Espionage or spying involves an individual obtaining (i. e. , using human intelligence HUMINT methods) information that is considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. HUMINT, a syllabic abbreviation of the words HUMan INTelligence refers to intelligence gathering by means of interpersonal contact as opposed to the more technical Espionage is inherently clandestine, as the legitimate holder of the information may change plans or take other countermeasures once it is known that the information is in unauthorized hands. A Clandestine operation is a military or Intelligence operation carried out in such a way that the operation goes unnoticed See clandestine HUMINT for the basic concepts of such information collection, and subordinate articles such as clandestine HUMINT operational techniques and clandestine HUMINT asset recruiting for discussions of the "tradecraft" used to collect this information. This article is a subset article under Human Intelligence. For a complete hierarchical list of articles see the intelligence cycle management hierarchy The Clandestine HUMINT page dealt with the functions which that discipline can serve including espionage and active counterintelligence were presented This article is a subset article under Human Intelligence. For a complete hierarchical list of articles see the intelligence cycle management hierarchy.

Contents 1 History 2 Various Forms 3 Risks 4 Spies in various conflicts 4.1 Espionage under Elizabeth I of England 4.2 Espionage in the American Revolution 4.3 Espionage in the American Civil War 4.4 Espionage in the Second Boer War 4.5 Espionage in World War I 4.6 Espionage in World War II 4.7 Espionage in the Cold War 5 Espionage technology and techniques 6 Spy fiction 7 Further reading 7.1 Surveys 7.2 World War I 7.3 World War II: 1931-1945 7.4 Cold War Era: 1945-1991 8 See also 9 References

History

Incidents of espionage are well documented throughout history. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology The ancient writings of Chinese and Indian military strategists such as Sun-Tzu and Chanakya contain information on deception and subversion. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era This article is about the history of South Asia prior to the Partition of British India in 1947 Sun Tzu ( ("Master Sun" also called Sun Wu ( is traditionally considered to be the author of The Art of War (also simply called the Chanakya Sanskrit: चाणक्य Cāṇakya) (c 350-283 BC was an adviser and a Prime minister to the first Maurya Emperor Subversion refers to an attempt to overthrow structures of Authority, including the State. Chanakya's student Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire, made use of assassinations, spies and secret agents, which are described in Chanakya's Arthasastra. Chandragupta Maurya (चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य sometimes known simply as Chandragupta (born c The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. The Arthashastra ( IAST: Arthaśāstra) is a Treatise on statecraft, economic policy and Military strategy which The ancient Egyptians had a thoroughly developed system for the acquisition of intelligence, and the Hebrews used spies as well, as in the story of Rahab. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Hebrews (or Hebertes, Eberites, Hebreians, " Habiru " or " Habiri " Hebrew: עברים Rahab, (Heb רחב rachav; ie "broad" "large" was according to the Book of Joshua, a woman who lived in the city of Jericho in Feudal Japan often used ninja to gather intelligence. The written history of Japan begins with brief references in the 1st century AD Twenty-Four Histories, a collection of Chinese historical texts More recently, spies played a significant part in Elizabethan England (see Francis Walsingham). Romance and reality The Victorian era and the early twentieth century idealised the Elizabethan era England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Sir Francis Walsingham (c 1532 – 6 April 1590) is usually remembered as the " Spymaster " of Queen Elizabeth I of England Many modern espionage methods were well established even then. ^[1]

The Cold War involved intense espionage activity between the United States of America and its allies and the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China and their allies, particularly related to nuclear weapons secrets. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Cold War espionage describes the intelligence gathering activities during the Cold War between NATO and the Warsaw Pact. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Recently, espionage agencies have targeted the illegal drug trade and those considered to be terrorists. The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global Black market consisting of the cultivation manufacture distribution and sale of illegal Drugs Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion

Different intelligence services value certain intelligence collection techniques over others. Intelligence Gathering Disciplines HUMINT Human Intelligence - gathered from a person on the ground The former Soviet Union, for example, preferred human sources over research in open sources, while the United States has tended to emphasize technological methods such as SIGINT and IMINT. HUMINT, a syllabic abbreviation of the words HUMan INTelligence refers to intelligence gathering by means of interpersonal contact as opposed to the more technical This article is a subset article in a series under Intelligence collection management. IMINT, short for IM agery INT elligence is an intelligence gathering discipline which collects information via satellite and Aerial photography Both Soviet civilian (KGB) and military intelligence (GRU ^[2]) officer were judged by the number of agents they recruited. KGB ( Transliteration of "КГБ" is the Russian abbreviation of Committee for State Security ( Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosty GRU is the English transliteration of the Russian Acronym ГРУ, which stands for "Гла́вное Разве́дывательное

Various Forms

Unlike other forms of intelligence collection disciplines, espionage usually involves accessing the place where the desired information is stored, or accessing the people who know the information and will divulge it through some kind of subterfuge. Intelligence Gathering Disciplines HUMINT Human Intelligence - gathered from a person on the ground There are exceptions to physical meetings, such as the Oslo Report, or the insistence of Robert Hanssen in never meeting the people to whom he was selling information. The Oslo Report was one of the most spectacular leaks in the history of military intelligence Robert Philip Hanssen (born April 18, 1944) is a former American FBI agent who spied for the Russian KGB against the United

The US defines espionage towards itself as "The act of obtaining, delivering, transmitting, communicating, or receiving information about the national defense with an intent, or reason to believe, that the information may be used to the injury of the United States or to the advantage of any foreign nation. Espionage is a violation of 18 United States Code 792-798 and Article 106, Uniform Code of Military Justice^[3]. " The United States, like most nations, conducts espionage against other nations, under the control of the National Clandestine Service. The National Clandestine Service ( NCS) is the main United States Intelligence agency for coordinating human intelligence (HUMINT services Britain's espionage activities are controlled by the Secret Intelligence Service. The Secret Intelligence Service ( SIS) colloquially known as MI6 is the United Kingdom 's external Intelligence agency.

Espionage is usually part of an institutional effort (i. e. , governmental or corporate espionage), and the term is most readily associated with state spying on potential or actual enemies, primarily for military purposes, but this has been extended to spying involving corporations, known specifically as industrial espionage. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business Industrial espionage or corporate espionage is Espionage conducted for commercial purposes instead of National security purposes Many nations routinely spy on both their enemies and allies, although they maintain a policy of not making comment on this. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered A gentlemen's agreement is an informal Agreement between two or more parties In addition to utilizing agencies within a government many also employ private companies to collect information on their behalf such as SCG International Risk and others. Corporate structure SCG International consists of four companies: SCG International Risk This is the ground operations arm of the company Black's Law Dictionary (1990) defines espionage as: ". Black's Law Dictionary is the most widely-used Law dictionary for the Law of the United States. . . gathering, transmitting, or losing. . . information related to the national defense. "

While news media may speak of "spy satellites" and the like, espionage is not a synonym for all types of intelligence functions. It is a specific form of human source intelligence (HUMINT). HUMINT, a syllabic abbreviation of the words HUMan INTelligence refers to intelligence gathering by means of interpersonal contact as opposed to the more technical Codebreaking (cryptanalysis or COMINT), aircraft or satellite photography (IMINT) and research in open publications (OSINT) are all intelligence gathering disciplines, but none of them are espionage. Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, "hidden" and analýein, "to loosen" or "to untie" is the study of methods for IMINT, short for IM agery INT elligence is an intelligence gathering discipline which collects information via satellite and Aerial photography This article is a subset article in a series under Intelligence collection management. Not all HUMINT activities, such as interviewing prisoners, reports from military reconnaissance patrols and from diplomats, etc. , are espionage.

A spy is a person employed to obtain such secrets. Within the US intelligence community, asset is a more common usage. A case officer, who may have diplomatic status (i. e. , official cover or non-official cover) supports and directs the human collector. Official cover is a term used in Espionage to refer to operatives who assume positions in organizations with diplomatic ties to the government for which they work Non-official cover ( NOC) is a term used in Espionage (particularly by national intelligence services for agents or operatives who assume covert roles in organizations Cutouts are couriers who do not know the agent or case officer, but transfer messages. A courier is a Person or company employed to deliver Messages packages and Mail. In larger networks, the organization can be complex, with many methods to avoid detection, including clandestine cell systems. Often the players have never met and are sometimes unaware that they are participating. This is often referred to as "the Tyson Effect," where important players are unaware of their own participation. See Clandestine HUMINT for details of the actual operations and people of espionage systems. This article is a subset article under Human Intelligence. For a complete hierarchical list of articles see the intelligence cycle management hierarchy

Case officers are stationed in foreign countries to recruit and supervise intelligence agents, who in turn spy on targets in their countries where they are assigned. A spy may or may not be an actual citizen of a target country. While the more common practice is to recruit a person already trusted with access to sensitive information, there are cases where a person may attempt to infiltrate a target organization, with a well-prepared synthetic identity for them, called a legend in tradecraft.

These agents can be moles (who are recruited before they get access to secrets), defectors (who are recruited after they get access to secrets and leave their country) or defectors in place (who get access but do not leave). A mole (also called a defector in place, an informant and in the Mafia a rat) is a Spy who works for an enemy Nation, but whose loyalty In Politics, a defector is a person who gives up allegiance to one state or political entity in exchange for allegiance to another This article is a subset article under Human Intelligence. For a complete hierarchical list of articles see the intelligence cycle management hierarchy

Risks

The risks of espionage vary. A spy breaking the host country's laws may be deported, imprisoned, or even executed. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. A spy breaking his/her own country's laws can be imprisoned for espionage or/and treason, or even executed, as the Rosenbergs were. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. Julius Rosenberg (May 12 1918 &ndash June 19 1953 and Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg (September 28 1915 &ndash June 19 1953 were American Communists who were executed For example, when Aldrich Ames handed a stack of dossiers of CIA agents in the Eastern Bloc to his KGB-officer "handler," the KGB "rolled up" several networks, and at least ten people were secretly shot. Aldrich Hazen Ames (born May 26 1941) is a former Central Intelligence Agency Counter-intelligence officer and analyst who in 1994 was convicted KGB ( Transliteration of "КГБ" is the Russian abbreviation of Committee for State Security ( Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosty When Ames was arrested by the FBI, he faced life in prison; his contact, who had diplomatic immunity, was declared persona non grata and taken to the airport. Diplomatic immunity is a form of legal immunity and a policy held between governments which ensures that Diplomats are given safe passage and are considered not Persona non grata ( Latin, Plural: personae non gratae, also abbreviated PNG literally meaning "an unwelcome person" is a term used Ames's wife was threatened with life imprisonment if her husband did not cooperate; he did, and she was given a five-year sentence. Hugh Francis Redmond, a CIA officer in China, spent nineteen years in a Chinese prison for espionage—and died there—as he was operating without diplomatic cover and immunity. A former World War II Paratrooper and native of Yonkers, New York Hugh Francis Redmond later worked for the CIA.

Many organizations, both national and non-national, conduct espionage operations. It should not be assumed that espionage is always directed at the most secret operations of a target country; national and terrorist organizations and other groups needed to get agents into target countries to learn security routines around their targets. They also needed to arrange secure ways of transferring money.

Communications both are necessary to espionage and clandestine operations, and also a great vulnerability when the adversary has sophisticated SIGINT detection and interception capability.

See espionage organizations for national and non-national groups that conduct clandestine human operations, for any of a number of reasons: assessment of national capabilities at the strategic level, warning of the movements of security and military organizations; financial systems; protective measures around targets. Espionage is a subset of human intelligence, one of many intelligence collection methods, which are organized by Intelligence collection management Be aware that certain organizations who have an association with espionage, such as the US FBI, UK Security Service, and Canadian Security Intelligence Service do not perform espionage, but, with these three examples, all monitor and defend against it, the CSIS principally at an analytical levels. The Canadian Security Intelligence Service ( CSIS) (Service canadien du renseignement de sécurité ( SCRS) is the primary Intelligence agency of the In the US and UK, respectively, the National Clandestine Service, part of the Central Intelligence Agency, performs espionage, while the Secret Intelligence Service does so for Great Britain. The National Clandestine Service ( NCS) is the main United States Intelligence agency for coordinating human intelligence (HUMINT services near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The Secret Intelligence Service ( SIS) colloquially known as MI6 is the United Kingdom 's external Intelligence agency. Canada does not appear to run espionage, although it collects SIGINT. The Russian SVR performs espionage while the FSB defends against it.

Spies in various conflicts

See also: Intelligence agency, Special Operations Executive, and United States government security breaches

Espionage under Elizabeth I of England

• Sir Francis Walsingham

Espionage in the American Revolution

• Nathan Hale
• John Andre

Espionage in the American Civil War

One of the innovations in the American Civil War was the use of proprietary companies for intelligence collection. An intelligence agency is a governmental agency that is devoted to the Information gathering (known in the context as " intelligence " The Special Operations Executive ( SOE) (sometimes referred to as "the Baker Street Irregulars " after Sherlock Holmes ' fictional group of helpers This page is a Timeline of published security lapses in the United States government Sir Francis Walsingham (c 1532 – 6 April 1590) is usually remembered as the " Spymaster " of Queen Elizabeth I of England Nathan Hale ( June 6, 1755 &ndash September 22, 1776) was an officer for the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary For other uses see John André (disambiguation. Major John André ( May 2, 1750 &ndash October 2 See Allan Pinkerton

Espionage in the Second Boer War

• Fritz Joubert Duquesne

Espionage in World War I

• Fritz Joubert Duquesne

Espionage in World War II

With a few notable exceptions, most espionage in World War II was conducted by "rings", or teams of agents. Allan Pinkerton (25 August 1819 &ndash 1 July 1884 was a Scottish Detective and spy, best known for creating the Pinkerton Agency, the first Frederick “Fritz” Joubert Duquesne (sometimes spelt Du Quesne pronounced in English as “Doo-Cain’’ (born Cape Frederick “Fritz” Joubert Duquesne (sometimes spelt Du Quesne pronounced in English as “Doo-Cain’’ (born Cape

• Duquesne Spy Ring
• Richard Sorge
• Abwehr
• Red Orchestra
• Lucy Ring
• Espionage turned: Double Cross System, Operation North Pole

Espionage in the Cold War

• Cold War
• Vietnam War

Espionage technology and techniques

See also: Tradecraft and List of intelligence gathering disciplines

• Agent Handling
• Concealment device
• Covert listening device
• Cut-out
• Dead drop
• False flag operations
• Honeypot
• Interrogation
• Nonofficial cover (NOC)
• Numbers messaging
• One-way voice link
• Steganography
• Surveillance

Spy fiction

Main article: Spy fiction

An early example of espionage literature is Kim by the English novelist Rudyard Kipling, with a description of the training of an intelligence agent in the "Great Game" between the UK and Russia in 19th century Central Asia. The Duquesne Spy Ring is the largest Espionage case in United States history that ended in convictions Richard Sorge ( Russian: Рихард Зорге ( October 4, 1895 - November 7, 1944) is considered to have been the best Soviet The Abwehr was a German intelligence organization from 1921 to 1944 In World War II Espionage, the Lucy spy ring was an anti-German operation which operated in Switzerland. See also Double agent The Double Cross System or XX System, was a World War II anti-espionage and deception operation of the British de Das Englandspiel, also called Unternehmen Nordpol ( Operation North Pole) was an enormous Counter intelligence operation launched by the German Intelligence Cold War espionage describes the intelligence gathering activities during the Cold War between NATO and the Warsaw Pact. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Tradecraft is a general term that denotes a skill acquired through experience in a trade Intelligence Gathering Disciplines HUMINT Human Intelligence - gathered from a person on the ground Agent handler is a generic term common to many intelligence organizations which can be applied to Case Officers those who aspire to be Case officers "controllers" contacts Concealment devices or diversion safes are used to hide things for the purpose of Secrecy or Security. A covert listening device, more commonly known as a bug, is usually a combination of a Miniature Radio transmitter with a Microphone. In Espionage parlance a cutout is a mutually trusted intermediary or channel of communication which facilitates the exchange of information between agents A dead drop or dead letter box, is a location used to secretly pass items between two people without requiring them This article is a subset article under Human Intelligence. For a complete hierarchical list of articles see the intelligence cycle management hierarchy. Interrogation or questioning is Interviewing as commonly employed by officers of the Police and Military. Non-official cover ( NOC) is a term used in Espionage (particularly by national intelligence services for agents or operatives who assume covert roles in organizations Numbers stations are Shortwave radio stations of uncertain origin A one-way voice link (OWVL is a Shortwave radio broadcast used by Spy networks to communicate with agents in the field Steganography is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way that no one apart from the sender and intended recipient even realizes there is a hidden message Surveillance is the monitoring of Behavior. Systems surveillance is the process of monitoring the behavior of people objects or processes within systems for conformity The Genre of spy fiction —sometimes called political thriller or spy thriller or sometimes shortened simply to Spy-fi —arose before Kim is a novel by Rudyard Kipling. It was first published serially in ''McClure's Magazine'' from December 1900 to October 1901 as well as in Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936 was an English Author and poet The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south

During the many 20th century spy scandals, a large amount of information became publicly known about national spy agencies and dozens of real-life secret agents. These sensational stories piqued public interest in a profession largely off-limits to human interest news reporting, a natural consequence of the secrecy inherent to their work. To fill in the blanks, the popular conception of the secret agent has been formed largely by 20th and 21st century literature and cinema. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter While it is obvious from reading news accounts that many real spies, such as Valerie Plame, are attractive and sociable, the fictional secret agent is often a loner, sometimes amoral—an existential hero operating outside the everyday constraints of society. Valerie Elise Plame Wilson (born 19 April 1963) known as Valerie Plame, Valerie E Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence A hero (from Greek grc ἥρως hērōs) in Greek mythology and Folklore, was originally a Demigod, the offspring of a mortal and Loner spy personalities may have been a stereotype of convenience for authors who already knew how to write loner private investigator characters that sold well from the 1920s to the present. A private investigator or private detective (often shortened to PI or private eye) is a person who can be hired by individuals or groups to undertake

While fictional secret agents, such as Johnny Fedora, were popular during the 1950s and 60s, James Bond, the protagonist of Ian Fleming's novels, who went on to spawn an extremely successful film franchise, is the most famous fictional secret agent of all: he uses the best toys and excels at fighting and seduction, completely ignoring the more tedious side of espionage. Johnny Fedora is a fictional British Secret agent who was the Protagonist of 16 novels published between 1951 and 1984 James Bond 007 is a Fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve Novels and two Short story Ian Lancaster Fleming ( May 28, 1908 – August 12, 1964) was a British author, Journalist and Second World War Fiction is the telling of stories which are not real More specifically fiction is an imaginative form of Narrative, one of the four basic Rhetorical modes. In direct contrast to this, John le Carré's character George Smiley is often considered the "anti-Bond" and one of the more realistic fictional spies: he is a finite and imperfect man, initially defeated by enemies within the Secret Service, who eventually prevails by patience, intelligence, and compassion. John le Carré is the Pseudonym of David John Moore Cornwell (born October 19, 1931 in Poole, Dorset, England George Smiley is a Fictional character created by John le Carré. Another is the boy spy Alex Rider, created by Anthony Horowitz; Rider is said to be useful due to his youth. Alex Rider is a series of spy novels by English author Anthony Horowitz about a young spy named Alex Rider. Anthony Horowitz (born 5 April 1956 is an English Author and Screenwriter. Other popular spies are the characters Johnny Fedora by Desmond Cory; Quiller by Adam Hall; Nikita, played by Peta Wilson, and Michael Samuelle, played by Roy Dupuis, in the TV series La Femme Nikita (1997–2001), Jack Ryan in numerous Tom Clancy novels, and Sydney Bristow, played by Jennifer Garner, in the TV series Alias (2001–2006). Johnny Fedora is a fictional British Secret agent who was the Protagonist of 16 novels published between 1951 and 1984 Desmond Cory is a Pseudonym used by British Mystery / thriller Writer Shaun Lloyd McCarthy Quiller is the alias of a fictional spy created by English Novelist Elleston Trevor and featured in a series of Cold War Elleston Trevor was the pseudonym and eventually legal name of the British Novelist Trevor Dudley-Smith ( February 17, 1920 - Peta Gia Wilson (born November 18 1970 is an Australian actress and model Roy Dupuis ( April 21, 1963) is a Canadian Actor best known for his role as Counterterrorism operative Michael Samuelle in the television La Femme Nikita ( Nikita in Canada is a Canadian television Spy drama based upon the original French film directed by Luc Jack Ryan (full name President Sir John Patrick Ryan, PhD, CPA, KCVO) ( May 17 1950- is a Fictional character Thomas Leo Clancy Jr (born April 12 1947) is an American author best known for his technically detailed espionage and Military science storylines Sydney Anne Bristow (born 17 April 1975) played by Jennifer Garner, is the main character on the television series Alias Jennifer Garner Affleck This would involve changing both her last and middle names Alias is an American " Spy-fi " television series created by J The British TV series Spooks is another example of spy fiction. Spooks is a BAFTA award-winning British television drama series produced by the independent production company Kudos for BBC One Charlie's Angels has some spying aspects and the popular cartoon series Totally Spies! revolves around three girls named Clover, Sam and Alex who are spies working for a spy agency called WOOHP which stands for World Organization of Human Protection. Charlie's Angels is a television series about three women who work for a private investigation agency and is one of the first shows to showcase women Totally Spies! is a French Animated television series produced by the French company Marathon Production.

Spy fiction has also become prevalent in video gaming, where the "wet work" aspect of espionage is highlighted. Wetwork or wet work is a Euphemism for Murder or Assassination, alluding to hands literally wet with blood Game situations typically involve agents sent into enemy territory for purposes of subversion. These depictions are more action-oriented than would be typical in most cases of espionage, and they tend to focus on infiltration rather than information-gathering. Some examples are GoldenEye 007, Perfect Dark, Thief, Metal Gear and Splinter Cell. GoldenEye 007 is a 1997 First-person shooter Video game developed by Rare for the Nintendo 64 Video game console, Perfect Dark is a 2000 First-person shooter Video game for the Nintendo 64 Game console. Thief is a series of first-person Computer games where the player takes the role of Garrett a Thief in a Fantasy / Steampunk is a critically acclaimed series of Stealth games created by Hideo Kojima and developed and published by Konami. Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell is a series of Video games endorsed by American author Tom Clancy. Recent incarnations have attempted to introduce more psychological aspects of infiltration, such as social camouflage and moral decision making, into gameplay.

Further reading

There is a vast and ever-growing body of literature devoted to espionage. The following reading list features some of the better known and more comprehensive accounts. The lists are sortable, using the icons next to the headings. In this way the reader can sort the lists by author, title, date and so forth. This is of value especially in terms of the year, for espionage literature tends to build on earlier material as well as on newfound sources.

Surveys

Author(s)	Title	Publisher	Date	Notes
Jenkins, Peter	Advanced Surveillance: The Complete Manual of Surveillance Training	-	-	ISBN 0953537811
West, Nigel	MI6: British Secret Intelligence Service Operations 1909-1945	-	1983	-
Smith Jr. , W. Thomas	Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency	-	2003	popular
Richelson, Jeffery T.	The U. S. Intelligence Community	-	1999	fourth edition
Richelson, Jeffery T.	A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century	-	1977	-
Owen, David	Hidden Secrets: A Complete History of Espionage and the Technology Used to Support It	-	-	-
O'Toole, George	Honorable Treachery: A History of U. S. Intelligence, Espionage, Covert Action from the American Revolution to the CIA	-	1991	-
Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth & K. Lee Lerner, eds.	Terrorism: essential primary sources	Thomas Gale	2006	ISBN 9781414406213
Lerner, K. Lee and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, eds.	Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence and Security	-	2003	1100 pages. 850 articles, strong on technology
Knightley, Philip	The Second Oldest Profession: Spies and Spying in the Twentieth Century	Norton	1986	-
Kahn, David	The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet	-	1996	Revised edition, 1200 pages. First published in 1967.
Johnson, Robert	Spying for Empire: The Great Game in Central and South Asia, 1757-1947	London: Greenhill	2006	British Intelligence and its imperial connection
Friedman, George	America's Secret War: Inside the Hidden Worldwide Struggle Between the United States and Its Enemies	-	2005	since 9-11
Bungert, Heike et al eds.	Secret Intelligence in the Twentieth Century	-	2003	essays by scholars
May, Ernest (ed. )	Knowing One's Enemies: Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars	-	1984	-
Black, Ian	Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services	-	1992	-
Andrew, Christopher	For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush	-	1996	-

World War I

Author(s)	Title	Publisher	Date	Notes
Tunney, Thomas Joseph and Paul Merrick Hollister	Throttled!: The Detection of the German and Anarchist Bomb Plotters	Boston: Small, Maynard & company	1919	Chapter 9 is about Duquesne and is available on Wikisource: see text
Beesly, Patrick	Room 40	-	1982	Covers the breaking of German codes by RN intelligence, including the Turkish bribe, Zimmermann telegram, and failure at Jutland. Frederick “Fritz” Joubert Duquesne (sometimes spelt Du Quesne pronounced in English as “Doo-Cain’’ (born Cape Wikisource is a Wikimedia project to build a free, Wiki Library of Source texts along with translations into any language
Burnham, Frederick Russell	Taking Chances	-	1944	Chapter 2 is about Duquesne
May, Ernest (ed. Frederick Russell Burnham, DSO (May 11 1861 – September 1 1947 was an American scout and world traveling adventurer known for his service to the Frederick “Fritz” Joubert Duquesne (sometimes spelt Du Quesne pronounced in English as “Doo-Cain’’ (born Cape )	Knowing One's Enemies: Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars	-	1984	-
Tuchman, Barbara W.	The Zimmermann Telegram	-	1966	-

World War II: 1931-1945

Author(s)	Title	Publisher	Date	Notes
Babington-Smith, Constance	Air Spy: The Story of Photo Intelligence in World War II	-	1957	-
Bryden, John	Best-Kept Secret: Canadian Secret Intelligence in the Second World War	Lester	1993	-
Hinsley, F. H. and Alan Stripp	Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park	-	2001	-
Hinsley, F. H.	British Intelligence in the Second World War	-	1996	Abridged version of multivolume official history.
Hohne, Heinz	Canaris: Hitler's Master Spy	-	1979	-
Jones, R. V.	The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939-1945	-	1978	-
Kahn, David	Hitler's Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II'	-	1978	-
Kahn, David	Seizing the Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-Boat Codes, 1939-1943	-	1991	FACE
Kitson, Simon	The Hunt for Nazi Spies: Fighting Espionage in Vichy France	-	2008
Lewin, Ronald	The American Magic: Codes, Ciphers and the Defeat of Japan	-	1982	-
Masterman, J. C.	The Double Cross System in the War of 1935 to 1945	Yale	1972	-
Persico, Joseph	Roosevelt's Secret War: FDR and World War II Espionage	-	2001	-
Persico, Joseph	Casey: The Lives and Secrets of William J. Casey-From the OSS to the CIA	-	1991	-
Ronnie, Art	Counterfeit Hero: Fritz Duquesne, Adventurer and Spy	-	1995	ISBN 1-55750-733-3-
Sayers, Michael & Albert E. Frederick “Fritz” Joubert Duquesne (sometimes spelt Du Quesne pronounced in English as “Doo-Cain’’ (born Cape Kahn	Sabotage! The Secret War Against America	-	1942	-
Smith, Richard Harris	OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency	-	2005	-
Stanley, Roy M.	World War II Photo Intelligence	-	1981	-
Wark, Wesley	The Ultimate Enemy: British Intelligence and Nazi Germany, 1933-1939	-	1985	-
Wark, Wesley	"Cryptographic Innocence: The Origins of Signals Intelligence in Canada in the Second World War" in Journal of Contemporary History 22	-	1987	-
West, Nigel	Secret War: The Story of SOE, Britain's Wartime Sabotage Organization	-	1992	-
Winterbotham, F. W.	The Ultra Secret	Harper & Row	1974	-
Wohlstetter, Roberta. ULTra ("Urban Light Transport" is a Personal rapid transit system from Advanced Transport Systems Ltd a company based in Cardiff, Wales.	Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision	-	1962	-

Cold War Era: 1945-1991

Author(s)	Title	Publisher	Date	Notes
Aldrich, Richard J.	The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence	-	2002	-
Ambrose, Stephen E.	Ike's Spies: Eisenhower and the Intelligence Establishment	-	1981-	-
Andrew, Christopher and Vasili Mitrokhin	The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB	Basic Books	1991, 2005	ISBN 0465003117
Andrew, Christopher, and Oleg Gordievsky	KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev	-	1990	-
Aronoff, Myron J.	The Spy Novels of John Le Carré: Balancing Ethics and Politics	-	1999	-
Bissell, Richard	Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs'	-	1996	-
Bogle, Lori, ed.	Cold War Espionage and Spying	-	2001-	essays
Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin	The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World	-	-	-
Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin	The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West	Gardners Books	2000	ISBN 978-0-14-028487-4
Jim Colella	My Life as an Italian Mafioso Spy	-	2000	-
Dorril, Stephen	MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service	-	2000	-
Dziak, John J.	Chekisty: A History of the KGB	-	1988	-
Gates, Robert M.	From The Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story Of Five Presidents And How They Won The Cold War'	-	1997	-
Frost, Mike and Michel Gratton	Spyworld: Inside the Canadian and American Intelligence Establishments	Doubleday Canada	1994	-
Harris, Merv	One Mans View: working title of Straw Men , a without prejudice account of AWB/Australian/US operations	-	2008	-
Haynes, John Earl, and Harvey Klehr	Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America	-	1999	-
Helms, Richard	A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency	-	2003	-
Koehler, John O.	Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police'	-	1999	-
Persico, Joseph	Casey: The Lives and Secrets of William J. Casey-From the OSS to the CIA	-	1991	-
Murphy, David E. , Sergei A. Kondrashev, and George Bailey	Battleground Berlin: CIA vs. KGB in the Cold War	-	1997	-
Prados, John	Presidents' Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations Since World War II	-	1996	-
Rositzke, Harry.	The CIA's Secret Operations: Espionage, Counterespionage, and Covert Action	-	1988	-
Srodes, James	Allen Dulles: Master of Spies	Regnery	2000	CIA head to 1961
	Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies and Secret Operations	Greenwood Press/Questia	2004	-

Anderson, Nicholas NOC - 2008 eBook [1] and 2009 published Enigma Books

See also

• Classified information
• Corporate espionage
• Labor spies
• List of cryptographers
• Military intelligence
• Mitrokhin Archive
• Sabotage
• Security clearance
• Dumpster diving
• Ninja

References

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