Eta (uppercase Η, lowercase η; Greek: Ήτα) is the seventh letter of the Greek alphabet. The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early Alpha (uppercase Α, lowercase α; Αλφα is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. Nu (uppercase Ν, lowercase ν; Νι Ni is the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet. Beta (uppercase Β, lowercase β, internal ϐ; Βήτα Vita is the second letter of the Greek alphabet. Xi (uppercase Ξ, lowercase ξ) is the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet. Gamma (uppercase &Gamma, lowercase γ Γάμμα is the third letter of the Greek alphabet. Omicron or Omikron (uppercase Ο, lowercase ο, literally "small o": Όμικρον o mikron, micron meaning 'small' in contrast Delta (uppercase Δ, lowercase δ; Δέλτα Thelta is the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. Pi (uppercase &Pi, lower case &pi) is the sixteenth letter of the Greek alphabet. Epsilon (uppercase Ε, lowercase ε; Έψιλον is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a Close-mid front unrounded Rho (uppercase Ρ, lowercase ρ or ϱ) is the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet. See also Principality of Zeta Zeta (uppercase Ζ, lowercase ζ; Ζήτα Zita is the sixth letter of the Greek alphabet. Sigma (upper case Σ, lower case σ; Greek Σιγμα lower case in word-final position ς) is the eighteenth letter of the Greek Tau (uppercase Τ, lowercase τ; Ταυ) is the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet. Theta (uppercase Θ, lowercase θ or ϑ; Θήτα is the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenician letter Teth Upsilon (uppercase &Upsilon, lowercase υ Ύψιλον is the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet. Iota (uppercase &Iota, lowercase ι Ιώτα Yota is the ninth letter of the Greek alphabet. Phi (uppercase Φ, lowercase φ or ϕ) pronounced in modern Greek and as in English is the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet Kappa (uppercase &Kappa, lowercase &kappa or ϰ; Κάππα is the 10th letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the Voiceless Chi ( Uppercase Χ, Lowercase χ; Χι He is the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet, pronounced as in English Lambda (uppercase Λ, lowercase λ; Λάμβδα or el Λάμδα Lamda is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet. For other uses see Psi. Psi (uppercase Ψ, lowercase ψ) is the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet and has a Mu (uppercase Μ, lowercase μ; Μι or el Μυ) is the 12th letter of the Greek alphabet. OMEGA is the premier Counter-terrorism unit of Latvia. Founded in 1992 OMEGA cooperates with many other counter-terrorism units over the world Digamma (uppercase Ϝ, lowercase ϝ) is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet, used primarily as a Greek numeral. Qoppa or Koppa ( Ϙ) is a letter that was used in early forms of the Greek alphabet, derived from Phoenician Qoph. San (uppercase Ϻ lowercase ϻ was a letter of the Greek alphabet, appearing between Pi and Qoppa in alphabetical Sampi (Ϡ is an obsolete letter of the Greek alphabet and has a numeric value of 900 when used as a mathematical character. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 8. ʹ the numeral sign redirects here For the accent ´ see Acute accent. Letters that arose from Eta include the Latin H and the Cyrillic letter И. I or Y (И и italics И, и) is a letter of almost all ancient and modern Cyrillic alphabets representing typically /i/ (in Old Slavonic
In Modern Greek the letter, pronounced [ˈita], represents a close front unrounded vowel, /i/. Modern Greek (el Νέα Ελληνικά or el Νεοελληνική lit The close front unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents In Classical Greek, it represented a long open-mid front unrounded vowel, /ɛː/. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c The open-mid front unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet
History
The letter shape H was originally used in most Greek dialects to represent the sound /h/, a voiceless glottal fricative. The voiceless glottal transition, commonly called a " fricative " is a type of sound used in some spoken Languages which often behaves like a In this function, it was borrowed in the 8th century BC by the Etruscan and other Old Italic alphabets, which were based on the Euboean form of the Greek alphabet. Old Italic refers to several now extinct Alphabet systems used on the Italian Peninsula in ancient times for various Indo-European (predominantly Italic The Cumae alphabet, was a western variant of the early Greek alphabet, used between the 8th to 5th centuries BC This ultimately gave rise to the Latin alphabet with its letter H.
In the Ionic dialect, however, the sound /h/ disappeared by the sixth century BC, and the letter was re-used to represent the long vowel /ɛː/ instead. Ionic Greek was a sub-dialect of the Attic-Ionic dialectal group of Ancient Greek (see Greek dialects) In 403 BC, Athens took over the Ionian spelling system and with it the vocalic use of H (even though it still also had the /h/ sound itself at that time). Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's This later became the standard orthography in all of Greece.
Other regional variants of the Greek alphabet (epichoric alphabets), in dialects that still preserved the sound /h/, employed various glyph shapes for consonantal Heta side by side with the new vocalic Eta for some time. The History of the Greek alphabet starts with the adoption of Phoenician letter forms and continues to the present day One of them was a tack-like shape, looking like the left half of an H. This system was first used in the southern Italian colonies of Heracleia and Tarentum. When Greek orthography was codified by grammarians in the Hellenistic era, they used a diacritic symbol derived from this half-H shape to signal the presence of /h/, and added as its counterpart a reverse-shaped diacritic to denote absence of /h/. A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation These symbols were the origin of the rough breathing and smooth breathing diacritics that became part of classical Greek orthography. The spiritus asper ( Latin for "rough breathing" δασὺ πνεῦμα dasỳ pneûma or daseîa) is a diacritical mark used in [1]
In the typographic conventions of modern epigraphy, the archaic consonantal Heta in ancient inscriptions is usually rendered by means of a lowercase Latin letter h. Epigraphy (ἐπιγραφολογία from Greek ἐπιγραφή — "inscription" is the study of inscriptions or epigraphs engraved Sometimes, symbols directly representing the old half-H glyph shape are also used. [1] The Unicode standard of computer encoding, as of 2007, is expected to introduce code points designed for this usage in its version 5. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's 1. Like other archaic letters, they come in a lowercase and uppercase variant (U+0370 and U+0371), to cater for the needs of modern typography. [2]
During the time of post-classical Koiné Greek, the /ɛː/ sound represented by Eta was raised and merged with several other formerly distinct vowels. Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract Thus in Modern Greek, Eta is pronounced [ˈita] and represents the sound /i/ (a close front unrounded vowel). Modern Greek (el Νέα Ελληνικά or el Νεοελληνική lit The close front unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents It shares this function with several other letters (ι, υ) and digraphs (ει, οι), which are all pronounced alike (ioticism). Iota (uppercase &Iota, lowercase ι Ιώτα Yota is the ninth letter of the Greek alphabet. Upsilon (uppercase &Upsilon, lowercase υ Ύψιλον is the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet.
Eta was also borrowed with the sound value of [i] into the Cyrillic alphabet, where it gave rise to the Cyrillic letter И. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by I or Y (И и italics И, и) is a letter of almost all ancient and modern Cyrillic alphabets representing typically /i/ (in Old Slavonic
Symbol
Small eta is sometimes used in place of eng (ŋ) when eng is not available, because of their similar appearance. Eng or engma ( Majuscule: Ŋ, minuscule: ŋ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, used to represent a Velar nasal
The upper-case letter Η is used as a symbol in:
- Textual criticism, the Alexandrian text-type (from Hesychius, its once-supposed editor). Textual criticism (or lower criticism) is a branch of Literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of Transcription errors in The Alexandrian text-type (also called Neutral or Egyptian) is one of several text-types used in New Testament Textual criticism to describe
- Chemistry, enthalpy. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties In Thermodynamics and molecular chemistry, the enthalpy (denoted as H, h, or rarely as χ) is a quotient or description of H as symbol of enthalpy sometimes is said to be a Greek eta, but since enthalpy comes from ἐνθάλπος (smooth breathing and epsilon), it is more likely a Latin H for 'heat'.
The lower-case letter η is used as a symbol in:
- Thermodynamics, the efficiency of a Carnot heat engine. In Physics, thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη therme meaning " Heat " and δυναμις dynamis meaning " A Carnot heat engine is a hypothetical engine that operates on the reversible Carnot cycle.
- Chemistry, the hapticity, or the number of electrons shared between a metal center and a ligand in a coordination compound. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties The term hapticity is used to describe how a group of contiguous atoms of a ligand are coordinated to a central atom The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across The term complex in Chemistry is usually used to describe molecules or ensembles formed by the combination of Ligands and metal Ions. For example, an allyl group can coordinate to palladium in the η¹ mode or the η³ mod
- Optics, the refractive index of an optical medium (although the letter n is more common). Palladium (pronounced \pəˈleɪdiəm\ is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston, who named it palladium after the The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium It may also refer to the electromagnetic impedance of a medium. In problems of Electromagnetic wave propagation in a Transmission medium, the electromagnetic impedance, also known as the intrinsic impedance, is
- Particle physics, to represent the η mesons. Particle physics is a branch of Physics that studies the elementary constituents of Matter and Radiation, and the interactions between them In Particle physics, a meson is a strongly interacting Boson &mdashthat is a Hadron with integer spin.
- Quantum Field Theory (physics), to represent the metric tensor. In quantum field theory (QFT the forces between particles are mediated by other particles In the mathematical field of Differential geometry, a metric tensor is a type of function defined on a Manifold (such as a Surface in space
- Statistics, η2 is the "partial regression coefficient". Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. η is the symbol for the linear predictor of a generalized linear model, and can also be used to denote the median of a population. In Statistics, the generalized linear model ( GLM) is a flexible generalization of ordinary least squares regression.
- Economics, η is the elasticity. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. In Economics, elasticity is the ratio of the percent change in one variable to the percent change in another variable
- Astronomy, the seventh brightest (usually) star in a constellation. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study In common usage a constellation is a group of celestial bodies that are connected together in some arrangement typically stars to form a visible figure or picture See Bayer designation. A Bayer designation is a stellar designation in which a specific star is identified by a Greek letter, followed by the genitive form of its parent constellation's
- Experimental particle physics, η stands for pseudorapidity. In experimental Particle physics, Pseudorapidity, \eta is a commonly used spatial Coordinate describing the angle of a particle relative to the beam
- Mathematics, η-conversion, see lambda calculus
- Fluid dynamics, η stands for viscosity. In Mathematical logic and Computer science, lambda calculus, also written as λ-calculus, is a Formal system designed to investigate function Fluid dynamics is the sub-discipline of Fluid mechanics dealing with fluid flow: Fluids ( Liquids and Gases in motion Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress.
- Mathematics, the Dirichlet eta function, Dedekind eta function, and Weierstrass eta function. In Mathematics, in the area of Analytic number theory, the Dirichlet eta function can be defined as \eta(s = \left(1-2^{1-s}\right The Dedekind eta function, named after Richard Dedekind, is a function defined on the Upper half-plane of Complex numbers whose imaginary part is positive
- Biology, a DNA polymerase found in higher eukaryotes and implicated in Translesion Synthesis. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles A DNA Polymerase is an Enzyme that assists in DNA replication. Animals Plants fungi, and Protists are eukaryotes (juːˈkærɪɒt or -oʊt Organisms whose cells are organized into complex
- Neural network backpropagation, η stands for the learning rate. Traditionally the term neural network had been used to refer to a network or circuit of biological neurons. Backpropagation, or propagation of error, is a common method of teaching Artificial neural networks how to perform a given task
- Telecommunications Eta stands for efficiency
- Electronics, η stands for the ideality factor of a bipolar transistor, and has a value close to 1. Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical A bipolar (junction transistor ( BJT) is a type of Transistor. 000. It appears in contexts where the transistor is used as a temperature sensing device, e. g. the thermal "diode" transistor that is embedded within a computer's microprocessor.
References
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