα is a Word or a grouping of words that imitates the sound it is describing Sound symbolism or phonosemantics is a branch of Linguistics and refers to the idea that vocal sounds have meaning e. the creation of imitative words.

While the origin of newly emerged words is often more or less transparent, it tends to become obscured through time due to:

• Sound change: for example, it is not obvious at first sight that English set is related to sit (the former is originally a causative formation of the latter), and even less so that bless is related to blood (the former was originally a derivative with the meaning "to mark with blood", or the like). Sound change includes any processes of Language change that affect pronunciation ( phonetic change) or sound system structures ( Phonological change A causative form in Linguistics, is an expression of an agent causing or forcing a patient to perform an action (or to be in a certain condition
• Semantic change: English bead originally meant "prayer", and acquired its modern sense through the practice of counting prayers with beads. In diachronic (or historical linguistics, semantic change is a change in one of the meanings of a word.

Most often combinations of etymological mechanisms apply. For example, the German word bitte (please) the German word beten (to pray) and the Dutch word bidden (to pray) are related through sound and meaning to the English word bead.

The combination of sound change and semantic change often creates etymological connections that are impossible to detect by merely looking at the modern word-forms. For instance, English lord comes from Old English hlāf-weard, meaning literally "bread guard". The components of this compound, in turn, yielded modern English loaf and ward.

Methods of etymology

Etymologists apply a number of methods to study the origins of words, some of which are:

• Philological research. See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" Changes in the form and meaning of the word can be traced with the aid of older texts, if such are available.
• Making use of dialectological data. Dialectology (from Greek grc διάλεκτος dialektos, "talk dialect" and grc -λογία -logia) is a sub-field of Historical The form or meaning of the word might show variation between dialects, which may yield clues of its earlier history.
• The comparative method. The comparative method (in Comparative linguistics) is a technique used by linguists to demonstrate genetic relationships between Languages It aims to prove By a systematic comparison of related languages, etymologists can detect which words derive from their common ancestor language and which were instead later borrowed from another language.
• The study of semantic change. In diachronic (or historical linguistics, semantic change is a change in one of the meanings of a word. Etymologists often have to make hypotheses about changes of meaning of particular words. Such hypotheses are tested against the general knowledge of semantic shifts. For example, the assumption of a particular change of meaning can be substantiated by showing that the same type of change has occurred in many other languages as well.

English etymology

Main article: History of the English language

As a language, English is derived from the Anglo-Saxon, a West Germanic variety, although its current vocabulary includes words from many languages. English is a West Germanic language which originated from the Anglo-Frisian Dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of Languages and include languages such as English The Anglo-Saxon roots can be seen in the similarity of numbers in English and German, particularly seven/sieben, eight/acht, nine/neun and ten/zehn. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Pronouns are also cognate: I/ich; thou/Du; we/wir; she/sie. In Linguistics and Grammar, a pronoun is a Pro-form that substitutes for a (including a noun phrase consisting of a single Noun) with or However, language change has eroded many grammatical elements, such as the noun case system, which is greatly simplified in Modern English; and certain elements of vocabulary, much of which is borrowed from French. Historical linguistics (also called diachronic linguistics) is the study of language change In Grammar, the case of a Noun or Pronoun indicates its Grammatical function in a greater Phrase or Clause; such as the French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Though more than half of the words in English either come from the French language or have a French cognate, most of the common words used are still of Germanic origin. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. For an example of the etymology of an English irregular verb of Germanic origin, see the etymology of the word go. For English usage of verbs see the wiki article English verbs. The Verb to go is irregular and apart from be is the only suppletive verb in the English language

When the Normans conquered England in 1066 (see Norman Conquest) they brought their Norman language with them. The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. Norman is a Romance language and one of the Oïl languages. The northern Norman can be classified in the septentrional Oil languages with Picard and During the Anglo-Norman period which united insular and continental territories, the ruling class spoke Anglo-Norman, while the peasants spoke the English of the time. The Anglo-Normans were mainly the descendants of the Normans who ruled England following the conquest by William of Normandy in 1066, although The Anglo-Norman language is a term traditionally used to refer to the variety of French used in England and to some extent elsewhere in the British Isles following the Anglo-Norman was the conduit for the introduction of French into England, aided by the circulation of Langue d'oïl literature from France. Langues d'oïl is the linguistic and historical designation of the Gallo-Romance languages originating from the northern territories of Roman Gaul, This led to many paired words of French and English origin. For example, beef is cognate with the modern French bœuf, meaning the meat of a cow; veal with veau, meaning calf meat; pork with porc, meaning pig meat; and poultry with poulet, meaning chicken. Beef is the Culinary name for Meat from Bovines especially domestic Cattle (cows Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family Veal is the Meat of A calf (kɑːf plural calves, /kɑːvz/ is the young of various species of Mammal. Pork' is the Culinary name for Meat from the domestic Pig ( Sus scrofa) often specifically the fresh meat but can be used as an all-inclusive Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times Poultry is the category of Domesticated Birds which some humans keep for the purpose of collecting their eggs, or kill for their Meat and/or The chicken ( Gallus gallus, sometimes G gallus domesticus) is a domesticated Fowl which is traditionally believed to have descended from This relationship carries over into the names for farm animals where the cognate is with modern German. For example swine/Schwein; cow/Kuh; calf/Kalb; sheep/Schafe. It has been asserted that the reason why the foodstuff has the Norman name, and the animal the Anglo-Saxon name, was due to the fact that the Norman rulers who ate meat (meat was an expensive commodity and could rarely be afforded by the Anglo-Saxons), and the Anglo-Saxons who farmed the animals. Others dispute this.

English words of more than two syllables are likely to come from French, often with modified terminations. For example, the French words for syllable, modified, terminations and example are syllabe, modifié, terminaisons and exemple. In many cases, the English form of the word is more conservative (that is, has changed less) than the French form. Polysyllabic words in English also carry connotations of better education or politeness.

English has proven accommodating to words from many languages. Scientific terminology relies heavily on words of Latin and Greek origin. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Spanish has contributed many words, particularly in the southwestern United States. Examples include buckaroo from vaquero or "cowboy", alligator from el lagarto or "the lizard", and rodeo. Cuddle, eerie and greed come from Scots; , mosque, muslim, apricot, adobe, alcohol, algorithm, assassin, cotton, caliber,sherif, orange, julep, hazard, candy, cat, jar, jacket, safari, sofa and zero from Arabic; honcho, sushi, and tsunami from Japanese; dim sum, gung ho, kowtow, kumquat, ketchup, and typhoon from Cantonese Chinese; behemoth, hallelujah, Satan, jubilee, and rabbi from Hebrew; taiga, sable and sputnik from Russian; galore, whiskey, phoney and Tory from Irish; guru,karma,pandit from Sanskrit; kampong and amok from Malay; and boondocks from the Tagalog word bundok. Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities Standard Cantonese is the standard variant of the Cantonese (Yuet language Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the The boondocks is a remote usually brushy rural area or a term for a remote city or town that is considered unsophisticated Tagalog is one of the major languages used in the Philippines. See also loanword. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation

History of etymology

The search for meaningful origins for familiar or strange words is far older than the modern understanding of linguistic evolution and the relationships of languages, with its roots no deeper than the 18th century. From Antiquity through the 17th century, from Pāṇini to Pindar to Sir Thomas Browne, etymology had been a form of witty wordplay, in which the supposed origins of words were changed to satisfy contemporary requirements. Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean Pāṇini ( IAST: Pāṇini Dēvanāgarī: sa पाणिनि a Patronymic meaning "descendant of {{IAST|Paṇi}} " was an ancient Pindar (ˈpɪndɚ (or Pindarus, Greek:) (probably born 522 BC in Cynoscephalae a village in Boeotia; died 443 BC in Argos) was an Ancient Sir Thomas Browne ( October 19, 1605 &ndash October 19, 1682) was an English author of varied works which disclose his wide learning

Ancient Sanskrit etymology

Main article: Nirukta

The Sanskrit linguists and grammarians of ancient India were the first to make a comprehensive analysis of linguistics and etymology. Nirukta ("explanation etymological interpretation" is one of the six {{IAST|Vedānga}} disciplines of Hinduism, treating Etymology, particularly Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical This article is about the history of South Asia prior to the Partition of British India in 1947 The study of Sanskrit etymology has provided Western scholars the basis of historical linguistics and modern etymology. Historical linguistics (also called diachronic linguistics) is the study of language change Four of the most famous Sanskrit linguists are:

• Yaska (c. Yāska (यास्कः(6th-5th centuries BC according to Shukla Georgetown University was a Sanskrit grammarian who preceded Pānini. 6th-5th centuries BCE)
• Pāṇini (c. Pāṇini ( IAST: Pāṇini Dēvanāgarī: sa पाणिनि a Patronymic meaning "descendant of {{IAST|Paṇi}} " was an ancient 520-460 BCE)
• Kātyāyana (2nd century BCE)
• Patañjali (2nd century BCE)

Though they are not the earliest Sanskrit grammarians, they follow a line of more ancient grammar people of Sanskrit dating back up to several centuries earlier. Kātyāyana (c 3rd century BC was a Sanskrit grammarian, mathematician and Vedic priest who lived in ancient India. Patañjali ( Devanāgarī पतञ्जलि (fl 150 BCE or 2nd c The earliest of attested etymologies can be found in Vedic literature, in the philosophical explanations of the Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads. "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. The Brāhmaṇa s ( Devanagari: sa ब्राह्मणं are part of the Hindu śruti literature The Aranyakas (Sanskrit आरण्यक āraṇyaka) are part of the Hindu śruti, the four Vedas these religious texts were composed in The Upanishads ( Devanagari: उपनिषद् IAST: upaniṣad also spelled "Upanisad" are Hindu scriptures that constitute the core teachings

The analyses of Sanskrit grammar of the previously mentioned linguists involve extensive studies on the etymology (called Nirukta or Vyutpatti in Sanskrit) of Sanskrit words, because the ancient Indo-Aryans considered sound and speech itself to be sacred, and for them, the words of the sacred Vedas contained deep encoding of the mysteries of the soul and God. The Sanskrit grammatical tradition of vyākaraṇa is one of the six Vedanga disciplines Nirukta ("explanation etymological interpretation" is one of the six {{IAST|Vedānga}} disciplines of Hinduism, treating Etymology, particularly "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation.

Ancient Greco-Roman etymology

One of the earliest philosophical texts of the Classical Greek period to deal with etymology was the Socratic dialogue Cratylus (c. Socratic dialogue ( Greek Σωκρατικός λόγος or Σωκρατικός διάλογος) is a genre of prose literary works developed in Cratylus ( Greek: Κράτυλος is the name of a dialogue by Plato. 360 BC) by Plato. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece During much of the dialogue, Socrates makes guesses as to the origins of many words, including the names of the gods. SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. In his Odes Pindar spins complimentary etymologies to flatter his patrons. Ode (from the Ancient Greek) is a form of stately and elaborate lyrical verse. Plutarch (Life of Numa Pompilius) spins an etymology for pontifex ("bridge-builder"):

the priests, called Pontifices. Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c Numa Pompilius, according to Legend, was the second King of Rome, succeeding Romulus. PONTIFEX (Planning Of Non-specific Transportation by an Intelligent Fleet EXpert was a mid-1980s project that introduced a novel approach to complex aircraft fleet scheduling . . . have the name of Pontifices from potens, powerful, because they attend the service of the gods, who have power and command over all. Others make the word refer to exceptions of impossible cases; the priests were to perform all the duties possible to them; if any thing lay beyond their power, the exception was not to be cavilled at. The most common opinion is the most absurd, which derives this word from pons, and assigns the priests the title of bridge-makers. The sacrifices performed on the bridge were amongst the most sacred and ancient, and the keeping and repairing of the bridge attached, like any other public sacred office, to the priesthood.

Plutarch's etymology of "syncretism", involving Cretans banding together, rather than a parallel to concrete or accrete, is uncritically accepted even today (see Syncretism). Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Syncretism consists of the attempt to reconcile disparate or contradictory beliefs often while melding practices of various schools of thought Degrading and insulting pseudo-etymologies were a standard weapon of Jerome's arsenal of sarcasm. Jerome (c 347 – September 30, 420) ( Latin: Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος A modern false etymology claims that ANTHROPOS, "human being," comes from ANA and OPSOMAI--"one who looks up. " This not only is an irrelevant human characteristic, but it also fails to account for some of the letters. Better would be ANTI, "back and forth," RHETHEIS, "making a sound," and EPOS, "word": "a creature that speaks back. "

Without doubt, the most important Roman work containing - albeit mostly erroneous - etymologies was the famous multi-volume De Lingua Latina written by Varro.

Medieval etymology

Main article: Medieval etymology

Isidore of Seville compiled a volume of etymologies to illuminate the triumph of religion. Medieval etymology is the study of the history of words as conducted by scholars in the European Middle Ages. Saint Isidore of Seville ( Spanish: es ''San Isidro'' or es ''San Isidoro de Sevilla'' Latin: latin ''Isidorus Hispalensis'' (c Each saint's legend in Jacob de Voragine's Legenda Aurea begins with an etymological riff on the saint's name:

Lucy is said of light, and light is beauty in beholding, after that S. Blessed Jacobus de Varagine or Voragine (Giacomo da Varazze Jacopo da Varazze (c The Golden Legend (Legenda Aurea by Jacopo da Varagine is a collection of fanciful hagiographies or lives of the Saints that became a late medieval Ambrose saith: The nature of light is such, she is gracious in beholding, she spreadeth over all without lying down, she passeth in going right without crooking by right long line; and it is without dilation of tarrying, and therefore it is showed the blessed Lucy hath beauty of virginity without any corruption; essence of charity without disordinate love; rightful going and devotion to God, without squaring out of the way; right long line by continual work without negligence of slothful tarrying. In Lucy is said, the way of light. [1].

Modern etymology

Further information: comparative method

Etymology in the modern sense emerges in the late 18th century European academia, within the context of the wider "Age of Enlightenment", although preceded by 17th century pioneers such as Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn, Vossius, Stephen Skinner, Elisha Coles or William Wotton. The comparative method (in Comparative linguistics) is a technique used by linguists to demonstrate genetic relationships between Languages It aims to prove The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn ( August 28, 1612 - October 3, 1653) was a Dutch scholar Gerhard Johann Vossius ( Voss) ( 1577 - March 19, 1649) Dutch classical scholar and theologian, was the son of Johannes Stephen Skinner (1631-1667 was a Lincoln physician lexicographer and etymologist Elisha Coles (ca 1608 - 1688 was a 17th century English lexicographer and stenographer chorister of Magdalen College, Oxford 1658-61 teacher of Latin and English William Wotton ( August 13, 1666 - February 13, 1727) was an English scholar chiefly remembered for his remarkable abilities in learning

The first known systematic attempt to prove the relationship between two languages on the basis of similarity of grammar and lexicon was made by the Hungarian János Sajnovics in 1770, when he attempted to demonstrate the relationship between Sami and Hungarian (work that was later extended to the whole Finno-Ugric language family in 1799 by his fellow countryman Samuel Gyarmathi). Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. In Linguistics, the lexicon (from Greek Λεξικόν of a language is its Vocabulary, including its words and expressions János Sajnovics de Tordas et Káloz (1733—1785 was a Hungarian linguist and Jesuit. Sami or Saami is a general name for a group of Finnic languages spoken by the Sami people in parts of northern Finland, Norway Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Finno-Ugric (ˌfɪnoʊˈjuːgɹɪk is a grouping of languages in the Uralic language family comprising Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and ^[1] The origin of modern historical linguistics is often traced back to Sir William Jones, an English philologist living in India, who in 1782 observed the genetic relationship between Sanskrit, Greek and Latin. Historical linguistics (also called diachronic linguistics) is the study of language change Sir William Jones ( September 28, 1746 &ndash April 27, 1794) was an English philologist and student of ancient India See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Jones published his The Sanscrit Language in 1786, laying the foundation for the field of Indo-European linguistics. Indo-European studies is a field of Linguistics dealing with Indo-European languages, both current and extinct

The study of etymology in Germanic philology was introduced by Rasmus Christian Rask in the early 19th century, and taken to high standards with the German Dictionary of the Brothers Grimm. This article is about the history of the discipline for linguistic phenomena see Germanic languages and the navigation template below Rasmus (Christian Rask (ʁɑsmus ʁɑsɡ̊ ( November 22, 1787 - November 14, 1832) Danish scholar and Philologist, was The Deutsches Wörterbuch (called DWB or "der Grimm" is one of the most important etymological dictionaries of the German language The Brothers Grimm ( German: Die Gebrüder Grimm) Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, The successes of the comparative approach culminated in the Neogrammarian school of the late 19th century. The Neogrammarians (also Young Grammarians, German Junggrammatiker) were a German school of linguists, originally at the University of Leipzig

Still in the 19th century, the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche used etymological strategies (principally, and most famously, in On the Genealogy of Morals, but also elsewhere) to argue that moral values have definite historical (specifically cultural) origins where modulations in meaning regarding certain concepts (such as "good" and "evil") showed how these ideas had changed over time, according to which value-system appropriated them. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist On the Genealogy of Morality, or On the Genealogy of Morals (German Zur Genealogie der Moral) subtitled "A Polemic " ( Eine Streitschrift Although many of Nietzsche's etymologies are wrong, the strategy has gained popularity in the 20th century, with philosophers such as Jacques Derrida using etymologies to indicate former meanings of words with view to decentring the "violent hierarchies" of Western metaphysics. Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science

Bibliography

• Skeat, Walter W. (2000), The Concise Dictionary of English Etymology, repr ed. Walter William Skeat ( November 21, 1835 - 1912 English Philologist, was born in London on the 21st of November 1835 and educated , Diane. (ISBN 0-7881-9161-6)
• Skeat, Walter W. (1963) An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, (ISBN 0-19-863104-9)
• C. Walter William Skeat ( November 21, 1835 - 1912 English Philologist, was born in London on the 21st of November 1835 and educated T. Onions, G. W. S. Friedrichsen, R. W. Burchfield, (1966, reprinted 1992, 1994), Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, (ISBN 0-19-861112-9)
• Liberman, Anatoly (2005) "Word Origins. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology is a notable Etymological dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press Anatoly Liberman (Анатолий Симонович Либерман (born in 1937 is a professor in the Department of German, Scandinavian and Dutch . . and How We Know Them: Etymology for Everyone", (ISBN 0-19-516147-5)

See also

• Back-formation
• Cognate, false cognate
• Etymological dictionary
• Etymological fallacy
• False etymology, folk etymology
• Historical linguistics, proto-language
• Lists of etymologies
• Malapropism
• Medieval etymology
• Neologism
• Philology
• Semantic progression, semantic shift
• Suppletion
• Toponymy

External links

English Language

Reference Sources

Large-Scale Online

• Online Etymology Dictionary — A site created by one person (Douglas Harper) using multiple etymological references, often with anecdotal information. In Etymology, back-formation refers to the process of creating a new Lexeme (less precisely a new "word" by removing actual or supposed Affixes Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from False cognates are pairs of words in the same or different Languages that are similar in form and meaning but have different roots. An etymological dictionary discusses the Etymology of the words listed The etymological fallacy holds erroneously that the original or historical meaning of a word or phrase is necessarily similar to its actual present-day meaning A false etymology is an assumed or postulated Etymology that current consensus among scholars of Historical linguistics holds to be incorrect Folk etymology is a term used in two distinct ways A commonly held misunderstanding of the origin of a particular word a False etymology. Historical linguistics (also called diachronic linguistics) is the study of language change A proto-language is a Language which was the common ancestor of related languages that form a Language family. This is a list of etymological lists. General List of company name etymologies List of computer term etymologies A malapropism (also called a Dogberryism) is the substitution of an incorrect word for a word with a similar sound usually to comic effect Medieval etymology is the study of the history of words as conducted by scholars in the European Middle Ages. A neologism (from Greek neo = "new" + logos = "word" is a word that although devised relatively recently in a specific time period has been See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" Semantic progression, also known as 'semantic shift' describes the evolution of Word usage &mdash usually to the point that the modern meaning is radically different from In diachronic (or historical linguistics, semantic change is a change in one of the meanings of a word. In Linguistics and Etymology, suppletion is traditionally understood as the use of one word as the inflected form of another word when the two words Toponymy refers to the scientific study of place-names ( toponyms) their origins meanings use and Typology. (Wikipedia has more information on the Online Etymology Dictionary. The Online Etymology Dictionary is a Dictionary that describes the origins of English language words )
• Merriam-Webster Dictionary — A full-scale dictionary with traditional etymologies traced usually no further than Latin.
• An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary — The largest dictionary covering the earliest stages of the English language.

Other

• World Wide Words — Etymology newsletter.
• Double-Tongued Dictionary — A dictionary featuring dated citations.
• Behind the Name — Database of the history and etymology of names in dozens of languages.
• Take Our Word — Etymology magazine.
  • Take Our Word Bibliography of etymological dictionaries.
• Word Origins (including phrases).
• Words origins — Long single-page reference.
• Origin Trail — Wiki-based site devoted to the study of origins.
• Word Spy — Site dedicated to recently coined words and existing words revived into modern usage.

Specialist

• Curiosities of Biological Nomenclature
• Oxford Etymologist — Anatoly Liberman, the Oxford Eytmologist writes a weekly column.

Radio and Podcast

• A Way with Words — A call-in public radio show that often addresses word origins.
• Podictionary — The audio word-a-day.

Indo-European languages

• [2] — IEED — Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
• [3] — Indo-European Etymology by S. A. Starostin et al.
• [4] — Gothic Etymology by Andras Rajki
• [5] — Gaelic Etymology by A. MacBain
• [6] — Swedish Etymology by Elof Hellquist
• [7] — Nepali Etymology by R. L. Turner
• Large Etymological Dictionary of Russian language
• OOmnik Korneslov Project — Lexical roots and their derivatives of Russian language

Altaic languages

• [8] — Altaic Etymology by S. A. Starostin et al.
• [9] — Gagauz Etymology by Andras Rajki
• [10] — Mongolian Etymology by Andras Rajki

Uralic languages

• [11] — Uralic Etymology by S. A. Starostin et al.
• [12] — Finnish Etymology by Andras Rajki
• [13] — Lapp Etymology

Afroasiatic languages

• [14] — Afroasiatic Etymology by S. A. Starostin et al.
• [15] — Arabic Etymology by Andras Rajki

Creole languages and Conlangs

• [16] — Tok Pisin Etymology by F. Mihalic
• [17] — Esperanto Etymology by Andras Rajki

Other languages

• South Dravidian Etymology
• [18] — Dravidian Etymology by T. Burrow
• [19] — Swahili Etymology by Andras Rajki
• [20] — Waray Etymology by Andras Rajki
• [21] — Maori Etymology by Tregear
• [22] — Thai Etymology by M. Haas
• [23] — Indonesian Etymology by S. M. Zain
• [24] — Chinese Etymology by W. Baxter
• [25] — Shuowen Jiezi, early 2nd century CE Chinese Etymology dictionary by Xu Shen