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Erzurum Province
Location of Erzurum Province
Location of Erzurum Province in Turkey
Overview
Region: Eastern Anatolia Region, Turkey
Area: 25,066 (km²)
Total Population 958,875 TUIK 2006 (est)
Population density 38. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The provinces of Turkey are organized into 7 census-defined regions ( bölge) which were originally defined at the First Geography Congress in 1941 Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Turkey is divided into 81 provinces called iller in Turkish (singular is il, see Turkish alphabet for capitalization of i Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 3 (pop/km²)
-->Urban Population 361,235
Licence plate code: 25
Area code: 0442
Governor Website http://www.erzurum.gov.tr
Weather forecast turkeyforecast.com/weather/erzurum

The Province of Erzurum (Arzen in antiquity, Karin in ancient Armenian, Theodosiupolis or Theodosiopolis during Byzantine rule) is one of the Provinces of Turkey, in the Eastern Anatolia Region, to the east of the country. This is a list of cities in Turkey by population Included are cities that are provincial capitals or have a population of at least 7000 Turkish car number plates are License plates found on Turkish vehicles Turkey went from six (2+4 to seven digits (3+4 local phone numbers c Karin was a region of historic Armenia, roughly encompassing parts of the Erzurum and Muş Provinces in present-day Turkey. The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Turkey is divided into 81 provinces called iller in Turkish (singular is il, see Turkish alphabet for capitalization of i Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black It is surrounded by Kars and Ağrı to the east, Muş and Bingöl to the south, Erzincan and Bayburt to the west, Rize and Artvin to the north and Ardahan to the northeast. Kars is a province (il of Turkey, located in the northeastern part of the country Ağrı ( Armenian: Արարատի is a province on the eastern borders of Turkey, bordering Iran to the east Kars to the North Erzurum Muş is a province in eastern Turkey. It is 8196 km² in area and has a population of 488997 (2006 est Bingöl Province is a province of Turkey in Eastern Anatolia. Erzincan Province is a Province on the Eastern region of Anatolia, Turkey and home to Erzincan, a city which was destroyed and rebuilt after an earthquake Bayburt Province is a political province in the north-east of Turkey with capital Bayburt. Rize is a province of north-east Turkey, on the eastern Black Sea coast between Trabzon and Artvin. Artvin is a province in Turkey, on the Black Sea coast in the north-eastern corner of the country on the border with Georgia (country. Ardahan Province is a province in the far north-east of Turkey, at the very end of the country where Turkey borders with Georgia and Armenia. The capital is the city of Erzurum. Theodosiopolis redirects here it is also a name of the ancient city of Apros, Thrace

Contents

Districts

Erzurum province is divided into 19 districts (capital district in bold):

Geography

The surface area of the province of Erzurum is the fourth biggest in Turkey. The 81 provinces of Turkey are divided into 923 Districts ( ilçeler; sing Aşkale is a town and district of Erzurum Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Çat is a town and district of Erzurum Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Theodosiopolis redirects here it is also a name of the ancient city of Apros, Thrace Hınıs ( Zazaish: Xınıs) is a town and district of Erzurum Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Horasan is a town and district of Erzurum Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Ilıca is a town and district of Erzurum Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. İspir is a town and district of Erzurum Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Karaçoban is a town and district of Erzurum Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Karayazı is a town and district of Erzurum Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Köprüköy is a town and district of Erzurum Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Narman, formerly Mamervan and İd, is a town and district of Erzurum Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Oltu ( Armenian: Ւղթիկ Ughtik or Ւլթիկ Ultik, Georgian: ოლთისი Oltisi, Russian: Олти Olti Olur is a town and district of Erzurum Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Pasinler is a town and district of Erzurum Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Pazaryolu is a town and district of Erzurum Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Şenkaya is a town and district of Erzurum Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Tekman is a town and district of Erzurum Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Tortum is a town and district of Erzurum Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Uzundere is a town and district of Erzurum Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. The majority of the province is elevated. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. Most plateaus are about 2,000 m (6,500 ft) high from sea level, and the mountainous regions beyond the plateaus are 3,000 m (9,800 ft) and higher. In Geology and Earth science, a plateau, also called a high plateau or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting Mean sea level (MSL is the average (mean height of the Sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface Depression plains are located between the mountains and plateaus. Depression in Geology is a Landform sunken or depressed below the surrounding area In Geography, a plain is an area of land with relatively low relief — meaning that it is flat A mountain is a Landform that extends above the surrounding Terrain in a limited area with a peak The southern mountain ranges are Palandöken Mountains (highest peak Büyük Ejder 3,176 m high) and Şahveled Mountains (highest peak Çakmak Mountain 3,063 m high). A mountain range is a chain of Mountains bordered by highlands or separated from other mountains by passes or valleys The northern mountain ranges are the second row elevations of the North Anatolian Mountains, i. e. Mescit Mountains (highest peak 3,239 m), Kargapazarı Mountains (highest peak 3,169 m) and Allahuekber Mountains. The two depression plains between these mountainous areas are Erzurum Plains and Hasankale Plains.

Continental climate rules in the province with long and harsh winters, and short and mild summers. Continental climate is a Climate that is characterized by Winter Temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of Snow cover each Year The lowest temperature average is -8. 6 °C (16 °F) and the highest average temperature is 19. 6 °C (67 °F). Yearly average precipitation is 453 mm. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric Snow falls for 50 days and stays for about 114 days.

Steppe formations are prevalent in the geography, occupying about 60% of the surface area, much of it fertile. In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced Forest areas are not large mainly consisting of scots pines and oaks. The Scots Pine ( Pinus sylvestris L family Pinaceae) is a species of Pine native to Europe and Asia, ranging from The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of Trees and Shrubs in the Genus Quercus (from Latin

Eastern part of the province is in the basin of the Aras river, the western part in the Karasu (Western Euphrates) basin, and the northern part in the Çoruh basin. A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת The Çoruh River or Ch'orokhi River (ჭოროხი Çoruh starts in the Mescit Mountains (3225 m in the north-eastern Turkey and flows into Georgia

There are a few natural lakes in the province, the major one being Lake Tortum (approximately 8 km²) fed by the Tortum (Uzundere) Falls. A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the A hydroelectric power plant built in 1963 is on the inlet of this lake. Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water There are three artificial lakes in the province.

History

The region is known to have been inhabited since the Hittites. The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established The city comprises one of the historical regions of Armenia and an Armenian community dominated the area until the alleged Armenian Genocide of 1915. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large Most of the province was incorporated to the Roman Empire in 4th Century who founded a city called Erzen. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century The Byzantine Empire also built a city in the region, called Theodosiopolis, which was on the border. Standing on the crossroads of main trade routes in Asia Minor, the area was a center of importance for Persians and Arabs who frequently clashed with the Byzantine Empire. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The city was also part of the Armenian kingdom of Tayk in the 10th century. Threatened by, devastated and looted by the Seljuk Turks in 1049, the older city of Erzen was conquered, but Theodosioolis survived the invasion. The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in The ruling dynasty of the time was that of the Saltukids. Saltuklu dynasty (also spelled as Saltukids or Saltuqids) were the rulers of an Anatolian Turkish Beylik of the first period founded after the Battle

Theodosiopolis repelled many attacks and military campaigns by the Seljuks and Georgians until 1201 when the city and the province was conquered by the Seljuk sultan Süleiman II of Rüm in 1201. The Georgians (ქართველები kartvelebi) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus, the oldest group of the Suleyman II aka Rukn ad-Din Suleiman Shah (1196-1204 was the Seljuk Sultan of Rum between 1196-1204 Erzen-Erzurum fell to the Mongol siege in 1242, and the city was looted and devastated. After the fall of the Seljuk Sultanate of Anatolia (Rüm) in early 14th Century, it became an administrative province of the Ilkhanates, and after their fall, became part of the Çoban beylik, Black Sheep Turkmen, Mongols lead by Timur Lenk and White Sheep Turkmen. The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate (Ил Хан улс Il Khan uls;) was a Mongol Khanate established in The Kara Koyunlu or Qara Qoyunlu, also called the Black Sheep Turkomans ( Turkmen: Garagoýunly; Azeri: Qaraqoyunlu Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among The Ak Koyunlu or Aq Qoyunlu, also called the White Sheep Turkomans ( Turkmen: Akgoýunly, Azeri: Ağqoyunlu, Finally, in 1514 the region was conquered by the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Suleiman I (سليمان Sulaymān, Süleyman almost always Kanuni Sultan Süleyman) ( 6 November 1494 5/ 6 September 1566

During the Ottoman reign, the city served as the main base of Ottoman military power in the region. Early in 1600s, the province was threatened by Iran and a revolt by the province governor Abaza Mehmed Pasha. This revolt was combined with Jelali Revolts (the uprising of the provincial musketeers called the Celali), backed by Iran and lasted until 1628. Jelali revolts (Celalî ayaklanmaları were a series of Rebellions in Anatolia against the authority of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries

The city was conquered by the Russian army in 1829, given back to the Ottoman Empire with the Treaty of Adrianople (Edirne). Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Peace Treaty of Adrianople (also called the Treaty of Edirne) concluded the Russo-Turkish War 1828-1829 between Russia and the Ottoman Empire The poet Alexander Pushkin accompanied the Russian commander-in-chief, Ivan Paskevich, during that expedition and penned a brief account of the campaign. Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich (Иван Фёдорович Паскевич ( &ndash) was a Ukrainian -born military leader in the Russian service The city was again assaulted by the Russian army in the last Russo-Turkish War in 1877. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered Year 1877 ( MDCCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

The province was the site of the major fighting during Caucasus Campaign of World War I between Russian and Ottoman forces including the key confrontation of the campaign, Battle of Erzurum which resulted in capture of Erzurum by Russian army under command of Grand Duke Nicholas on February 16, 1916. The Caucasus Campaign comprised armed conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, later including the Armenia, Central Caspian Dictatorship World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Erzerum Campaign also known as the Erzerum Offensive and Battle of Erzerum was a major winter Offensive on the Caucasus Front that led to the It was returned to the Ottomans with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918. Not to be confused with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (February 9 1918, a similar treaty involving Ukraine and the Central Powers. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Erzurum was also a main Turkish base during the Turkish War of Independence. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Turkish War of Independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı May 19, 1919 October 29, 1923) refers to the political and military resistance developed It was declared a province of Turkey in 1924. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Economy

Approximately 18. 5% of the total surface area is arable land, of which about 75% has permanent crops. In Geography, arable land (from Latin arare, to Plough) is an agricultural term meaning land that can be used for Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture A large portion of the agricultural produce consists of cereals. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Forest areas are a total of 8. 8% of the surface area, and forestry is also an industry. Forestry is the Art and Science of managing forests tree Plantations and related Natural resources. For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" Industries largely consist of manufacturing of forestry, agriculture, husbandry, chemistry, textile and mining products. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body There are 81 active industrial plants in the province, most of them located at the central district of Erzurum, and are small and medium enterprises. A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial Building where workers manufacture goods Theodosiopolis redirects here it is also a name of the ancient city of Apros, Thrace Due to their relatively small sizes, these industries serve mainly to local markets causing lower capacity usage, low productivity and unemployment. Productivity in Economics refers to measures of output from production processes per unit of input Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. About 40 plants are currently out of use, mostly due to high operation costs.

The province of Erzurum has the highest ratio of meadows and pastures in Turkey, ideal for stockbreeding. A meadow is a field vegetated primarily by Grass and other non- Woody plants. However, once the main occupation of the population, animal husbandry lost its importance in 1980s with the introduction of liberal economy and importation. Animal husbandry, also called Animal science, stockbreeding or simple husbandry, is the agricultural practice of breeding The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. Economic liberalism is the Economic component of Classical liberalism. A large organized industrial park concentrating on processing meat is being built with the hopes of reviving this sector. An industrial estate is an area of land set aside for industrial development. In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Food products include beekeeping and trout farming too. Beekeeping (or apiculture, from Latin apis, Bee) is the maintenance of Honey bee colonies commonly in Hives Trout is the common name given to a number of Species of Freshwater Fish belonging to the Salmonidae family

Underground resources include lead, copper, chromium, and zinc which are of low tenure or have their reserves almost exhausted. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Chromium (ˈkroʊmiəm is a Chemical element which has the symbol Cr and Atomic number 24 Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 There is considerable amount of lignite, however because its ash and sulfur ratios are high, it only has industrial use. Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, or Rosebud coal by Northern Pacific Railroad, is a soft brown fuel with characteristics that put it somewhere Volcanic ash consists of small Tephra, which are bits of pulverized rock and glass created by volcanic eruptions less than in diameter Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Magnesite, fire clay, gypsum, manganese, diatomite, marble, rock salt and perlite are also present. Magnesite is not to be confused with Magnetite or Magnemite. Magnesite is Magnesium carbonate, Mg[[carbon Fire clay is a specific kind of Clay used in the manufacture of Ceramics especially Fire brick. Gypsum is a very soft Mineral composed of Calcium sulfate dihydrate with the Chemical formula Ca[[sulfur S]] O 4·2 Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. Diatomaceous earth (ˌdaɪətəˈmeɪʃəs ˈɝθ also known as DE, TSS, diatomite, diahydro, kieselguhr, kieselgur and Marble is a nonfoliated Metamorphic rock resulting from the Metamorphism of Limestone, composed mostly of Calcite (a crystalline form of For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a Perlite is an Amorphous Volcanic Glass that has a relatively high Water content typically formed by the hydration of Obsidian The few natural geothermal resources, except one, are not suitable for economic investments, and they are used as natural springs. In Geology, geothermal refers to heat sources within the planet

GDP of the province of Erzurum is USD 1. 16 billion, constituting less than 1% of the total and ranking 40th among Turkish provinces (1997 values).

Transportation is possible through paved and unpaved highways. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Before adding any more images to this * * page please do carefully consider * * whether they would be mere decoration * * or actually improve The Erzurum international airport is open to use also to the Turkish Air Forces. The runways of this airport are the second longest in Turkey. A runway ( RWY) is a strip of land on an Airport, on which Aircraft can take off and land. Erzurum is also the main railroad hub in the Eastern Anatolia region.

The largest economy, in recent years, has been the university. Atatürk University is one of the largest universities in Turkey, having more than forty-thousand students. Tourism, also, provides a large proportion of the province's income. Tourist activities include skiing, rafting and mountaineering. Skiing activities are centred on Palandöken Mountain.

External links

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