| Plant oils | |
|---|---|
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| Sunflowerseed oil | |
| Types | |
| Vegetable fats | (list) |
| Essential oil | (list) |
| Macerated | (list) |
| Uses | |
| Drying oil - Oil paint | |
| Cooking oil | |
| Fuel - Biodiesel | |
| Aromatherapy | |
| Components | |
| Saturated fat | |
| Monounsaturated fat | |
| Polyunsaturated fat | |
| Trans fat | |
An essential oil is any concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants, which are called aromatic herbs or aromatic plants. Plant oils are Oils derived from plant sources as opposed to animal Fats or Petroleum. The sunflower seed is the Fruit of the Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus) Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of vegetable oils includes all Vegetable oils Essential oils are volatile and liquid Aroma compounds from natural sources usually plants Macerated oils are Vegetable oils to which other matter such as herbs has been added A drying oil is an Oil which hardens to a tough solid film after a period of exposure to air Oil paint is a type of slow-drying Paint consisting of small Pigment particles suspended in a Drying oil. Cooking oil is purified Fat of Plant or Animal origin which is liquid at room temperature For engines designed to burn #2 diesel fuel the Viscosity of vegetable oil must be lowered to allow for proper Atomization of fuel otherwise incomplete combustion Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based Diesel fuel consisting of short chain Alkyl ( Methyl or ethyl) Esters made by Aromatherapy is a form of Alternative medicine that uses volatile liquid plant materials known as Essential oils (EOs and other aromatic compounds from plants for In Chemistry, especially Biochemistry, a fatty acid is a Carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched Aliphatic tail ( chain) which Saturated fat is Fat that consists of Triglycerides containing only saturated Fatty acids Explanation Fat that occurs For discussion how dietary fats affect cardiovascular health see Diet and heart disease. In nutrition polyunsaturated fat is an abbreviation of polyunsaturated Fatty acid. Trans fat is the common name for a type of Unsaturated fat with trans - isomer Fatty acid (s In Chemistry, hydrophobicity (from the combining form of water in Attic Greek hydro- and for fear phobos) refers to the physical property of Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. They are also known as volatile or ethereal oils, or simply as the "oil of" the plant material from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove. An oil is "essential" in the sense that it carries a distinctive scent, or essence, of the plant. Essential oils do not as a group need to have any specific chemical properties in common, beyond conveying characteristic fragrances. They are not to be confused with essential fatty acids. Essential fatty acids, or EFAs are Fatty acids that cannot be constructed within an organism from other components (generally all references are to humans by any known chemical
Essential oils are generally extracted by distillation. Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture Other processes include expression, or solvent extraction. Liquid-liquid extraction, also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two They are used in perfumes, cosmetics and bath products[1], for flavoring food and drink, and for scenting incense and household cleaning products. Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living Alternate meanings Seasoning (cast iron; Seasoning (wood; Seasoning (slave Seasoning is the process of imparting or improving Incense is composed of Aromatic biotic materials It releases fragrant Smoke when burned
Various essential oils have been used medicinally at different periods in history. Medical applications proposed by those who sell medicinal oils range from skin treatments to remedies for cancer, and are often based on historical use of these oils for these purposes. Many plants have traditional medical uses Ethnobotanists and pharmacognacists catalog and study these plants and uses Such claims are now subject to regulation in most countries, and have grown correspondingly more vague, to stay within these regulations.
Interest in essential oils has revived in recent decades, with the popularity of aromatherapy, a branch of alternative medicine which claims that the specific aromas carried by essential oils have curative effects. Aromatherapy is a form of Alternative medicine that uses volatile liquid plant materials known as Essential oils (EOs and other aromatic compounds from plants for The term alternative medicine, as used in the modern western world encompasses any healing practice "that does not fall within the realm of conventional Medicine. Oils are volatilized or diluted in a carrier oil and used in massage, or burned as incense, for example.
Contents |
Production
Distillation
- See also: distillation
Today, most common essential oils, such as lavender, peppermint, and eucalyptus, are distilled. Fragrance extraction refers to the extraction of aromatic compounds from raw materials using methods such as Distillation, Solvent extraction, Expression Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture Raw plant material, consisting of the flowers, leaves, wood, bark, roots, seeds, or peel, is put into an alembic (distillation apparatus) over water. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Bark, also known as periderm is the outermost layer of stems and Roots of Woody plants such as Trees It overlays the Wood and consists ROOT is an object-oriented program and library developed by CERN. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored Peel, also known as rind or skin, is the outer protective layer of a Fruit or Vegetable which could be peeled off An alembic (from Arabic Al-inbiq الأنبيق is an alchemical Still consisting of two Retorts connected by a tube Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. As the water is heated the steam passes through the plant material, vaporizing the volatile compounds. The vapors flow through a coil where they condense back to liquid, which is then collected in the receiving vessel.
Most oils are distilled in a single process. One exception is Ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata), which takes 22 hours to complete through a fractional distillation. Ylang-ylang (ˈiːlæŋˈʔiːlæŋ (ee-lang ee-lang Cananga odorata, is a small flower of the Cananga tree Ylang-ylang (ˈiːlæŋˈʔiːlæŋ (ee-lang ee-lang Cananga odorata, is a small flower of the Cananga tree Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts or fractions such as in separating Chemical compounds by their Boiling point by heating
The recondensed water is referred to as a hydrosol, hydrolat, herbal distillate or plant water essence, which may be sold as another fragrant product. Herbal distillates are aqueous solutions or colloidal suspensions (hydrosol of Essential oils usually obtained by Steam distillation from aromatic plants Popular hydrosols are rose water, lavender water, lemon balm, clary sage and orange blossom water. thumb|right|250px|Rose water Rose water or rose syrup (گلاب Golâb, Gül suyu ماء ورد Māʾ ward, Urdu: گلاب رس Lemon balm ( Melissa officinalis) not to be confused with Bee balm, Monarda species is a perennial Herb in the Salvia sclarea, clary, or clary sage, is a biennial Herb in the genus Salvia which is native throughout The use of herbal distillates in cosmetics is increasing. Some plant hydrosols have unpleasant smells and are therefore not sold.
Expression
Most citrus peel oils are expressed mechanically, or cold-pressed. Due to the large quantities of oil in citrus peel and the relatively low cost to grow and harvest the raw materials, citrus-fruit oils are cheaper than most other essential oils. Lemon or sweet orange oils that are obtained as by-products of the citrus industry are even cheaper. A by-product is a secondary or incidental product deriving from a Manufacturing process a Chemical reaction or a biochemical pathway and is not the primary product
Prior to the discovery of distillation, essential oils were extracted by pressing. Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture
Solvent extraction
Most flowers contain too little volatile oil to undergo expression and their chemical components are too delicate and easily denatured by the high heat used in steam distillation. Instead, a solvent such as hexane or supercritical carbon dioxide is used to extract the oils. A solvent is a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid liquid or gaseous Solute, resulting in a Solution. Hexane is an Alkane Hydrocarbon with the Chemical formula CH3(CH24CH3 or C6H14 The nature of super critical carbon dioxide is established as a solvent for use in extraction Extracts from hexane and other hydrophobic solvent are called concretes, which is a mixture of essential oil, waxes, resins, and other lipophilic (oil soluble) plant material. Lipophilicity, fat-liking, refers to the ability of a Chemical compound to dissolve in fats oils lipids and non-polar solvents such as Hexane or
Although highly fragrant, concretes contain large quantities of non-fragrant waxes and resins. As such another solvent, often ethyl alcohol, which only dissolves the fragrant low-molecular weight compounds, is used to extract the fragrant oil from the concrete. The alcohol is removed by a second distillation, leaving behind the absolute. Similar to Essential oils absolutes are concentrated highly- aromatic, oily mixtures extracted from plants
Supercritical carbon dioxide is used as a solvent in supercritical fluid extraction. This method has many benefits, including avoiding petrochemical residues in the product. Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of Petroleum or other Hydrocarbon origin It does not yield an absolute directly. The supercritical carbon dioxide will extract both the waxes and the essential oils that make up the concrete. Subsequent processing with liquid carbon dioxide, achieved in the same extractor by merely lowering the extraction temperature, will separate the waxes from the essential oils. This lower temperature process prevents the decomposition and denaturing of compounds and provides for a superior product. When the extraction is complete, the pressure is reduced to ambient and the carbon dioxide reverts back to a gas, leaving no residue. Although supercritical carbon dioxide is also used for making decaffeinated coffee, the actual process is different. Decaffeination is the act of removing Caffeine from coffee beans, mate, Cocoa, Tea leaves and other caffeine-containing materials CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom
Production quantities
Estimates of total production of essential oils are difficult to obtain. One estimate, compiled from data in 1989, 1990 and 1994 from various sources gives the following total production, in tonnes, of essential oils for which more than 1,000 tonnes were produced. [2]
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Oil Tonnes Sweet orange 12,000 Mentha arvensis 4,800 Peppermint 3,200 Cedarwood 2,600 Lemon 2,300 Eucalyptus globulus 2,070 Litsea cubeba 2,000 Clove (leaf) 2,000 Spearmint 1,300
Essential oil use in aromatherapy
Aromatherapy is a form of alternative medicine, in which healing effects are ascribed to the aromatic compounds in essential oils and other plant extracts. An orange —specifically the sweet orange —is the Citrus fruit Citrus sinensis ( syn Mentha arvensis ( Field Mint Wild Mint or Corn Mint) is a species of mint native to the Temperate regions of Europe Peppermint ( Mentha × piperita) is a hybrid mint, a cross between Watermint ( Mentha aquatica) and Spearmint Cedar ( Cedrus) is a genus of Coniferous Trees in the Plant family Pinaceae. The lemon ( Citrus × limon) is a hybrid in cultivated wild plants The Tasmanian Blue Gum, Southern Blue Gum or Blue Gum, is an Evergreen tree one of the most widely cultivated trees native to Australia. May Chang ( Litsea cubeba Aromatic litsea) is an Evergreen tree or shrub 5-12 meters high in the Lauraceae family This article is about the Spice; for other meanings see Clove (disambiguation. Aromatherapy is a form of Alternative medicine that uses volatile liquid plant materials known as Essential oils (EOs and other aromatic compounds from plants for The term alternative medicine, as used in the modern western world encompasses any healing practice "that does not fall within the realm of conventional Medicine. Many common essential oils have medicinal properties that have been applied in folk medicine since ancient times and are still widely used today. The term traditional medicine ( Indigenous medicine or folk medicine) describes medical knowledge systems which developed over centuries within various societies For example, many essential oils have antiseptic properties. Antiseptics (from Greek αντί - anti, '"against" + σηπτικός - septikos, "putrefactive" are antimicrobial [3]. Many are also claimed to have an uplifting effect on the mind. The claims are supported in some studies[4][5] and unconfirmed in others. [6]
Dilution
Essential oils are usually lipophilic (literally: "oil-loving") compounds that usually are not miscible with water. Lipophilicity, fat-liking, refers to the ability of a Chemical compound to dissolve in fats oils lipids and non-polar solvents such as Hexane or Miscibility is a term commonly used in Chemistry that refers to the property of Liquids to mix in all proportions forming a Homogeneous Solution Instead, they can be diluted in solvents like pure ethanol (alcohol), polyethylene glycol, or oils. A solvent is a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid liquid or gaseous Solute, resulting in a Solution. Poly( Ethylene glycol) (PEG also known as poly( Ethylene oxide) (PEO or polyoxyethylene (POE is the most commercially important type of polyether An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is
Raw Materials
Essential oils are derived from various sections of plants. Essential oils are volatile and liquid Aroma compounds from natural sources usually plants Some plants, like the bitter orange, are sources of several types of essential oil. For the fruit known as "Chinese Bitter Orange" see Trifoliate orange.
Rose oil
The most well-known essential oil is probably rose oil, produced from the petals of Rosa damascena and Rosa centifolia. The word berry has two meanings one based on a botanical definition the other on common identification Allspice, also called Jamaica pepper,"Kurundu" Myrtle pepper, pimento, or newspice, is a Spice which is the dried unripe Junipers are Coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored The Almond ( Prunus dulcis, syn Prunus amygdalus Batsch Amygdalus communis L '''Anise''' or Aniseed, less commonly anís (stressed on the second syllable ( Pimpinella anisum) is a Flowering plant in the family Apiaceae See also Wild celery Apium graveolens is a plant species in the family Apiaceae, and yielding celery and Celeriac Nutmeg oil is a volatile oil containing Borneol and Eugenol. General uses The essential oil is obtained by the steam Distillation of ground Bark, also known as periderm is the outermost layer of stems and Roots of Woody plants such as Trees It overlays the Wood and consists Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum, synonym C zeylanicum) is a small Evergreen Tree 10–15 metres (32 Sassafras is a genus of three Sassafras trees grow from 15–35 m (50–120 feet tall and 70–150 cm (2 Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs } Camphor is a waxy white or transparent solid with a strong aromatic odor Cedar ( Cedrus) is a genus of Coniferous Trees in the Plant family Pinaceae. for the film industry in India see Cinema of Karnataka Sandalwood is the name for several fragrant Woods and their Essential Agarwood (or just Agar) is the Resinous Heartwood from Aquilaria trees large evergreens native to Southeast Asia. In Botany, a rhizome is a horizontal stem of a Plant that is usually found underground often sending out Roots and Shoots Ginger is commonly used as a cooking spice throughout the world In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. Basil ( Ocimum basilicum) (ˈbeɪzəl or /ˈbæzəl/ of the Family Lamiaceae. Bay leaf (plural bay leaves) Greek Daphni, Romanian Foi de Dafin; is the aromatic leaf of several Species of the Laurel family ( Lauraceae Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum, synonym C zeylanicum) is a small Evergreen Tree 10–15 metres (32 Common sage ( Salvia officinalis) is a small perennial Evergreen Subshrub, with woody stems grayish leaves and blue to purplish flowers Eucalyptus (From Greek ευκάλυπτος meaning "well covered" is a diverse Genus of Trees (and a few shrubs the members of which Cymbopogon is a genus of about 55 species of grasses, native to warm temperate and tropical regions of the Old World and Oceania. Melaleuca is a Genus of Plants in the myrtle family Myrtaceae. Oregano or ( Origanum vulgare) is a species of Origanum, native to Europe, the Mediterranean region and southern and central Asia Patchouli (also patchouly or pachouli) is a bushy Herb of the mint family with erect stems reaching two or three feet (about 0 Peppermint ( Mentha × piperita) is a hybrid mint, a cross between Watermint ( Mentha aquatica) and Spearmint This article is about the tree For other uses of the term "pine" see Pine (disambiguation. Rosemary ( la Rosmarinus officinalis) is a woody perennial Herb with fragrant evergreen needle-like leaves. Thyme (ˈtaɪm is a well known herb in common usage the name may refer to either the any or all members of the plant Genus Thymus, Wintergreen is a group of plants Wintergreen once commonly referred to Plants that continue Photosynthesis (remain Green) throughout the Winter Resin, not to be confused with Rosin, is a Hydrocarbon Secretion of many Plants particularly coniferous trees. Frankincense or olibanum ( Arabic language: لبٌان, lubbān) is an aromatic Resin obtained from trees of the genus Myrrh is a reddish-brown Resinous material the dried sap of the tree Commiphora myrrha, native to Yemen, Somalia A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also Salvia sclarea, clary, or clary sage, is a biennial Herb in the genus Salvia which is native throughout This article is about the Spice; for other meanings see Clove (disambiguation. Gardeners often use the name "geranium" to mean Pelargonium: see below. Hyssopus can also refer to a genus of Hymenopteran Insects of the family Eulophidae. Jasmine or Jessamine ( Jasminum) (from Persian yasmin, ie "gift from God" via Arabic) is a Genus of Shrubs The Lavenders Lavandula are a Genus of about 25–30 species of Flowering plants in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to the Mediterranean Leptospermum scoparium ( Manuka or Tea tree or just Leptospermum) is a Shrub or small Tree native to New Zealand Marjoram ( Origanum majorana, Lamiaceae) is a somewhat cold-sensitive perennial Herb or undershrub with sweet Pine An orange —specifically the sweet orange —is the Citrus fruit Citrus sinensis ( syn A rose is a perennial flowering Shrub or vine of the Genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae, that contains over 100 species Ylang-ylang (ˈiːlæŋˈʔiːlæŋ (ee-lang ee-lang Cananga odorata, is a small flower of the Cananga tree Peel, also known as rind or skin, is the outer protective layer of a Fruit or Vegetable which could be peeled off This article is about the citrus fruit For the herb see Monarda didyma. The grapefruit is a subtropical Citrus Tree grown for its Fruit which was originally named the "forbidden fruit " of Barbados The lemon ( Citrus × limon) is a hybrid in cultivated wild plants Lime is a term referring to a number of different fruits (generally Citruses, both Species and hybrids, which are typically round green to yellow An orange —specifically the sweet orange —is the Citrus fruit Citrus sinensis ( syn The tangerine ( Citrus reticulata) is an orange - or red -colored Citrus Fruit. ROOT is an object-oriented program and library developed by CERN. Valerian ( Valeriana officinalis, Valerianaceae) is a hardy perennial flowering Plant, with heads of sweetly scented pink or white flowers Rose oil, meaning either rose otto ( attar of rose, attar of roses) or rose absolute, is the Essential oil extracted from the Rose oil, meaning either rose otto ( attar of rose, attar of roses) or rose absolute, is the Essential oil extracted from the Rosa × damascena, more commonly known as the Damask rose or simply as " Damask " or sometimes as the Rose of Castile Rosa × centifolia (lit hundred leaved/petaled rose syn R gallica var Steam-distilled rose oil is known as "rose otto" while the solvent extracted product is known as "rose absolute".
Dangers
Because of their concentrated nature, essential oils generally should not be applied directly to the skin in their undiluted or "neat" form. Some can cause severe irritation, or provoke an allergic reaction. Instead, essential oils should be blended with a vegetable-based "carrier" oil (a. k. a. , a base, or "fixed" oil) before being applied. Common carrier oils include olive, almond, hazelnut and grapeseed. Common ratio of essential oil disbursed in a carrier oil is 0. 5–3% (most under 10%), and depends on its intended purpose. Some essential oils, including many of the citrus peel oils, are photosensitizers (i. Citrus is a common term and Genus of Flowering plants in the family Rutaceae, originating in tropical and subtropical southeast regions of e. , increasing the skin's vulnerability to sunlight, making it more likely to burn). Lavender oil, though generally considered the mildest essential oil, is cytotoxic to human skin cells[7]. Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells Examples of toxic agents are a Chemical substance, an Immune cell or some types of Venom
Industrial users of essential oils should consult the material safety data sheets (MSDS) to determine the hazards and handling requirements of particular oils. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance
Gynaecomastia
Some essential oils, particularly lavender and tea tree oil, have been implicated in causing gynaecomastia, an abnormal breast tissue growth, in prepubescent boys. The Lavenders Lavandula are a Genus of about 25–30 species of Flowering plants in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to the Mediterranean Tea tree oil is an extraction from the Melaleuca tree Tea tree oil or melaleuca oil is a clear to very pale golden color Essential oil Gynecomastia, or gynaecomastia, ˌgaɪnəkoʊˈmæstiə is the development of abnormally large Mammary glands in Males resulting in breast enlargement which [8] A child hormone specialist at the University of Cambridge claimed ". The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the . . these oils can mimic oestrogens" and "people should be a little bit careful about using these products". Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, [9]
Pesticide residues
There is some concern about pesticide residues in essential oils, particularly those used therapeutically. A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. For this reason, many practitioners of aromatherapy choose to buy organically produced oils. Organic farming is a form of agriculture that relies on Crop rotation, Green manure, Compost, Biological pest control, and mechanical Cultivation
Ingestion
While some advocate the ingestion of essential oils for therapeutic purposes, this should never be done except under the supervision of a professional who is licensed to prescribe such treatment. Some very common essential oils such as Eucalyptus are extremely toxic internally. Pharmacopoeia standards for medicinal oils should be heeded. Pharmacopoeia (literally the art of the drug compounder in its modern technical sense is a book containing directions for the identification of samples and the preparation of compound Essential oils should always be kept out of the reach of children. Some oils can be toxic to some domestic animals, cats in particular. WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic Owners must ensure that their pets do not come into contact with potentially harmful essential oils. [10] The internal use of essential oils should be fully avoided during pregnancy without consulting with a licensed professional, as some can be abortifacients in dose 0. An abortifacient is a substance that induces Abortion. Abortifacients for Animals that have mated undesirably are known as Mismating shots 5–10 ml.
Smoke
The smoke from burning essential oils may contain potential carcinogens, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAH s are Chemical compounds that consist of fused Aromatic rings and do not contain Heteroatoms or Essential oils are naturally high in volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This article describes a highly specialized aspect of its subject in the "Terminology and legal definitions" section
Toxicology
LD50 of most essential oils or their main components are 0. In Toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for “Lethal Dose 50%” or LCt50 (Lethal Concentration & Time of a 5-10 g/kg (orally or skin test).
Notes and references
- ^ "Making Scents: Aromatherapy and the Benefits of Essential Oils" Sfbsc. com
- ^ ISO TC 54 Business Plan — Essential oils. Retrieved on 2006-09-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. It is unclear from the source what period of time the quoted figures include.
- ^ Seenivasan Prabuseenivasan, Manickkam Jayakumar, and Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu (November 30, 2006). Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils". BMC Complement Altern Med. 6 (39): 39. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Komiya M, Takeuchi T, Harada E (September 25, 2006). Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "Lemon oil vapor causes an anti-stress effect via modulating the 5-HT and DA activities in mice". Behav Brain Res 172 (2): 240-9. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16780969.
- ^ Hiroko Kuriyama, Satoko Watanabe, Takaaki Nakaya, Ichiro Shigemori, Masakazu Kita, Noriko Yoshida, Daiki Masaki, Toshiaki Tadai, Kotaro Ozasa, Kenji Fukui, and Jiro Imanishi (September 15, 2005). Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Ambient odors of orange and lavender reduce anxiety and improve mood in a dental office". Physiol Behav 86 (1-2): 92-5. PMID 16095639.
- ^ Lehrner J, Marwinski G, Lehr S, Johren P, Deecke L (June 2005). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Immunological and Psychological Benefits of Aromatherapy Massage". Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2 (2): 179. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ "Cytotoxicity of lavender oil and its major components to human skin cells" Prashar A, Locke IC, Evans CS
- ^ "Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils" (2007). New England Journal of Medicine 356 (5): 479-85. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 17267908.
- ^ "Oils make male breasts develop", BBC News, February 1, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-09-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian
- ^ K. Bischoff, F. Guale (1998). "Australian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) Oil Poisoning in three purebred cats". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 10 (108).
Additional references
- Kurt Schnaubelt (1999). Advanced Aromatherapy: The Science of Essential Oil Therapy. Healing Arts Press. ISBN 0-89281-743-7.
- Wanda Sellar (2001). The Directory of Essential Oils, Reprint, Essex: The C. W. Daniel Company, Ltd. ISBN 0-85207-346-1.
- Robert Tisserand (1995). Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals. Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-05260-3.
See also
- Alternative medicine
- Aromatherapy
- Enfleurage
- Fragrance oil
- List of essential oils
- List of vegetable oils
- Volatility (chemistry)
Dictionary
essential oil
-noun
- A volatile oil, used to make perfumes and flavourings, especially one having the characteristic odour of the plant from which it is obtained.
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