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Etruscan mural of the God Typhon.
Etruscan mural of the God Typhon. In Greek mythology, Typhon ( Ancient Greek:, Tuphōn) also Typheus / Typhoeus ( Tuphōeus) Typhaon (

The Etruscans were a people of unknown origin living in Northern Italy, who were eventually integrated into Roman culture and politically became part of the Roman Republic. Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the The Etruscans had both a religion and a supporting mythology. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" Many Etruscan beliefs, customs and divinities became part of Roman culture, including the Roman pantheon. Roman mythology, or more appropriately Latin mythology, refers to the mythological beliefs of the Italic people inhabiting the region of Latium and its

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Polytheistic belief system

The Etruscan system of belief was an immanent polytheism; that is, all visible phenomena were considered to be a manifestation of divine power and that power was subdivided into deities that acted continually on the world of man and could be dissuaded or persuaded in favor of human affairs. Polytheism is belief in or worship of multiple Gods (usually assembled in a pantheon) together with associated Mythology and Rituals Divinity and divine (sometimes 'the Divinity' or 'the Divine' are broadly applied but loosely defined terms used variously within different faiths and belief systems — See also List of deities A deity is a Postulated Preternatural or Supernatural Being, who is always Three layers are evident in the extensive Etruscan art motifs. One appears to be divinities of an indigenous nature: Catha and Usil, the sun, Tivr, the moon, Selvans, a civil god, Turan, the goddess of love, Laran, the god of war, Leinth, the goddess of death, Maris, Thalna, Turms and the ever-popular Fufluns, whose name is related in some unknown way to the city of Populonia and the populus Romanus. In Etruscan mythology, Selvans was god of the woodlands cognate with Roman Silvanus. Turan was the Etruscan Goddess of love and vitality and patroness of the city of Velch. In Etruscan mythology, Laran was the god of War. In art he was portrayed as a naked young man with a Helmet and a Spear. Maris (or Mariś) was the Etruscan god of Agriculture and fertility later borrowed by the Romans as a war/agricultual god Mars and equated with In Etruscan mythology, Thalna was the Goddess of Childbirth and wife of Tinia. In Etruscan mythology, Turms was the equivalent of Greek Hermes, god of trade and the messenger god between people and gods In Etruscan mythology, Fufluns (or Puphluns) was a god of plant life happiness and health and growth in all things Populonia ( Latin: Populonium, Etruscan: Pupluna or Fufluna) is a Frazione Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy Perhaps he was the god of the people.

Ruling over this pantheon of lesser deities were higher ones that seem to reflect the Indo-European system: Tin or Tinia, the sky, Uni his wife (Juno), and Cel, the earth goddess. The Etruscan bright sky god Tinia (also Tin, Tins or Tina) was the highest god in Etruscan mythology, the Etruscan equivalent of the Roman Juno was the protector and special counselor of the Roman state In addition the Greek gods were taken into the Etruscan system: Aritimi (Artemis), Menrva (Minerva;Latin name for Athena), and Pacha (Bacchus;Latin name for Dionysus). In Greek mythology, Artemis language|Greek] ( Nominative), ( Genitive))] was the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister In Greek mythology, Artemis language|Greek] ( Nominative), ( Genitive))] was the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister Menrva (also spelled Menerva Merva and Mera was an Etruscan goddess of war art wisdom and health The MInisterial NEtwoRk for Valorising Activities in digitisation, or MINERVA, is a European Union organization concerned with the digitisation of cultural and ATHENA was an Antimatter research project that took place at the AD Ring at CERN. In Classical mythology, Dionysus or Dionysos (in Greek, Διόνυσος or Διώνυσος; associated with Roman In Classical mythology, Dionysus or Dionysos (in Greek, Διόνυσος or Διώνυσος; associated with Roman The heroes taken from Homer also appear extensively in art motifs. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the

Religious practices

Rare Etruscan fanu.
Rare Etruscan fanu.

The Etruscans believed in intimate contact with divinity. They did nothing without proper consultation with the gods and signs from them. These practices were taken over in total by the Romans. A god was called an ais (later eis) which in the plural is aisar. Where they were was a fanu or luth, a sacred place, such as a favi, a grave or temple. There one would need to make a fler (plural flerchva) "offering".

Around the mun or muni, the tombs, were the man or mani (Latin Manes), the souls of the ancestors. A deceased person travels to the underworld called Aita "Hades" and thus may be referred to as a hinthial (literally "(one who is) underneath"). Hades (from Greek, Hadēs, originally, Haidēs or, Aidēs, probably from Indo-European *n̥-wid- 'unseen' refers both to the ancient A special magistrate, the cechase, looked after the cecha, or rath, sacred things. Every man, however, had his religious responsibilities, which were expressed in an alumnathe or slecaches, a sacred society. No public event was conducted without the netsvis, the haruspex, or his female equivalent, the nethsra. They read the bumps on the liver of a properly sacrificed sheep. We have a model of a liver made of bronze, whose religious significance is still a matter of heated debate, marked into sections which perhaps are meant to explain what the bump in that region should mean. Divination through haruspicy is a tradition originating from the Fertile Crescent.

Beliefs of the hereafter

Like the Egyptians, the Etruscans believed in eternal life, but prosperity there was linked to funereal prosperity here. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The tombs in many cases were better than many houses, with spacious chambers, wall frescoes and grave furniture. Most Etruscan tombs have been plundered. In the tomb, especially on the sarcophagus (examples shown below), was a representation of the dead person in his or her prime, probably as they wanted to be in the hereafter. Some of the statuary is the finest and most realistic of any. We have no problem visualizing the appearance of the Etruscans. They wanted us to see them smiling and intimate with their kith and kin around them, as we do.

Mythology

The mythology is attested by a number of sources. [1]

Mythological systems

The primary trinity included Tinia, Uni and Menrva. The Etruscan bright sky god Tinia (also Tin, Tins or Tina) was the highest god in Etruscan mythology, the Etruscan equivalent of the Roman Uni was the supreme Goddess of the Etruscan pantheon and the patron goddess of Perugia. Menrva (also spelled Menerva Merva and Mera was an Etruscan goddess of war art wisdom and health

List of Etruscan mythological figures

Main article: List of Etruscan mythological figures

The names below were taken mainly from Etruscan "picture bilinguals", which are Etruscan call-outs on art depicting mythological scenes or motifs. This is a list of deities and legendary figures found in the Etruscan civilization. Several different media provide names. Variants of the names are given, reflecting differences in language in different localities and times.

Many of the names are Etruscan spellings (and pronunciations) of Greek names. The themes may or may not be entirely Greek. Etruscans frequently added their own themes to Greek myths. The same may be said of native Italic names rendered into Etruscan. Some names are entirely Etruscan. Which is which is often a topic of debate in the international forum of scholarship.

Apulu, Aplu
The god, Apollo. [2]
Aritimi, Artumes
The goddess Artemis. In Greek mythology, Artemis language|Greek] ( Nominative), ( Genitive))] was the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister [2]
Bella Luna
A lunatic, derived from luna; moon.
Fufluns
Etruscan god of wine, identified with Dionysus. In Etruscan mythology, Fufluns (or Puphluns) was a god of plant life happiness and health and growth in all things In Classical mythology, Dionysus or Dionysos (in Greek, Διόνυσος or Διώνυσος; associated with Roman The name is used in the expressions Fufluns Pacha (Bacchus) and Fufluns Pachie. In Classical mythology, Dionysus or Dionysos (in Greek, Διόνυσος or Διώνυσος; associated with Roman [3][4] Puplona (Populonia) was named from Fufluns. Populonia ( Latin: Populonium, Etruscan: Pupluna or Fufluna) is a Frazione [5]
Laran
Etruscan God of war. In Etruscan mythology, Laran was the god of War. In art he was portrayed as a naked young man with a Helmet and a Spear. [6]
Lasa
One of a class of deities, plural Lasas, mainly female, but sometimes male, from which the Roman Lares came. Lares (sing Lar, also called Genii loci or more archaically Lases) were ancient Roman deities protecting the house and Lares (sing Lar, also called Genii loci or more archaically Lases) were ancient Roman deities protecting the house and Where the latter were the guardians of the dead, the Etruscan originals formed the court of Turan. Lasa often precedes an epithet referring to a particular deity: Lasa Sitmica, Lasa Achununa, Lasa Racuneta, Lasa Thimrae, Lasa Vecuvia. [6]
Man, Mani
Etruscan class of spirits representing "the dead"[7] and yet not the same as a hinthial, "ghost. " From the Mani came the Latin Manes, which are both "the good" and the deified spirits of the dead. In Roman mythology, the Manes were the souls of deceased loved ones [8]
Menerva, Menrva
The Etruscan original to the Roman Minerva, made into Greek Athena. Menrva (also spelled Menerva Merva and Mera was an Etruscan goddess of war art wisdom and health The MInisterial NEtwoRk for Valorising Activities in digitisation, or MINERVA, is a European Union organization concerned with the digitisation of cultural and ATHENA was an Antimatter research project that took place at the AD Ring at CERN. [9]
Nethuns
Italic divinity, probably Umbrian, of springs and water,[10] identified with Greek Poseidon and Roman Neptune, from which the name comes. In Etruscan mythology, Nethuns was the God of wells later expanded to all Water, including the Sea. Umbrian is an extinct Italic language formerly spoken by the Umbri in the ancient Italian region of Umbria. In Greek mythology, Poseidon ( Greek:; Latin: Neptūnus) was the god of the Sea and as "Earth-Shaker" Neptune ( English|AmE] ] is the eighth and farthest Planet from the Sun in the Solar System. [11] It occurs in the expression flere Nethuns, "the divinity of Nethuns. "[12]
Selvans
God who appears in the expression Selvansl Tularias, "Selvans of the boundaries", which identifies him as a god of boundaries. In Etruscan mythology, Selvans was god of the woodlands cognate with Roman Silvanus. The name is borrowed from the Roman god, Silvanus. [13]
Tarchon
An Etruscan culture hero who, with his brother, Tyrrhenus, founded the Etruscan Federation of twelve cities. For the Moth Genus, see Tarchon (moth. In Etruscan mythology, Tarchon and his brother Tyrrhenus A culture hero is a Mythological Hero specific to some group ( cultural, ethnic, racial, religious, etc
Tinia, Tina, Tin
Chief Etruscan god, the ruler of the skies, husband of Uni, and father of Hercle, identified with the Greek Zeus and Roman Jupiter well within the Etruscan window of ascendance, as the Etruscan kings built the first temple of Jupiter at Rome. The Etruscan bright sky god Tinia (also Tin, Tins or Tina) was the highest god in Etruscan mythology, the Etruscan equivalent of the Roman Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology In Roman mythology, Jupiter was the king of the gods and the god of Sky and Thunder. Called apa, "father" in inscriptions (parallel to the -piter in Ju-piter), he has most of the attributes of his Indo-European counterpart, with whom some have postulated a more remote linguistic connection. [14] The name means "day" in Etruscan. He is the god of boundaries and justice. He is depicted as a young, bearded male, seated or standing at the center of the scene, grasping a stock of thunderbolts. According to Latin literature, the bolts are of three types: for warning, good or bad interventions, and drastic catastrophes. [15] Unlike Zeus, Tin needs the permission of the Dii Consentes (consultant gods) and Dii Involuti (hidden gods) to wield the last two categories. A further epithet, Calusna (of Calu), hints at a connection to wolves or dogs and the underworld. [15] In post-classical Tuscan folklore he became an evil spirit, Tigna, who causes lightning strikes, hail, rain, whirlwinds and mildew. [16]
Turan
Etruscan goddess identified with Greek Aphrodite and Roman Venus. Turan was the Etruscan Goddess of love and vitality and patroness of the city of Velch. Venus was a major Roman Goddess principally associated with Love, Beauty and fertility, the equivalent of the Greek goddess She appears in the expression, Turan ati, "Mother Turan", equivalent to Venus Genetrix. [17] Her name is a noun meaning "the act of giving" in Etruscan, based on the verb stem tur- 'to give. '
Turms, Turmś
Etruscan god identified with Greek Hermes and Roman Mercurius. In Etruscan mythology, Turms was the equivalent of Greek Hermes, god of trade and the messenger god between people and gods Hermes ( Greek,, ˈhɝmiːz in Greek mythology, is the Olympian god of boundaries and of the travelers who cross them of Shepherds and "Alipes" redirects here For the Centipede Genus, see Alipes (centipede. In his capacity as guide to the ghost of Tiresias, who has been summoned by Odysseus, he is Turms Aitas, "Turms Hades. "[17]
Uni
Supreme goddess of the Etruscan pantheon, wife of Tinia, mother of Hercle, and patroness of Perugia. Uni was the supreme Goddess of the Etruscan pantheon and the patron goddess of Perugia. Perugia is the capital City of the region of Umbria in central Italy, near the Tiber river and the capital of the Province of Perugia With Tinia and Menrva, she was a member of the ruling triad of Etruscan deities. The Capitoline Triad was a group of three supreme deities in Roman religion who were worshipped in an elaborate temple on Rome 's Capitoline Hill, the Uni was the equivalent of the Roman Juno, whose name Uni may be derived from, and the Greek Hera. Juno was the protector and special counselor of the Roman state In the Olympian pantheon of classical Greek Mythology, Hera (ˈhɪərə or /ˈhɛrə/ Greek) or Here ( in Ionic and Homer
Vanth
Etruscan winged demon of the underworld often depicted in the company of Charun. Vanth is a Chthonic figure in Etruscan mythology shown in a variety of forms of Funerary art, such as in tomb paintings and on sarcophagi In Etruscan mythology, Charun (also spelled Charu, or Karun) was the Psychopomp of the Underworld, not to be confused with the lord She could be present at the moment of death, and frequently acted as a guide of the deceased to the underworld. [18][19][20]

Notes

  1. ^ For example, inscriptions and engraved scenes on the Praenestine cistae (see under Etruscan language), and on the specula. The Etruscan Language was spoken and written by the Etruscan civilization in the ancient region of Etruria (modern Tuscany plus western Currently some two dozen fascicles of the Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum have been published. Specifically Etruscan mythological and cult figures appear in the Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. Etruscan inscriptions have recently been given a more authoritative presentation by Helmut Rix, Etruskische Texte.
  2. ^ a b The Bonfantes (2002), page 194.
  3. ^ The Bonfantes (2002), page 198.
  4. ^ Leland, Chapter IV, Faflon.
  5. ^ Pallottino page 248.
  6. ^ a b The Bonfantes (2002), page 200.
  7. ^ Bonfante 2000 page 60.
  8. ^ Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology gives a good summary of the ancient sources on Manes, which can be read at [1], the ancientlibrary. com site.
  9. ^ The Bonfantes (2002), page 201.
  10. ^ The Bonfantes (2002), page 202.
  11. ^ De Grummond page 59.
  12. ^ Bonnefoy page 30.
  13. ^ The Bonfantes (2002), page 205.
  14. ^ The Nostratic Macrofamily: a Study in Distant Linguistic Relationships, (1994) Allan R. Bornhard and John C. Kerns, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3110139006, page 304, previewed on Google Books.
  15. ^ a b De Grummond, Chapter IV.
  16. ^ Leland Part I Chapter I.
  17. ^ a b The Bonfantes (2002), page 208.
  18. ^ The Bonfantes (2002), page 210.
  19. ^ de Grummond, pages 220-225.
  20. ^ Swaddling & Bonfante page 78.

Bibliography

See also

External links

Interpretatio graeca is a Latin term for the common tendency of Ancient Greek writers to equate foreign divinities to members of their own pantheon
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