"The establishment of the Turkish national movement" explains the creation of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The Turkish National Movement encompasses the political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries which resulted with the creation and shaping of the Republic The Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi - TBMM, usually referred to simply as Meclis - "the Parliament" is the Unicameral The establishment of an alliance of Turkish revolutionaries during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire resulted in the declaration of the Republic of Turkey and abolishment of the Ottoman sultanate. Turkish revolutionaries ( Turkish: Kuvâyi Milliye or Kuvva-i Milliye) were Patriots of the Turkish national movement who rebelled against The Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was a political event that occurred after World War I. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The movement declared that the only source of governance for the Turkish people would be the Grand National Assembly. The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language
The movement was created through a series of agreements and conferences throughout Anatolia and Thrace. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe The process was aimed to unite independent movements around the country to build a common voice. The whole process is attributed to Mustafa Kemal, as he was the primary spokesperson and public figure. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman
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Amasya Agreement, June 1919
The Amasya Agreement was important in many respects. Amasya Circular ( Turkish: Amasya Genelgesi or Amasya Tamimi) was a joint circular issued on 22 June 1919 in Amasya It was the first call to the national movement against the occupying powers. It consisted of talks about national independence, based on provinces, not race. Even in this declaration we saw the roots of what constitutes the "Turk" as a political term, there was no distinction or reference to race or religion. The message read as follows:
- The unity of the motherland and national independence are in danger.
- The Istanbul government is unable to carry out its responsibilities.
- It is only through the nation's effort and determination that national independence will be won.
- It is necessary to establish a national committee, free from all external influences and control, that will review the national situation and make known to the world the peoples desires for justice.
- It has been decided to hold immediately a National Congress in Sivas, the most secure place in Anatolia.
- Three representatives from each province should be sent immediately to the Sivas Congress.
- To be prepared for every eventuality, this subject should be kept a national secret.
- There will be a congress for the Eastern Provinces on July 10. The delegation from the Erzurum Congress will depart to join to the general meeting in Sivas.
This agreement was signed by Atatürk, Rauf Orbay, Ali Fuat Cebesoy, Refet Bele and later Kazım Karabekir in Erzurum. Musa Kâzım Karabekir (1882 İstanbul – January 26, 1948, Ankara) was a Turkish general and politician
Conferences
Erzurum Congress, August 1919
On American Mandate: On 1 August 1919, the King-Crane Commission tried to contact a large groups of interested parties in Istanbul (Ottoman Control), to obtain their positions with a view toward reporting them to the Paris Peace Conference. Erzurum Congress was an assembly of Turkish Revolutionaries held from 23 July to 4 August 1919 in the city of Erzurum, in eastern Kazım Karabekir learned that a memorandum was adopted by an amalgamation of political groups in Istanbul and consequently, the Erzurum Congress, which has been in session since 23 July (until 7 August 1919) sent a memorandum to President Wilson on the same day (1 August). Musa Kâzım Karabekir (1882 İstanbul – January 26, 1948, Ankara) was a Turkish general and politician It was probably also meant to remind all other parties of Wilson's 14 Points and the fact that the Nationalists were aware of them. The Fourteen Points were listed in a speech delivered by President Woodrow Wilson of the United States to a joint session of the United Among the objectives of the Nationalists was, it appears, to signal the resolve of the Nationalists to the interested parties, and display their intent not to tolerate indiscriminate political pressure. What began as a suggestion to the Nationalists to accept the American Mandate at the time of the Erzurum Congress, became a major campaign immediately afterwards. By the time Sivas Congress was convened, no less than three channels were working on the Nationalist leadership to persuade them at least to "consider" the American Mandate, if not outright adopt a resolution in favor of it at the Sivas Congress.
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Balıkesir Congress
Alaşehir Congress
Sivas Congress, September 1919
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The Sivas Congress was the first time the fourteen leaders of the movement united under a single roof. Sivas Congress was an assembly of the Turkish National Movement held from 4 September to 11 September 1919 in the city of Sivas These people spend and formed a plan between 16 to 29 October. They agreed that the parliament should meet in Istanbul, even if it were obvious that this parliament could not function under the occupation. It was a great chance to build the base and legitimacy. They decided on formalizing a "Representative Committee" that would handle the distribution and implementation, which could easily be turned into a new government if allies decide to disband whole Ottoman Governing structure. Mustafa Kemal established two concepts into this programme: independence and integrity. Mustafa Kemal was setting the stage for conditions which would legitimize this organization and illegitimate the Ottoman parliament. These conditions were also mentioned in Wilsonian rules.
Mustafa Kemal opened the National Congress at Sivas, with delegates from the entire nation taking part. The Erzurum resolutions were transformed into a national appeal, and the name of the organization changed to the Society to Defend the Rights and Interests of the Provinces of Anatolia and Rumeli. The Erzurum resolutions were reaffirmed with minor additions, these included new clauses such as article 3 which states that the formation of an independent Greece on the Aydın, Manisa, and Bahikesir fronts was unacceptable. The Sivas Congress essentially reinforced the stance taken at the Erzurum Congress. All these were performed while the Harbord Commission arrived in Istanbul.
Amasya Protocole, October 1919
- See also: Amasya Protocole
Grand National Assembly, November 1919
- See also: Grand National Assembly of Turkey
Plans were made to organize a new government and parliament in Ankara, and then sultan asked to accept its authority. Amasya Protocol, signed on 22 October 1919 in the same city of Amasya Circular just after Sivas Congress between Mustafa Kemal Pasha The Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi - TBMM, usually referred to simply as Meclis - "the Parliament" is the Unicameral A flood of supporters moved to Ankara just ahead of the Allied dragnets. Included among them were Halide Edip, her husband, Adnan Adıvar, İsmet İnönü, Kemal’s most important allies in the Ministry of War, and the last president of the Chamber of Deputies, Celaleddin Arif. Halide Edip Adıvar ( Ottoman Turkish: خالده اديب اديوار hɑːliˈdɛ ɛˈdip ɑdɯˈvɑɹ (1884&ndash1964 was a Turkish novelist and feminist Mustafa İsmet İnönü ( September 24 1884 &ndash December 25, 1973) was a Turkish Army General, Prime Minister The latter's desertion of the capital was of great significance. A legally elected president of the last representative Ottoman Parliament, he claimed that it had been dissolved illegally, in violation of the Constitution, enabled Kemal to assume full governmental powers for the Ankara regime.
On March 1920, he announced that the Turkish nation was establishing its own Parliament in Ankara under the name Grand National Assembly. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi - TBMM, usually referred to simply as Meclis - "the Parliament" is the Unicameral Some 100 members of the Ottoman Parliament were able to escape the Allied roundup and joined 190 deputies elected around the country by the national resistance group. On April 23, 1920, the new Assembly gathered for the first time, making Mustafe Kemal its first president and Ismet Inonü, now deputy from Edirne, chief of the General Staff. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Edirne (anc Hadrianopolis; Greek Adrianople; Slavic/Bulgarian Одрин, see also its other names) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost
See also
| Concepts | Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire - Establishment of movement - Turkish revolutionaries - Turkish National Movement | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Issues | Chanak Crisis - Population Exchange - Persona non grata - Malta exiles - Outpost Societies - King-Crane Commission - Khilafat Movement | ||||
| Campaigns | British (Allies): İstanbul | ||||
| Revolts: Kuva-i Inzibatiye - Revolt of Ahmet Aznavur - Koçkiri Rebellion | |||||
| French : Maras - Antep - Urfa | |||||
| Greek : Smyrna (İzmir) - Aydın - 1st İnönü - 2nd İnönü - Sakarya - Dumlupinar | |||||
| Armenian : Oltu – Sarıkamış – Kars – Alexandropol | |||||
| Agreements |
Allies: Conference of London - Ottoman Empire: Paris Peace Conference, 1919 - Sanremo conference - (Ottoman Parliament:) Misak-ı Milli - Treaty of Sèvres |
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| Turkish revolutionaries: Treaty of Alexandropol - Treaty of Moscow (1921) - Conference of London - Cilicia Peace Treaty - Treaty of Ankara (1921) - Treaty of Kars - Conference of London - Armistice of Mudanya - Conference of Lausanne - Treaty of Lausanne | |||||
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