Estriol. Estriol (also oestriol) is one of the three main Estrogens produced by the human body Note two hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to the D ring (rightmost ring). Hydroxyl in Chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an Oxygen atom and a Hydrogen atom connected by a Covalent bond.

Estradiol. Estradiol (17β-estradiol (also oestradiol) is a Sex hormone. Note one hydroxyl group attached to the D ring. Hydroxyl in Chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an Oxygen atom and a Hydrogen atom connected by a Covalent bond. The 'di' refers both to this hydroxyl and the one on the A ring (leftmost).

Estrone. Estrone (also oestrone) is an Estrogenic Hormone secreted by the Ovary. Note the ketone (=O) group attached to the D ring. A ketone (pronounced as key tone) is either the Functional group characterized by a Carbonyl group (O=C linked to two other Carbon atoms or

Estrogens (U. S. , otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of steroid compounds, named for their importance in the estrous cycle, and functioning as the primary female sex hormone. A steroid is a Terpenoid Lipid characterized by a Carbon skeleton with four fused rings generally arranged in a 6-6-6-5 fashion Oestrus is also the biological genus name of the gadfly. The estrous cycle (also oestrous cycle; derived from Latin Female (♀ is the Sex of an Organism, or a part of an organism which produces ova (egg cells Sex steroids, also known as gonadal steroids, are Steroid hormones that interact with Vertebrate Androgen or Estrogen receptors

Estrogens are used as part of some oral contraceptives, in estrogen replacement therapy of postmenopausal women, and in hormone replacement therapy for transwomen. Menopause is the permanent shutting down of the female Reproductive system, a considerable length of time before the end of the lifespan Hormone replacement therapy ( HRT) for Transgender and Transsexual people replaces the Hormones naturally occurring in their bodies with those A transwoman (also spelled trans woman or trans-woman) is a male-to-female transsexual and the term transwoman is preferred by many such

Like all steroid hormones, estrogens readily diffuse across the cell membrane; inside the cell, they interact with estrogen receptors. Steroid hormones are Steroids which act as Hormones Mammalian steroid hormones can be grouped into five groups by the receptors to which they bind Diffusion is the net movement of particles (typically molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration by uncoordinated random movement The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane, plasmalemma, or "phospholipid bilayer" is a Selectively permeable Lipid bilayer The estrogen receptor (ER is a member of the nuclear hormone family of Intracellular receptors which is activated by the Hormone 17β-estradiol ^[1] Additionally, estrogens have been shown to activate a G protein-coupled receptor, GPR30. G protein-coupled receptors ( GPCRs) also known as seven transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, and GPR30 ( '''G''' '''P'''rotein-coupled '''R'''eceptor 30 is an Integral membrane protein with high affinity for Estrogen. ^[2]

Types of estrogen

The three major naturally occurring estrogens in women are estradiol, estriol, and estrone. Estradiol (17β-estradiol (also oestradiol) is a Sex hormone. Estriol (also oestriol) is one of the three main Estrogens produced by the human body Estrone (also oestrone) is an Estrogenic Hormone secreted by the Ovary. In the body these are all produced from androgens through actions of enzymes. Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound usually a Steroid Hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins

• From menarche to menopause the primary estrogen is 17β-estradiol. Menarche (American English məˈnɑrki British English mɛˈnɑːki is the first menstrual period, or first menstrual bleeding in the females of Human beings Estradiol (17β-estradiol (also oestradiol) is a Sex hormone. In postmenopausal women more estrone is present than estradiol.
• Estradiol is produced from testosterone and estrone from androstenedione. Testosterone is a Steroid hormone from the Androgen group In mammals testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the Ovaries Androstenedione (also known as 4-androstenedione) is a 19- Carbon Steroid Hormone produced in the Adrenal glands and the Gonads
• Estrone is weaker than estradiol.

Premarin, a commonly prescribed estrogenic drug, contains the steroidal estrogens equilin and equilenin, in addition to estrone sulfate. Premarin is the commercial name for compound drug consisting primarily of conjugated Estrogens Isolated from mare's Urine ( PRE gnant Equilin is an Estrogen from horses with the chemical name 3-hydroxyestra-1357-tetraen-17-one Equilenin is a Horse Steroid. It is used as one of the components in Premarin. Estrone (also oestrone) is an Estrogenic Hormone secreted by the Ovary. A range of synthetic and natural substances have been identified that also possess estrogenic activity. ^[3] Synthetic substances of this kind are known as xenoestrogens, plant products with estrogenic activity are called phytoestrogens, and those produced by fungi are known as mycoestrogens. Xenoestrogens are novel man-made compounds that differ from archiestrogens (ancient naturally occurring produced by living organisms Phytoestrogens, sometimes called "dietary estrogens" are a diverse group of naturally occurring non steroidal plant compounds that because of their structural similarity with Mycoestrogens are Estrogens produced by Fungi. The most important mycoestrogen is Zearalenone, produced by Fusarium species of fungi Unlike estrogens produced by mammals, these substances are not necessarily steroids. A steroid is a Terpenoid Lipid characterized by a Carbon skeleton with four fused rings generally arranged in a 6-6-6-5 fashion

Estrogen production

Steroidogenesis, showing estrogen at bottom right as estrone and estradiol. Steroid metabolism is the complete set of Chemical reactions in organisms that produce modify and consume Steroids These Metabolic pathways include

Testosterone is synthesized during steroidogenesis, with cholesterol as the starting molecule. Steroid metabolism is the complete set of Chemical reactions in organisms that produce modify and consume Steroids These Metabolic pathways include Cholesterol is a Lipid found in the Cell membranes and transported in the Blood plasma of all Animals It is an essential component of mammalian

Estrogen is produced primarily by developing follicles in the ovaries, the corpus luteum, and the placenta. Ovarian follicle is the basic unit of female reproductive biology and is composed of a roughly spherical aggregations of cells found in the Ovary. The corpus luteum ( Latin for "yellow body" (plural corpora lutea) is a temporary Endocrine structure in mammals involved in production of The placenta is an Ephemeral organ present in placental Vertebrates, such as Eutherial Mammals and Sharks during Gestation Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulate the production of estrogen in the ovaries. Follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH) is a Hormone synthesized and secreted by Gonadotropes in the Anterior pituitary gland. Luteinizing hormone ( LH, also known as lutropin) is a Hormone produced by the Anterior pituitary gland. "Ovaria" redirects here This is also a proposed section and a Synonym of Solanum. Some estrogens are also produced in smaller amounts by other tissues such as the liver, adrenal glands, and the breasts. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals In Mammals the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped Endocrine glands that sit on top of the Kidneys their The breast is the upper Ventral region of an animal’s Torso, particularly that of Mammals including Human beings. These secondary sources of estrogen are especially important in postmenopausal women.

Synthesis of estrogens starts in theca interna cells in the ovary, by the synthesis of androstenedione from cholesterol. The theca folliculi comprise a layer of the Ovarian follicles They appear as the follicles become Tertiary follicles The theca are divided into two layers the Androstenedione (also known as 4-androstenedione) is a 19- Carbon Steroid Hormone produced in the Adrenal glands and the Gonads Cholesterol is a Lipid found in the Cell membranes and transported in the Blood plasma of all Animals It is an essential component of mammalian Androstenedione is a substance of moderate androgenic activity. This compound crosses the basal membrane into the surrounding granulosa cells, where it is converted to estrone or estradiol, either immediately or through testosterone. A granulosa cell is a Somatic cell found closely associated with the developing female Gamete (called an Oocyte or egg The conversion of testosterone to estradiol, and of androstenedione to estrone, is catalyzed by the enzyme aromatase.

Estradiol levels vary through the menstrual cycle, with levels highest just before ovulation. Note This article deals primarily with Human ovulation nonhuman Animal ovulation is touched on briefly at the conclusion

Functions

While estrogens are present in both men and women, they are usually present at significantly higher levels in women of reproductive age. A man is a Male Human. The term man (irregular plural They promote the development of female secondary sex characteristics, such as breasts, and are also involved in the thickening of the endometrium and other aspects of regulating the menstrual cycle. Secondary sex characteristics are traits that distinguish the two Sexes of a species but that are not directly part of the Reproductive system. The endometrium is the inner membrane of the Mammalian Uterus. The menstrual cycle is a recurring cycle of physiologic changes that occurs in reproductive-age Females Overt menstruation (where there is blood flow from the In males, estrogen regulates certain functions of the reproductive system important to the maturation of sperm^[4][5][6] and may be necessary for a healthy libido. ^[7][8] Furthermore, there are several other structural changes induced by estrogen, in addition to other functions.

• Structural
  • promote formation of female secondary sex characteristics
  • decelerate height growth^[9]
  • accelerate metabolism (burn fat)
  • reduce muscle mass
  • stimulate endometrial growth
  • increase uterine growth
  • maintenance of vessel and skin
  • reduce bone resorption, increase bone formation
  • morphic change (endomorphic -> mesomorphic -> ectomorphic)
• protein synthesis
  • increase hepatic production of binding proteins
• coagulation
  • increase circulating level of factors 2, 7, 9, 10, antithrombin III, plasminogen
  • increase platelet adhesiveness
• Lipid
  • increase HDL, triglyceride
  • decrease LDL, fat deposition
• Fluid balance
  • salt (sodium) and water retention
• Hormones
  • increase growth hormone
  • increase cortisol, SHBG
• Gastrointestinal tract
  • reduce bowel motility
  • increase cholesterol in bile
• Melanin
  • increase pheomelanin, reduce eumelanin
• Cancer
  • support hormone-sensitive breast cancers (see section below)
• Lung function
  • promotes lung function by supporting alveoli (in rodents but probably in humans). Height is the measurement of vertical Distance, but has two meanings in common use Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the The endometrium is the inner membrane of the Mammalian Uterus. The uterus (from the Latin word for womb) is the major Female reproductive organ of most Mammals including Humans One end the Bone resorption is the process by which Osteoclasts break down Bone and release the Minerals resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone fluid to the blood Constitutional psychology is a theory developed in the 1940s by American Psychologist William Herbert Sheldon, associating body types with human Temperament types Constitutional psychology is a theory developed in the 1940s by American Psychologist William Herbert Sheldon, associating body types with human Temperament types Constitutional psychology is a theory developed in the 1940s by American Psychologist William Herbert Sheldon, associating body types with human Temperament types Constitutional psychology is a theory developed in the 1940s by American Psychologist William Herbert Sheldon, associating body types with human Temperament types Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Coagulation is a complex process by which Blood forms Clots It is an important part of Hemostasis (the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel whereby Coagulation is a complex process by which Blood forms Clots It is an important part of Hemostasis (the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel whereby Thrombin (activated Factor II ') is a Coagulation protein that has many effects in the coagulation cascade. Factor VII (formerly known as proconvertin) is one of the central Proteins in the coagulation cascade. Factor IX (or Christmas factor) is one of the Serine proteases ( of the Coagulation system it belongs to peptidase family S1 Factor X, also known by the Eponym Stuart-Prower factor or as thrombokinase, is an Enzyme ( of the coagulation cascade. Antithrombin (AT is a small protein molecule that inactivates several enzymes of the Coagulation system Plasmin is an important Enzyme ( present in Blood that degrades many Blood plasma proteins most notable Fibrin clots The degradation Platelets, or Thrombocytes, are small cytoplasmic bodies derived from cells They circulate in the Blood of Mammals and are involved High-density lipoproteins ( HDL) is one of the 5 major groups of Lipoproteins ( Chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL (more properly known as, TAG or triacylglyceride) is Glyceride in which the Glycerol is Esterified with three Fatty acids It is the Low-density lipoprotein ( LDL) is a type of Lipoprotein that transports Cholesterol and Triglycerides from the Liver to peripheral Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Growth hormone ( GH) is a Peptide hormone that stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals Cortisol is a Corticosteroid Hormone produced by the Adrenal gland (in the Zona fasciculata of the Adrenal cortex) Sex hormone-binding globulin ( SHBG) is a Glycoprotein that binds to Sex hormones, specifically Testosterone and Estradiol. Bile or gall is a bitter yellow or green Alkaline fluid secreted by Hepatocytes from the Liver of most Vertebrates In many species Melanin is a class of compounds found in the Plant, Animal and Protista kingdoms, where it serves predominantly as a Pigment. Melanin is a class of compounds found in the Plant, Animal and Protista kingdoms, where it serves predominantly as a Pigment. Breast cancer is a Cancer that starts in the cells of the Breast in women and men An alveolus (plural alveoli, from Latin alveolus, "little cavity" is an anatomical structure that has the form of a hollow cavity ^[10]

Sexual desire is dependent on androgen levels rather than estrogen levels. Libido in its common usage means Sexual desire however more technical definitions such as those found in the work of Carl Jung, are more general referring to libido Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound usually a Steroid Hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine ^[11]

Role in cancer

About 80% of breast cancers, once established, rely on supplies of the hormone estrogen to grow: they are known as hormone-sensitive or hormone-receptor-positive cancers. Breast cancer is a Cancer that starts in the cells of the Breast in women and men ^[12] Suppression of production in the body of estrogen is a treatment for these cancers.

Medical applications

Since estrogen circulating in the blood can negatively feed-back to reduce circulating levels of FSH and LH, most oral contraceptives contain a synthetic estrogen, along with a synthetic progestin. Negative Feedback feeds part of a System 's output inverted into the system's input generally with the result that fluctuations are attenuated A progestin is a synthetic progestagen that has progestinic effects similar to Progesterone. Even in men, the major hormone involved in LH feedback is estradiol, not testosterone. Estradiol (17β-estradiol (also oestradiol) is a Sex hormone. Testosterone is a Steroid hormone from the Androgen group In mammals testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the Ovaries

As more fully discussed in the article on Hormone replacement therapy, estrogen and other hormones are given to postmenopausal women in order to prevent osteoporosis as well as treat the symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, urinary stress incontinence, chilly sensations, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, and sweating. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT or in Britain Hormone therapy (HT now often referred to as "treatment" rather than therapy is a system of medical treatment Menopause is the permanent shutting down of the female Reproductive system, a considerable length of time before the end of the lifespan Osteoporosis is a Disease of Bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture. Fractures of the spine, wrist, and hips decrease by 50-70% and spinal bone density increases by ~5% in those women treated with estrogen within 3 years of the onset of menopause and for 5-10 years thereafter.

Before the specific dangers of conjugated equine estrogens were well understood, standard therapy was 0. 625 mg/day of conjugated equine estrogens (such as Premarin). There are, however, risks associated with conjugated equine estrogen therapy. Among the older postmenopausal women studied as part of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), an orally-administered conjugated equine estrogen supplement was found to be associated with an increased risk of dangerous blood clotting. Coagulation is a complex process by which Blood forms Clots It is an important part of Hemostasis (the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel whereby The WHI studies used one type of estrogen supplement, a high oral dose of conjugated equine estrogens (Premarin alone and with medroxyprogesterone acetate as PremPro). Premarin is the commercial name for compound drug consisting primarily of conjugated Estrogens Isolated from mare's Urine ( PRE gnant ^[13]

In a study by the NIH, esterified estrogens were not proven to pose the same risks to health as conjugated equine estrogens. Hormone replacement therapy has favorable effects on serum cholesterol levels, and when initiated immediately upon menopause reduces the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Hormone replacement therapy may refer to Hormone replacement therapy (menopause Hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male Estrogen has a protector effect on atherosclerosis : it lowers LDL and triglycerides, it raises HDL levels and has endothelial vasodilatation properties plus an anti-inflammatory component.

Research is underway to determine if risks of estrogen supplement use are the same for all methods of delivery. In particular, estrogen applied topically may have a different spectrum of side-effects than when administered orally,^[14] and transdermal oestrogens do not affect clotting as they are absorbed directly into the systemic circulation, avoiding first-pass metabolism in the liver. In Medicine, a topical Medication is applied to body surfaces such as the Skin or Mucous membranes for example the Vagina This route of administration is thus preferred in women with a history of thrombo-embolic disease. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood Clot ( Thrombus) inside a Blood vessel, obstructing the flow of Blood through the Circulatory

Estrogen is also used in the therapy of vaginal atrophy, hypoestrogenism (as a result of hypogonadism, castration, or primary ovarian failure), amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and oligomenorrhea. Estrogens can also be used to suppress lactation after child birth. Lactation describes the secretion of Milk from the Mammary glands the process of providing that milk to the young and the period of time that a Mother

Hormone-receptor-positive breast cancers are treated with drugs which suppress production in the body of estrogen. ^[12] This technique, in the context of treatment of breast cancer, is known variously as hormonal therapy, hormone therapy, or anti-estrogen therapy (not to be confused with hormone replacement therapy). Hormone therapy, or hormonal therapy is the use of Hormones in medical treatment Hormone therapy, or hormonal therapy is the use of Hormones in medical treatment Certain foods such as soy may also suppress the proliferative effects of estrogen and are used as an alternative to hormone therapy. ^[15]

In humans and mice, estrogen promotes wound healing. ^[16]

At one time, estrogen was used to induce growth attenuation in tall girls. Growth attenuation is an elective medical treatment which involves administering Estrogen to cause closure of the epiphyses of the Bones resulting in a ^[9] Recently, estrogen-induced growth attenuation was used as part of the controversial Ashley Treatment to keep a developmentally disabled girl from growing to adult size. The Ashley Treatment refers to a controversial set of medical procedures undergone by a Seattle child " Ashley X " Developmental disability is a term used to describe life-long disabilities attributable to mental and/or physical or combination of mental and physical impairments ^[17]

Under certain circumstances, estrogen may also be used in males for treatment of prostate cancer. ^[18]

Most recently, estrogen has been used in experimental research as a way to treat patients suffering from bulimia nervosa, in addition to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, which is the established standard for treatment in bulimia cases. Bulimia nervosa is an Eating disorder characterized by recurrent Binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors referred to as "purging" See also Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( CBT) is an umbrella-term for psychotherapeutic systems that deal with cognitions interpretations The estrogen research hypothesizes that the disease may be linked to a hormonal imbalance in the brain. ^[19]

Estrogen has also been used in studies which indicate that it may be an effective drug for use in the treatment of traumatic liver injury. ^[20]

Estrogen and Mental Health

Estrogen is considered to play a significant role in women’s mental health. A conceptual model of how estrogen affects mood was suggested by Douma et al 2005 based on their extensive literature review relating activity of endogenous, bio-identical and synthetic estrogen with mood and well-being. They concluded the sudden estrogen withdrawal, fluctuating estrogen, and periods of sustained estrogen low levels correlated with significant mood lowering. Clinical recovery from depression postpartum, perimenopause, and postmenopause was shown to be affective after levels of estrogen were stabilized and/or restored. ^[21]. ^[22]

Health risks and warning labels

The labeling of estrogen-only products in the U. S. includes a boxed warning that unopposed estrogen (without progestagen) therapy increases the risk of endometrial cancer. In the United States, a black box warning (also sometimes called a black label warning or boxed warning) is a type of warning that appears on the Package Progestagens (also spelled progestogens or gestagens) are Hormones that produce effects similar to those of Progesterone, the only natural progestagen Endometrial cancer refers to several types of malignancy which arise from the Endometrium, or lining of the Uterus.

Based on a review of data from the WHI, on January 8, 2003 the FDA changed the labeling of all estrogen and estrogen with progestin products for use by postmenopausal women to include a new boxed warning about cardiovascular and other risks. The estrogen-alone substudy of the WHI reported an increased risk of stroke and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in postmenopausal women 50 years of age or older and an increased risk of dementia in postmenopausal women 65 years of age or older using 0. A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain In Medicine, deep vein thrombosis (also known as deep-vein thrombosis or deep venous thrombosis and usually abbreviated as DVT) is the formation Dementia (from Latin de- "apart away" + Mens ( genitive mentis) "mind" is the progressive decline 625 mg of Premarin conjugated equine estrogens (CEE). The estrogen-plus-progestin substudy of the WHI reported an increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, invasive breast cancer, pulmonary emboli and DVT in postmenopausal women 50 years of age or older and an increased risk of dementia in postmenopausal women 65 years of age or older using PremPro, which is 0. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply Pulmonary embolism (PE is a blockage of the Pulmonary artery or one of its branches usually occurring when a venous Thrombus (blood clot from a vein 625 mg of CEE with 2. 5 mg of the progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). Medroxyprogesterone is a Progestin, and is commonly a component of Hormonal Contraceptives. ^[23][24][25]

Estrogens in cosmetics

Some hair shampoos on the market include estrogens and placental extracts; others contain phytoestrogens. Shampoo is a Hair care product used for the removal of oils, dirt skin particles Dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant particles that There are case reports of young children developing breasts after exposure to these shampoos. ^[26] These products are often marketed to African-American consumers. ^[27]

On September 9, 1993, the FDA determined that not all topically-applied hormone-containing drug products for OTC human use are generally recognized as safe and effective and are misbranded. Over-the-counter (OTC drugs are medicines that may be sold without a prescription, in contrast to Prescription drugs The name "over-the-counter" An accompanying proposed rule deals with cosmetics, concluding that any use of natural estrogens in a cosmetic product makes the product an unapproved new drug and that any cosmetic using the term "hormone" in the text of its labeling or in its ingredient statement makes an implied drug claim, subjecting such a product to regulatory action. ^[28]

In addition to being considered misbranded drugs, products claiming to contain placental extract may also be deemed to be misbranded cosmetics if the extract has been prepared from placentas from which the hormones and other biologically active substances have been removed and the extracted substance consists principally of protein. The FDA recommends that this substance be identified by a name other than "placental extract" and describing its composition more accurately because consumers associate the name "placental extract" with a therapeutic use of some biological activity. ^[28]

History

The existence and effects of estrogen were established from 1923 to 1938 in which the formulation was led by a group of scientists instead of pharmaceutical companies. Thereafter, the market for hormonal drug research opened up.

The “first orally effective estrogen”, Emmenin, derived from the late-pregnancy urine of Canadian women, was introduced in 1930 by Collip and Ayerst Laboratories. Estrogens are not water-soluble and cannot be given orally, but the urine was found to contain estriol glucuronide which is water soluble and becomes active in the body after hydrolization. A glucuronide, also known as glucuronoside, is any substance produced by linking Glucuronic acid to another substance via a Glycosidic bond. Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions

Scientists continued to search for new sources of estrogen because of concerns associated with the practicality of introducing the drug into the market. At the same time, a German pharmaceutical drug company, formulated a similar product as Emmenin that was introduced to German women to treat menopausal symptoms.

In 1938, British scientists obtained a patent on a newly formulated nonsteroidal estrogen, Diethylstilbestrol (DES), that was cheaper and more powerful than the previously manufactured estrogens. Diethylstilbestrol ( DES) is a drug, an orally active synthetic nonsteroidal Estrogen that was first synthesized in 1938 Soon after, concerns over the side effects of DES were raised in scientific journals while the drug manufacturers came together to lobby for governmental approval of DES. It was only until 1941 when estrogen therapy was finally approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. ^[29]

See also

• List of steroid abbreviations

References

See also

• Female
• Atrophic vaginitis
• Endocrinology
• Equol
• Equilin
• Estradiol
• Estrogen receptor
• Hormone Replacement Therapy
• Progesterone
• Progestin
• Testosterone

External links and further reading

• MedlinePlus DrugInfo medmaster-a682922
• Nussey and Whitehead: Endocrinology, an integrated approach, Taylor and Francis 2001. Female (♀ is the Sex of an Organism, or a part of an organism which produces ova (egg cells Atrophic vaginitis (also known as vaginal atrophy or urogenital atrophy) is an inflammation of the Vagina (and the outer urinary tract due to the thinning Endocrinology (from Greek grc ἔνδον endon, "within" grc κρῑνω krīnō, "to separate" and grc -λογία Equol (4'7-isoflavandiol is an Isoflavandiol metabolized from Daidzein, a type of Isoflavone, by bacterial flora in the Intestines. Equilin is an Estrogen from horses with the chemical name 3-hydroxyestra-1357-tetraen-17-one Estradiol (17β-estradiol (also oestradiol) is a Sex hormone. The estrogen receptor (ER is a member of the nuclear hormone family of Intracellular receptors which is activated by the Hormone 17β-estradiol Hormone replacement therapy may refer to Hormone replacement therapy (menopause Hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male Progesterone is a C-21 Steroid Hormone involved in the Female Menstrual cycle, Pregnancy (supports Gestation A progestin is a synthetic progestagen that has progestinic effects similar to Progesterone. Testosterone is a Steroid hormone from the Androgen group In mammals testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the Ovaries MedlinePlus, with the MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, is a website network containing Health information from the world's largest medical Library Free online textbook.