Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. Ethnography ( Greek ethnos = people and graphein = writing is a genre of writing that uses Fieldwork to provide a descriptive The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today.
Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of books and manuscripts. A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together A manuscript is any Document that is Written by hand as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way Practitioners recognize the utility of maps, music, paintings, photography, folklore, oral tradition, ecology, site exploration, archaeological materials, museum collections, enduring customs, language, and place names[1]. A map is a visual representation of an area—a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, Regions, and Themes Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological Oral tradition, oral culture and oral lore is a way for a society to transmit history, literature, law and other Knowledges Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them
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Overview
Ethnohistorians have learned to use their special knowledge of the groups they study, linguistic insights, and the understanding of cultural phenomena in ways that make for a more in-depth analysis than the average historian is capable of doing based solely on written documents produced by and for one group[2]. They try to understand culture on its own terms and according to its own cultural code. Ethnohistory differs from other historically-related methodologies in that it embraces emic perspectives as tools of analysis. Methodology (also called manner) is defined as "the analysis of the principles of methods rules and postulates employed by a discipline" Emic and etic are terms used by some in the Social sciences and the Behavioral sciences to refer to two different kinds of Data concerning human The field and its techniques are well suited for writing histories of Native American peoples because of its holistic and inclusive framework. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. It is especially important because of its ability to bridge differing frameworks and access a more informed context for interpretations of the past.
The definition of the field has become more refined over the years. Early on, ethnohistory differed from history proper in that it added a new dimension, specifically "the critical use of ethnological concepts and materials in the examination and use of historical source material," as described by William N. Fenton[3]. William N Fenton ( December 15, 1908 - 17 June, 2005) was a US scholar and writer known for his extensive studies of Iroquois history Later, Axtell described ethnohistory as "the use of historical and ethnological methods to gain knowledge of the nature and causes of change in a culture defined by ethnological concepts and categories"[4]. Others have focused this basic concept on previously ignored historical actors. Schieffelin asserted, for example, that ethnohistory must fundamentally take into account the people's own sense of how events are constituted, and their ways of culturally constructing the past[5]. Finally, Simmons formulated his understanding of ethnohistory as "a form of cultural biography that draws upon as many kinds of testimony as possible over as long a time period as the sources allow. " He described ethnohistory as an endeavor based on a holistic, diachronic approach that is most rewarding when it can be "joined to the memories and voices of living people"[6]. Distinguish from the suffix -holism, which describes addictions
See also
References
- ^ Axtell, J. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Ethnography ( Greek ethnos = people and graphein = writing is a genre of writing that uses Fieldwork to provide a descriptive William N Fenton ( December 15, 1908 - 17 June, 2005) was a US scholar and writer known for his extensive studies of Iroquois history (1979), "Ethnohistory: An Historian's Viewpoint", Ethnohistory 26(1):3-4
- ^ Lurie, N. (1961), "Ethnohistory: An Ethnological Point of View", Ethnohistory 8(1):83
- ^ Fenton, W. N. (1966), "Field Work, Museum Studies, and Ethnohistorical Research", Ethnohistory 13(1/2):75
- ^ Axtell, J. (1979), "Ethnohistory: An Historian's Viewpoint", Ethnohistory 26(1):3-4
- ^ Schieffelin, E. and D. Gewertz (1985), History and Ethnohistory in Papua New Guinea, 3
- ^ Simmons, W. S. (1988), "Culture Theory in Contemporary Ethnohistory", Ethnohistory 35(1):10
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