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Estephan Boutros El Douaihy

Patriarch Estephan El Douaihy
Born Aug. 2, 1630
Ehden, Lebanon
Died May 3, 1704
Qannoubine, Lebanon
Occupation Patriarch, Professor and Historian
Parents Father: Mikhayil Moussa El Douaihy, Mother: Mariam El Douaihy. Ehden (اٍهدن in Arabic) is a mountainous town situated in the heart of the northern mountains of Lebanon and on the southwestern slopes of Mount Makmal and Kornet Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The Kadisha Valley (also known as Qadisha Valley, Wadi Qadisha Ouadi Qadisha or وادي قاديشا in Arabic) lies within the Becharre and Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Originally a patriarch was a man who exercised autocratic authority as a Pater familias over an extended family The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it

Patriarch Estephane Boutros El Douaihy (also Al Douaihi, Duwayhy, Arabic: أسطفان الدويهي‎ ) was born in Ehden, Lebanon on August 2, 1630. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Ehden (اٍهدن in Arabic) is a mountainous town situated in the heart of the northern mountains of Lebanon and on the southwestern slopes of Mount Makmal and Kornet Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the He was the Maronite Patriarch from 1670 to 1704. This is a list of the Maronite Patriarchs of Antioch, who have led the Maronite Catholic Church, one of the Eastern Catholic Churches, in full communion with the He is considered one of the major Arab Historians of the 17th century. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding He was known as “The Saint Patriarch”, “The Saint of the Patriarchs”, “The Father of Maronite History”, “Pillar of the Maronite Church”, “The Second Chrysostom”, “Splendor of the Maronite Nation”, “The Glory of Lebanon and the Maronites”. This article refers to the Christian saint For other uses of the name see Chrysostomos. . . He was declared Servant of God by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints under Protocol number 2145[1]. The Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints ( Congregatio de Causis Sanctorum) is the congregation of the Roman Curia which oversees the complex process His cause for Beatification is underway[2]. Beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed via Greek μακάριος makarios) is a recognition accorded by the Catholic church

Contents

Biography

Early life

El Douaihy was born at a time when the Maronites were suffering badly from Ottoman oppression. In Lebanon and Syria the Ottoman empire was not benefiting from the expansion of world commerce, and so the Ottoman rulers, and the local Muslim and Druze chiefs who ruled with Ottoman consent (something which could be withdrawn) enriched themselves by taxing the Maronite peasantry. At the age of sixteen, recognized as a brilliant young talent, he was sent to the Maronite College (Seminary) in Rome. The Roman Colleges are institutions established and maintained in Rome for the education of future ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic Church. [3] He studied there for nine years, being cured of a serious condition which almost led to blindness. El Douaihy believed that the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary was repsonsible for his cure. While in Italy, he traveled as widely as possible seeking manuscripts dealing with Maronite history and liturgy. When he returned to Lebanon at the age of 25, he continued his research.

Expanded description

As bishop, and later as Patriarch, he undertook reforms of the Maronite Church and its monks. Douaihy was elected Patriarch in 1670, when he was only 40 years old. This is universally seen as an acknowledgement of his personal moral qualities, his extraordinary learning, and his keen appreciation of the issues the Maronites faced. He paid particular attention to the traditions of the Maronite Church, and favoured a de-Latinisation of rites and ceremonies. He was hounded - there is no better word - by Ottoman authorities, who resented his principled appeals for justice for the Maronites. In particular, they were frustrated by his resistance to their oppressive taxation policies: policies which saw the abandonment of many villages by peasants unable to pay their taxes. It was also a period when Maronites and, in particular, their clergy, were liable to sudden arrest, assault and murder. The Patriarch was not exempt, being assaulted himself. He was accordingly obliged to move from place to place. Yet, he maintained his writing, and without him, we would be very much poorer in our knowledge of Maronite matters.

Douaihy traveled throughout the Maronite world, including Cyprus and Aleppo, which were even more important centers of the Maronite faith then, although they are still important now. This is partly because Aleppo was at that time a focus for the international overland trade, the only trade where the Ottoman empire had any opening, given the European domination of the sea routes.

Death and afterward

Almost immediately after his death, he was considered by many Maronites of Lebanon, but particularly in North Lebanon and in Zgharta, Ehden to have been a saint. Zgharta, or Zghorta (زغرتا Arabic) is a large town in North Lebanon, with an estimated population of around 70000 Ehden (اٍهدن in Arabic) is a mountainous town situated in the heart of the northern mountains of Lebanon and on the southwestern slopes of Mount Makmal and Kornet The Congregation of the Causes of Saints issued the decree of nulla osta for his beatification cause on December 5, 1996. The Patriarchate of Antioch of the Maronites proceeded with the diocesan investigation and, at its culmination, submitted the results to congregation, which validated the proceedings with a decree dated on November 8, 2002. The Positio for the beatification cause was published in 2005 and it received the approval of the Historical Commission of the Congregation of the Causes of Saints on January 24, 2006. Some of the miracles attributed to him have been collected by M. S. El Douaihy. [4]

Religious, philosophical and/or political views

Douaihy strongly believed in the social importance of education and science (being an amateur scientist himself). Given the importance of learning, and his experience in how far European educatation exceeded Oriental, he pursued a successful policy of sending as many Maronites to Rome as possible, to become capable of returning to the villages in which the Maronite peasantry lived, and raising the level of general education. Douaihy established a college in Aleppo, which became the base for the development of renewed monastic orders. As with his educational policy, his monastic renewal was a success, and still bears fruit today.

Some of Douaihy's historical theories (e. g. of the perpetual orthodoxy of the Maronites) is controversial. But as a whole, with one or two exceptions, his general account of Maronite history is accepted as trustworthy. It is certainly the most satisfying general account of Maronite realities into the eigteenth century.

Works

Of the many works of Patriarch Douaihy, the vast bulk are still available only in Arabic. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language A selection has been translated into French by Youakim Moubarac in Pentalogie antiochenne/domaine Maronite[5]. Youakim Moubarac ( July 20, 1924 – May 24, 1995) was a Lebanese French scholar That selection focusses upon his discussion of the rites and cermonies of the Maronite Church. However, his major work is a general history book, Tarikh Al Azminah, available in several versions.

Published works

Notes

  1. ^ Hagiography Circle, Last reviewed on 07 November 2007. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
  2. ^ Patriarch Estephan El Douaihy Foundation, Last reviewed on 07 November 2007.
  3. ^ Hitti, Philip K. Hitti (2004), History of Syria, including Lebanon and Palestine, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2004 reprint of 1951 original, p. 675
  4. ^ EL Douaihy, Mikhael S. El Douaihy (20074), Patriarch Estefan El Douaihy, Lebanon? Cultural Committee of Patriarch El Douaihy, 2007, pp. 15-6
  5. ^ * Moubarac, Y. (1984)- Pentalogie Antiochienne / Domaine Maronite, Volume 1, Part 1, éditions Cénacle Libanais, Beirut. OCLC 58616233 (French)

References

See also

External links

Persondata
NAME Estephan El Douaihy
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Estephane El Doueihi, Stephen El Duwayhi, Estephan Boutros El Douaihy
SHORT DESCRIPTION Maronite Patriarch, Historian
DATE OF BIRTH Aug. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose 2, 1630
PLACE OF BIRTH Ehden, Lebanon
DATE OF DEATH May 3, 1704
PLACE OF DEATH Qannoubine, Lebanon
Ehden (اٍهدن in Arabic) is a mountainous town situated in the heart of the northern mountains of Lebanon and on the southwestern slopes of Mount Makmal and Kornet Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The Kadisha Valley (also known as Qadisha Valley, Wadi Qadisha Ouadi Qadisha or وادي قاديشا in Arabic) lies within the Becharre and Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية
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