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Erzgebirgisch (or Aarzgebèèrgsch, pronounced [aːɰtskəpɛːɰjkʂ]) is an Upper German dialect, probably belonging to the Franconian dialect group, spoken mainly in the central Ore Mountains. Upper German Oberdeutsch is a family of High German Dialects spoken primarily in southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Northern A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of It has received relatively little academic attention as of today. Due to the high mobility of the population and the resulting contact with Upper Saxon, the high emigration rate and last, but not least, its low mutual intelligibility with other dialects, the number of speakers is decreasing. "Emigrant" redirects here For the Butterflies, see Catopsilia. In Linguistics, mutual intelligibility is recognized as a relationship between Languages in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand

Contents

Language area and history

Language area
Language area

As the following sections will show, Erzgebirgisch is very close to Bavarian. Austro-Bavarian or Bavarian is a major group of Upper German varieties. Presumably, speakers of Altbairisch settled down in the Ore Mountains about 1000 years ago and supplanted the resident Slavic population.

As of today, the Erzgebirgisch area comprises roughly the districts of Mittweida (southern area), Stollberg, Central Ore Mountain District, Annaberg-Buchholz, Freiberg (South) and Aue-Schwarzenberg. Mittweida (mɪtˈvaɪda is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Stollberg is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Annaberg is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Freiberg is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Aue-Schwarzenberg is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Some more speakers live in the town of Lichtenstein, in the Chemnitzer Land district. Chemnitzer Land is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.

Another community live in the Upper Harz Mountains in the Clausthal-Zellerfeld region (Lower Saxony). The Harz is a mountain range in central Germany It is the highest mountain chain in northern Germany occupying parts of the German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt Clausthal-Zellerfeld is a Town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located in the southwestern part of the Harz mountains Lower Saxony ( German: Niedersachsen ch is pronounced before an s --> lies in north-western Germany and is second Their ancestors were miners and emigrated in the 16th century. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body "Emigrant" redirects here For the Butterflies, see Catopsilia.

Up to 1929, Erzgebirgisch was also spoken in other parts of Mittweida and Freiberg, in Chemnitz, Zwickau and in the extreme West of the Weißeritzkreis, but these areas are now dominated by Thuringian-Upper Saxonian dialects. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Chemnitz (1953–1990 Karl-Marx-Stadt ( Sorbian:Kamjenica is a City in Eastern Germany. Zwickau (ˈtsvɪkaʊ̯ Cvikov is a city in Germany, in the Bundesland Sachsen (Saxony situated in a valley at the foot of the Erzgebirge The Weißeritzkreis is a former district ( Kreis) in the south of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Thuringian is an Central German Dialect spoken in much of the modern German Free State of Thuringia. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of

Until 1945, the bordering Sudetenland also harbored some Erzgebirgisch speakers, namely in Kaaden-Duppau, in whose dialect an anthology of words, proverbs and anecdotes was published (see references). Sudetenland ( Czech and Polish: Sudety) is the German name used in English in the first half of the 20th century for the western regions of ANThology is the first Major label album by Alien Ant Farm released on March 6, 2001 in the USA and March 19 A proverb (from the Latin proverbium) also called a byword or nayword, is a simple and concrete Saying popularly known and repeated For other uses see Anecdota. For a comparison of anecdote with other kinds of stories see Myth legend fairy tale and fable. After World War II these speakers had to leave Czechoslovakia and settled down all over the FRG and the GDR. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state This meant that dialect usage was reduced to the family homes, entailing a shift to the local varieties of their new home towns. Home language is a term widely used for a language spoken in the home that is different from the main language spoken in the society Language shift, sometimes referred to as language transfer or language replacement or assimilation, is the progressive process whereby a speech community

No official attempts to create an orthography have been made, nevertheless there are countless short stories, poems and songs written in Erzgebirgisch. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific Writing system to write the language The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such A song is a Musical composition. Songs contain vocal parts that are performed 'sung' and generally feature Words ( Lyrics) commonly followed The Sächsischer Heimatverein guidelines to writing in Erzgebirgisch were established in 1937, but are by and large not respected by the majority of authors. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Artistic license (also known as dramatic license, poetic license, narrative license, licentia poetica, or simply license) is a colloquial An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created This means that linguistic analysis of this dialect has to be done in a field work setting with native speakers. This article is about the scientific method For the military term see Field fortifications under Fortification. A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth An additional threat to Erzgebirgisch is the popular misconception that Erzgebirgisch is a hillbilly variety of Saxonian, which does not help the conservation efforts. Hillbilly is a term referring to people who dwell in remote Rural, Mountainous areas of the United States, primarily southern Appalachia and

Erzgebirgisch is classified as an East Franconian dialect in the Linguasphere Register (Zone 52-ACB-dj), though scientific proof for this is lacking. East Franconian ( Ostfränkisch) is a dialect which is spoken in Bavaria and other areas in Germany around Bamberg, Coburg, The Linguasphere Observatory ( Observatoire Linguistique) is a language research network East Franconian, Alemannisch and Bairisch belong to the Upper German area. Alemannic German ( Alemannisch) is a group of Dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family. Austro-Bavarian or Bavarian is a major group of Upper German varieties. Upper German Oberdeutsch is a family of High German Dialects spoken primarily in southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Northern

Many of these languages show a tendency to substitute the German verbal prefix er- by der- (Erzg. and Bair. ) or ver- (Bair and Suabian). Swabia, Suabia, or Svebia ( German: Schwaben, Schwabenland or Ländle) is both a historic and linguistic (e. g. westerzgeb. derschloong [tɔɰʃloːŋ] German ‚erschlagen‘, to slaughter derzeeln [tɔɰtseːln] German ‚erzählen‘ to tell, to narrate). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages.

Extended use of the particle fei is typical for Upper German and popular in Erzgebirgisch. In Linguistics, the term particle is a word lacking a strict definition but has the function of changing the relation of the parts of the sentence to one another and is therefore

Furthermore, German [o/ɔ] corresponds to [u/ʊ] in the mentioned varieties (e. g. westerzgeb. huus [huːs] ‚Hose‘), and German [a] corresponds to [A.

An [n] in the coda, following a long vowel, is regularly deleted in Erzgebirgisch (e. In Phonology, a syllable coda comprises the Consonant sounds of a Syllable that follow the nucleus, which is usually a Vowel In Linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a Vowel sound g. Lichtenst. Huuschdee [huːʂʈeː] ‚Hohenstein‘. Rarely, this is also found with monosyllabic words with a short vowel, which undergo compensatory vowel lengthening in the process (e. A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds In Linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a Vowel sound g. Lichtenst. màà [mʌː] ‚Mann‘ man).

Another typical feature of Upper German is the apocope of schwa and /ɪ/ (e. In Linguistics, specifically Phonetics and Phonology, schwa can mean the following An unstressed and toneless neutral g. Lichtenst. Reedlz [ɣeːtˡl̩ts]] ‚Rödlitz‘ )

The following table illustrates the similarities between Erzgebirgisch and the other Upper German dialects. We list Thuringian/Upper Saxon as a control parameter. Thuringian is an Central German Dialect spoken in much of the modern German Free State of Thuringia. Upper Saxon ( German: Obersächsisch or colloquially (but incorrectly Sächsisch) is a Central German Dialect spoken An 'X' means that the feature is present in most subdialects, a 'x' means that it is only found in border areas.

Feature Erzgebirgisch East Franconian Bavarian-Austrian Alemannic Thuringian
Rendering er- as der-/ver- X X X X -
fei X X X X -
o/u-Proununciation X X X x -
n-apocope X X X X -
Schwa-apocope X X X X x
Convergence of ch and sch x - - - X

Subdialects

Eastern Erzgebirgisch dialects indicate negation with ni(ch) [nɪ(ç)] whereas nèt [nɛt] is used in the West. In Logic and Mathematics, negation or not is an operation on Logical values for example the logical value of a Proposition However, this subdialectal boundary is not clearly demarcated. An isogloss is the geographical boundary or delineation of a certain linguistic feature e Thus, both forms are found in Lichtenstein, which lies on the northwestern dialect boundary (although ni is perhaps more common).

In both Eastern Erzgebirgisch and in the Lichtenstein dialect, Standard German kl. . . and gl. . . and kn. . . und gn. . . are realized as [tl. . . ] resp. [tn. . . ] (e. g. dlee [tˡleː] ‚klein‘ small, dnuchng [tⁿnʊxŋ̍] ‚Knochen‘ bone).

It is not possible to include the Upper Harz varieties in either of these groups. Furthermore, there is a strong influence from the neighbouring non-Erzgebirgisch dialects in the region bordering Meißenisch, which makes subclassification cumbersome. Meissen (in German orthography: Meißen; Sorbian: Mišno; Misena Misnia Misnensium is a Town of approximately 30000 near

Summarizing these findings, we can list four dialects:

Dialect area
today		 historic area
Eastern Erzgebirgisch Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis, districts of Annaberg (Northern half), Mittweida (South), Freiberg (South) districts of Freiberg (Northwest), Mittweida (West), Dippoldiswalde (Western fringe), City of Chemnitz, Sudetenland (around Katharinaberg)
Western Erzgebirgisch Districts of Aue-Schwarzenberg, Annaberg (Southern half) Sudetenland (triangle from Graslitz through Schlaggenwalde to Pressnitz)
Northern Erzgebirgisch Rural districts of Chemnitzer Land (Region Lichtenstein), Stollberg | City and Rural District of Zwickau
Upper Harzisch Clausthal-Zellerfeld Region and St. The Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Annaberg is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Mittweida (mɪtˈvaɪda is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Freiberg is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Freiberg is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Mittweida (mɪtˈvaɪda is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Annaberg is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Sudetenland ( Czech and Polish: Sudety) is the German name used in English in the first half of the 20th century for the western regions of Kraslice (ˈkraslɪtsɛ Graslitz is a town in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic. Chemnitzer Land is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Stollberg is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Zwickauer Land is a former Kreis ( District) in the south-west of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Zwickau (ˈtsvɪkaʊ̯ Cvikov is a city in Germany, in the Bundesland Sachsen (Saxony situated in a valley at the foot of the Erzgebirge Clausthal-Zellerfeld is a Town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located in the southwestern part of the Harz mountains Andreasberg (Lower Saxony)  

Phonology

We recall that there is no unified orthography. In order to render the language data close to their actual pronunciation, we establish the following conventions:

Consonants

The rendering of the consonants follows the notation commonly used for Bavarian. A convention is a set of agreed, stipulated or generally accepted Standards norms social norms or criteria, often taking the form of Austro-Bavarian or Bavarian is a major group of Upper German varieties. The following table lists the phonemes of the most important Erzgebirgisch dialects, with IPA value and the character used in this article, if it differs from the IPA character. The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU

bilabial labio-
dental		 alveolar post-
alveolar		 retroflex palatal velar uvular glottal
uv v uv v uv v uv v uv v uv v uv v uv v uv v
Asp. In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, labiodentals are Consonants articulated with the lower Lip and the upper Teeth. Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the In Phonetics, retroflex consonants are Consonant sounds used in some Languages (They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth Uvulars are Consonants articulated with the back of the Tongue against or near the uvula, that is further back in the mouth than Velar consonants Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. Voice or voicing is a term used in Phonetics and Phonology to characterize speech sounds, with sounds described as either voiceless Voice or voicing is a term used in Phonetics and Phonology to characterize speech sounds, with sounds described as either voiceless stop kʰ (k)
non-aspirated stops p (b) t (d) k (g)
affricates pf ts (z) tʃ (tsch) ʈʂ (tsch)
fricatives f v (w) s ʃ (sch) ʂ (sch) ç (ch) x (ch) ɣ (r) χ (ch) h
nasals m n ŋ (ng)
lateral approximants l
central approximants j ɰ (r)

No subdialect shows phonemic contrast between postalveolar ([tʃ], [ʃ]) and retroflex ([ʈʂ], [ʂ]), they either have one or the other but not both. A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. The voiceless velar plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless bilabial plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless alveolar plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless velar plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together The voiceless labiodental fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless alveolar fricatives are Consonantal sounds The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a The voiceless palato-alveolar fricative or domed postalveolar fricative ( IPA) is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The voiceless retroflex fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless palatal fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless velar fricative, informally known as the hard ch, is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the The voiced velar fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in various spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless uvular fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiceless glottal transition, commonly called a " fricative " is a type of sound used in some spoken Languages which often behaves like a A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the The bilabial nasal is a type of Consonantal sound used in almost all spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this The alveolar nasal is a type of Consonantal sound used in numerous spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The velar nasal is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants The alveolar lateral approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The palatal approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The velar approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the In Phonetics, retroflex consonants are Consonant sounds used in some Languages (They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants

The distinction between [ʂ/ʃ] and [ç] is not found in the North Western dialect, which only has [ʂ] (although writers diagree on whether to render it as <sch> or <ch>.


An important sound change in Erzgebirgisch is found with respect to r. Sound change includes any processes of Language change that affect pronunciation ( phonetic change) or sound system structures ( Phonological change When r precedes a velar consonant, a [j] is inserted between the two. As an example, Baarg (German Berg mountain) is pronounced [paːɰjk]. Since this phonological process is completely regular, it is not reflected in orthography.

The velar approximant ([ɰ]) is normally realized as a velarization of the preceding vowel. The velar approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents Velarization is a Secondary articulation of Consonants by which the back of the Tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the For the sake of legibility, this article will use [ɰ] though.

Vowels

The writing of the vowels presented here follows in part the official Schwyzertütsch orthography and the Bairisch orthography. Swiss German ( Schweizerdeutsch, Schwyzerdütsch, Schwiizertüütsch, Schwizertitsch) is any of the Alemannic dialects spoken Austro-Bavarian or Bavarian is a major group of Upper German varieties. The orthographic representation of a vowel follows after the IPA characters, if different.

front mid-to-front mid back-to-mid back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded unrounded rounded unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
high i u
Near-close ɪ (i) ʊ (u)
Close-mid e o
mid ə (e)
Open-mid ɛ (è) ʌ (à) ɔ (e/o)
Near-open æ (a)
low a

No subdialect has both [a] or [æ]. In Phonetics, vowel roundedness refers to the amount of rounding in the Lips during the articulation of a Vowel. In Phonetics, vowel roundedness refers to the amount of rounding in the Lips during the articulation of a Vowel. The close front unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The close back rounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents Near-close near-front unrounded vowel The near-close near-front unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The The near-close near-back vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet for Close-mid front unrounded vowel The close-mid front unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the The close-mid back rounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents In Linguistics, specifically Phonetics and Phonology, schwa can mean the following An unstressed and toneless neutral The open-mid front unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The open-mid back unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The open-mid back rounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The open front unrounded vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet A schwa followed by an r is pronounced [ɔ], but still written e. In Linguistics, specifically Phonetics and Phonology, schwa can mean the following An unstressed and toneless neutral

The high back vowels ([u/ʊ]) are often rather unrounded. A close vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close vowel is that the tongue is positioned as close as A back vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as

Vowel length is indicated by doubling the vowel sign in writing: ii, ee, èè, aa, uu, oo and àà. In Linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a Vowel sound

Furthermore it should be noted that all vowels (with the exception of a and schwa) are centralized, this means that the back vowels à, o, u are more fronted and the front vowels ee, è und i more back than in Standard German. A central vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between

Short vowels preceding a stressed syllable are reduced to schwa (e. In Linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain Syllables in a word In Linguistics, specifically Phonetics and Phonology, schwa can mean the following An unstressed and toneless neutral g. gremàdig [kxəˈmʌtɪk] ‚Grammatik‘ grammar).

A short vowel preceding a r is lengthened (e. g. Aarzgebèèrgsch).

In dialects spoken in higher altitudes, àà is often realized as oo The pronunciation as àà is the default case for closed syllables. Altitude is the Elevation of a point or object from a known level or datum (plural data A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds This might be due to overgeneralization of a pattern found in adjacent Saxonian dialects. Hasty generalization is a Logical fallacy of Faulty generalization by reaching an inductive Generalization based on insufficient Evidence


Stress

Erzgebirgisch has lexical stress. In Linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain Syllables in a word There is a tendency to stress the first syllable even in French loanwords, where Standard German stresses the final syllable (e. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation g. biro [ˈpiːɣo] ‚Büro‘ office), but loan words which follow the Standard German pattern are more numerous (e. g. dridewààr [txɪtəˈvʌːɰ] ‚Gehsteig‘ sidewalk (from French le trottoir)).

Morphology

Nominal morphology

Gender

Erzgebirgisch numbers three genders, masculine, feminine and neuter. In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong Most Erzgebirgisch lexemes have the same gender as their Standard German equivalents. For its use in the context of Computer Science see Lexical analysis.

Gender Erzgebirgisch Standard German Gloss (sg. /pl. )
masculine màà Mann (m. ) man/men
gung Junge (m. ) boy/boys
baam Baum (m. ) tree/trees
feminine fraa Frau (f. ) woman/women
sub Suppe (f. ) soup/soups
dàsch Tasche (f. ) bag/bags
neuter kind Kind (n. ) child/children
dridewààr Gehsteig (m. ) sidewalk
dunl Tunnel (m. /n. ) tunnel

Case

In distinction to Standard German, the Erzgebirgisch genitive is no longer productive. In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another Other constructions have to be used to indicate possession. In Linguistics, a grammatical construction is any syntactic string of words ranging from sentences over phrasal structures to certain complex For animate possessors, a construction involving the possessor in the dative and an agreeing possessive pronoun is used (dem B sein A). Animacy is a grammatical and/or Semantic category of Nouns based on how Sentient or alive the Referent of the noun is A possessive pronoun is a Part of speech that attributes ownership to someone or something For inanimate possessors, a construction involving f(u)n (German von) is used. Animacy is a grammatical and/or Semantic category of Nouns based on how Sentient or alive the Referent of the noun is A third possibility is compounding.

examples (North Western dialect):

(1) n'Hàns seine hitsch
dem Hans seine Fußbank
the Hans his foot. bench
„Hans's foot bench“
(2) de fansder fun den haus
the windows of the house
„The windows of the house“

The only case marking available for nouns is dative plural, which is marked by -n , but can often assimilate to other consonants. Assimilation is a common Phonological process by which the phonetics of a speech segment becomes more like that of another segment in a word (or at a word boundary Nominative and accusative are not marked in the singular on nouns, but articles, adjectives and possessive pronouns help to disambiguate in these cases. The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive SINGULAR is a Computer algebra system for Polynomial computations with special emphasis on the needs of Commutative algebra, Algebraic geometry An article is a stand-alone section of a larger written work These nonfictional Prose compositions appear in Magazines Newspapers Academic journals In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the Personal pronouns also have some special forms for nominative, accusative and dative.

The following table show some Erzgebirgisch nominal declension paradigm. In Linguistics, declension (or declination) is the occurrence of Inflection in Nouns Pronouns and Adjectives indicating

Case/Number tree (m. ) bag (f. ) child (n. )
Nominative singular der baam de dàsch s kind
Dative singular n baam der dàsch n kind
Accusative singular n baam de dàsch s kind
Nominative plural de beeme de dàschn de kiner
Dative plural n beemm n dàschn n kinern
Accusative plural de beeme de dàschn de kiner

For more information on articles, see below.

Number

There are different ways to form the plural in Erzgebirgisch, a feature shared with Standard German. Plural is a Grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the Referent in the real world Next to the suffixes -e, -er, -n and -s, ablaut can also be used. In Grammar, a suffix (also postfix, ending) is an Affix which is placed at the end of a word Some suffixes trigger umlaut. In Linguistics, umlaut (from German um - "around"/"the other way" + Laut "sound" is a process whereby a

There are some nouns which differ in their plural marking between Erzgebirgisch and Standard German. E. g. Erzgebirgisch has -n for nouns ending in -(e)l in the singular, where Standard German most often has umlaut. SINGULAR is a Computer algebra system for Polynomial computations with special emphasis on the needs of Commutative algebra, Algebraic geometry

examples (North Western dialect):

singular (Erzg. ) singular (Std. G. ) plural (Erzg. ) plural (Std. G. ) gloss
fuuchl Vogel fuuchl-n Vögel birds
nààchl Nagel nààchl-n Nägel nails
maadl Mädchen maadl-n Mädchen girls
màst Mast masd-e (neben mosd-n) Masten masts
kind Kind kin-er Kinder children
bàrg Park bààrg-s Parks parks
fuus Fuß fiis Füße feet
wààng Wagen weeng(-e) Wagen coaches

Articles

Erzgebirgisch distinguishes three kinds of articles: emphatic definite article, atonal definite article, indefinite article. The emphatic definite articles are used where Standard German would use deictics like dieser and jener. In Pragmatics and Linguistics, deixis is collectively the orientational features of human languages to have reference to points in time space and the speaking event The other two types closely resemble their Standard German counterparts.


All articles agree in gender, number and case with their head noun. In Languages agreement is a form of cross-reference between different parts of a sentence or phrase The emphatic articles may also occur without a head noun and often replace the rarely used third person personal pronouns.

Erzgebirgisch has a negative indefinite article just like German, but the similarity to the positive indefinite article is less obvious.

The North-Western dialect has the following forms:

Form masculine feminine neuter
indefinite article
Nominative singular e ne e
Dative singular n ner n
Accusative singular n ne e
non-stressed definite article
Nominative singular der de s
Dative singular (de)n der (de)n
Accusative singular (de)n de s
Nominative plural de
Dative plural n
Accusative plural de
stressed definite article
Nominative singular daar dii dàs
Dative singular daan/dèèn daar daan/dèèn
Accusative singular daan/dèèn dii dàs
Nominative plural dii
Dative plural daann/dèènn
Accusative plural dii
negative article
Nominative singular kee keene kee
Dative singular keen keener keen
Accusative singular keen keene kee
Nominative plural keene
Dative plural keenn
Accusative plural keene

The article n assimilates in place of articulation to the preceding consonant. In Articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a Consonant is the point of contact where an Obstruction It is m before p, pf, f, w and m and ng before k, g, ch ([x] or [χ]) and ng.

Examples:

(3) S kind hàd s n Hàns gesààd
[skʰɪnt] [hʌtsn̩] [hʌns] [kəsʌːt]
Das Kind hat es/dieses einem Hans gesagt.
The child has it/that to a Hans said.
(4) Der Hàns hàd dàs buuch ng màà gaam
[tɔɰ] [hʌns] [hʌt] [tʌs] [puːxŋ̍] [mʌː] [kæːm]
Der Hans hat dieses Buch einem Mann gegeben.
The Hans has this book to a man given.
(5) E schiins dleedl hàd dii àà
[ə] [ʂiːns] [tˡleːtˡl̩] [hʌt] [tiː] [ʌː]
Ein schönes Kleidchen hat sie/diese an.
A beautiful dress. DIM has she/this one on. A diminutive is a formation of a Word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning smallness of the object or quality named encapsulation intimacy or endearment
(6) Ch hàb m kinern kee gald gaam
[ʂhʌpm̩] [kʰɪnɔɰn] [kʰeː] [kælt] [kæːm]
Ich habe den Kindern kein Geld gegeben.
I have the children no money given.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns distinguish emphatic and atonal forms, just like articles. The emphatic forms are used to highlight a participant. They are free words, whereas the atonal forms are phonologically reduced clitics.

There is no emphatic form for third person personal pronouns. The emphatic forms of the definite article have to be used instead. Outsiders might regard this as offending.

Unlike nouns, personal pronouns distinguish both number and case.

Person/Number/Genus Nominative Dative Accusative
emphatic personal pronouns
1. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive Person singular iich miir miich
2. Person singular duu diir diich
3. Person singular m. daar daan/dèèn dann/dèèn
3. Person singular f. dii daar dii
3. Person singular n. dàs daan/dèèn dàs
1. Person plural miir uns uns
2. Person plural iir eich eich
3. Person plural dii daann/dèènn dii
Polite sii iinn sii
atonal personal pronouns
1. Person singular (i)ch mer mich
2. Person singular de/du der dich/tsch
3. Person singular m. er n n
3. Person singular f. se er se
3. Person singular n. s n s
1. Person plural mer uns uns
2. Person plural er eich eich
3. Person plural se n se
Polite se iin(n) se

Pronouns with ch have sch in the North Western dialect. The atonal second person singular pronoun is de when it precedes a verb, and du when following. There are extra pronouns to express politeness, unlike German, which uses third person plural for this function.

Examples:

(7) Hàd -er -s -n schuu gesààd
[hʌtɔɰsn̩] [ʂuː] [kəsʌːt]
Hat er es ihm schon gesagt?
Has he it to him already said?
(8) Ch hàb dèènn nischd gaam
[ʂhʌp] [tɛːnn̩] [nɪʂt] [kæːm]
Ich habe denen/ihnen nichts gegeben.
I have those ones/them nothing given.

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns agree in case, number and gender with their head noun.

Person/Genus singular plural
1. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic SINGULAR is a Computer algebra system for Polynomial computations with special emphasis on the needs of Commutative algebra, Algebraic geometry Plural is a Grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the Referent in the real world Person mei(n)- un(s)(e)r-
2. Person dei(n)- ei(e)r-
3. Person masc. . sei(n)- iir-
3. Person fem. iir- iir-
3. Person neut. sei(n)- iir-

singular pronouns lose the n before another n or a -Ø-suffix.

First person plural loses the s everywhere but in the North Western dialect. First and second person plural lose the e before a suffix starting with a vowel.

Form masculine feminine neuter
Nominative singular -Ø -e -Ø
Dative singular -n -er -n
Accusative singular -n -e -Ø
Nominative plural -e
Dative plural -n
Accusative plural -e

This paradigm makes use of only three letters e, n and r.

examples:

(9) mei hund
[maɪ] [hʊnt]
mein Hund
my dog
(10) eirer schwasder
[aɪɣɔɰ] [ʂvastɔɰ]
eurer Schwester
to y'all's sister

Third person pronouns make heavy use of the dative construction (see above), just like nouns.

(11) daar iire dàsch
[taːɰ] [iːɣə] [tʌʂ]
dieser/ihr ihre Tasche
this one/her her bag
„her bag“

vgl. :

(12) daar fraa iire dàsch
„die Tasche dieser Frau“
„The woman's bag“

Prepositions

The following construction is found mainly in Western dialects, but also in Lichtenstein:

(13) nei (n) der schdàd
hinein in der Stadt
inwards in the town
„in die Stadt (hinein)“
„inwards in the town“

The canonic preposition n (in) is never deleted in Lichtenstein, but almost always in the western dialects due to the more widespread dropping of n. This leads to the impression that nei is the preposition. One should also notice that goal of motion is encoded by the dative, and not by the accusative as in Standard German. The motion component is expressed by nei. This construction is also found with many other prepositions: dràà der kèrch („an der Kirche“, „bei der Kirche“ at the church).

Adjectives

Agreement

Adjectives agree with their head word in case, number, gender and definiteness. In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the In grammatical theory, definiteness is a feature of Noun phrases distinguishing between entities which are specific and identifiable in a given context (definite noun A difference to Standard German is the non-distinction of forms with indefinite article and forms without any article.

Standard German Erzgebirgisch English
teur-em Schmuck deier-n schmuk for expensive jewels
einem teur-en Ring n'deier-n ring for an expensive ring

The following table lists all agreement suffixes for adjectives:.

Form masculine feminine neuter
without article/with indefinite article
Nominativ singular -er -e -(e)s
Dativ singular -n -er -n
Akkusativ singular -n -e -(e)s
Nominative plural -e
Dative plural -n
Accusative plural -e
with definite article
Nominative singular -e -e -e
Dative singular -n -n -n
Accusative singular -n -e -e
Nominative plural -n
Dative plural -n
Accusative plural -n

More examples

(14) e gruus-er màà
[ə] [kxuːsɔɰ] [mʌː]
ein großer Mann
a big man
(15) daar schiin-n fraa
[taːɰ] [ʂiːnn̩] [fxaː]
dieser schönen Frau
this beautiful woman
to this beautiful woman

Comparison

The comparative is formed with the suffix -er. SINGULAR is a Computer algebra system for Polynomial computations with special emphasis on the needs of Commutative algebra, Algebraic geometry The dative case is a Grammatical case generally used to indicate the Noun to whom something is given Plural is a Grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the Referent in the real world In Grammar, the comparative is the form of an Adjective or Adverb which denotes the degree or grade by which a person thing or other entity has a property The standard of comparison is marked with the preposition wii (wie). In Grammar, a preposition is a Part of speech that introduces a prepositional phrase.
The superlative is obtained by adding -(e)sd. In Grammar the superlative of an Adjective or Adverb is the greatest form of adjective or adverb which indicates that something has some feature Agreement suffixes come after these suffixes.

examples:

(16) e grès-(e)r-er màà wii daar
[ə] [kxɛsɔɣɔɰ] [mʌː] [viː] [taːɰ]
ein größ-er-er Mann als er/dieser
a bigger man than he/this one
(17) der schèn-sd-n fraa
[tɔɰ] [ʂɛnstn̩] [fxaː]
der schönsten Frau
to the prettiest woman

Verbs

The verb agrees in person and number with the subject of the sentence. This is true of both full verbs and auxiliaries. In Linguistics, an auxiliary (also called helping verb, helper verb, auxiliary verb, or verbal auxiliary) is a Verb functioning In Linguistics, an auxiliary (also called helping verb, helper verb, auxiliary verb, or verbal auxiliary) is a Verb functioning

Two tenses are morphologically distinguished, present tense and preterite tense. Present Tense is the first Sagittarius album released in 1968 by Columbia Records. This article is about the grammatical term To see the article relating to Eschatology and the Book of Revelation, see Preterism. Usage of preterit is nearly exclusively found with strong verbs, i. e. verbs involving ablaut.

The other tenses are formed with auxiliaries: Perfect, Pluperfect, Futur I und Futur II. The perfect aspect is variously considered either an aspect or tense which calls a listener's attention to the consequences generated by an action rather than the The pluperfect tense (from Latin plus quam perfectum more than perfect also called past perfect in English, is a Perfective Perfect and preterite are used interchangeably. Pluperfect expresses anteriority in the past. The pluperfect tense (from Latin plus quam perfectum more than perfect also called past perfect in English, is a Perfective PAST (short for Polska Akcyjna Spółka Telefoniczna, Polish Telephone Joint-stock Company) was a Polish telephone operator in the period between World War I Futur II is mainly used for epistemic statements about past events (cf. Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge German: Er wird wohl wieder nicht da gewesen sein. He has probably not attended again. )

Infinitive and participles

The infinitive and the present participle and the past participle are formed with the following affixes:

Form schbiil- gii- sei- hàb- wèèr-
class weak strong irregular irregular irregular
Std. In Grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages In Linguistics, a participle (from Latin participium, a Calque of Greek μετοχη "partaking" is a derivative of a non-finite In Linguistics, a participle (from Latin participium, a Calque of Greek μετοχη "partaking" is a derivative of a non-finite G. spiel- geh- sei- hab- werd-
Engl. play go be have become
Infinitive schbiil-n gii-n sei(-n) hà-m wèèr-n
participle I schbiil-end gii-end sei-end hàà-md wèèr-nd
participle II ge-schbiil-d (ge-)gàng-ng ge-waas-n ge-hà-d ge-wur-n

Present tense

Erzgebirgisch distinguishes strong verbs, involving ablaut, and weak verbs, without ablaut. Both classes take the same suffixes. The present tense can be used to refer to events in the present or future. The present is the Time that is perceived directly not as a recollection or a speculation The future is commonly understood to contain all events that have yet to occur

Form schbiil- gii- sei- hàb- wèèr-
class weak strong irregular irregular irregular
Std. G. spiel- geh- sei- hab- werd-
Engl. play go be have become
1. Person singular schbiil-Ø gii-Ø bii-Ø hàb-Ø wèèr-Ø
2. SINGULAR is a Computer algebra system for Polynomial computations with special emphasis on the needs of Commutative algebra, Algebraic geometry Person singular schbiil-sd gi(i)-sd bi-sd hà-sd wèr-sd
3. Person singular schbiil-d gi(i)-d is hà-d wèr-d
1. Person plural schbiil-n gii-n sei-Ø hà-m wèèr-n
2. Plural is a Grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the Referent in the real world Person plural schbiil-d gii-d sei-d hàb-d wèèr-d
3. Person plural schbiil-n gii-n sei-Ø hà-m wèèr-n

The suffixes are sometimes assimilated to the stem, as can be seen from hàm, `to have'.

Preterite

As mentioned above, the preterite form is only used with strong verbs. Weak verbs use the perfect instead. This is also gaining ground with strong verbs.

Formation of the preterite does not always follow the same pattern as in Standard German e. g. schmecken `to taste' is a weak verb in Standard German (preterit schmeckte), but a strong verb is Erzgebirgisch (present tense: schmègng preterite:schmoog with ablaut. Another verb, which is weak in Standard German but strong in Erzgebirgisch is frààn (Standard German fragen to ask), preterite fruuch (Standard German fragte, asked).

Agreement with the subject is indicated as follows:

Form gii- sei- hàb- wèèr-
class strong irregular irregular irregular
Stg. G. geh- sei- hab- werd-
Engl. go be have become
1. Person singular ging-Ø wààr-Ø hàd-Ø wurd-Ø
2. SINGULAR is a Computer algebra system for Polynomial computations with special emphasis on the needs of Commutative algebra, Algebraic geometry Person singular ging-sd wààr-sd hàd-sd wurd-sd
3. Person singular ging-Ø wààr-Ø hàd-e wurd-e
1. Person plural ging-ng wààr-n hàd-n wurd-n
2. Plural is a Grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the Referent in the real world Person plural ging-d wààr-d hàd-ed wurd-ed
3. Person plural ging-ng wààr-n hàd-n wurd-n

Perfect, pluperfect

Perfect and pluperfect are construed with a finite form of the auxiliaries sei- and hàb- and the past participle of the full verb. The pluperfect tense (from Latin plus quam perfectum more than perfect also called past perfect in English, is a Perfective

Examples:

(18) Miir sei gasdern (a)f der kèèrms gàngng anhören (help·info)
[miːɰ] [saɪ] [kæstɔɰn] [(a/ə)f] [tɔɰ] [kʰɛːɰms] [kʌŋŋ̍]
Wir sind gestern auf das Volksfest gegangen.
We are yesterday on the funfair gone.
(19) Ch hàd -s -n ààwer gesààd anhören (help·info)
[ʂhʌtsn̩] [ʌːvɔɰ] [kəsʌːt]
Ich hatte es ihm aber gesagt.
I had it him nevertheless said.

Future

Two future tenses are distinguished. Future I is used for any reference time in the future, Future II has the meaning of future anterior. Future is formed with the auxiliary wèèr- (Standard German werden). Future I adds the infinitive of the full verb, future II the auxiliary sei or hab in the infinitive and the past participle of the full verb.

examples:

(20) Murng wèrd der Hàns nààch Kams fààrn anhören (help·info)
[moːɰjŋ] [vɛɰt] [tɔɰ] [hʌns] [nʌːχ] [kʰæms] [fʌːɰn]
Morgen wird der Hans nach Chemnitz fahren. Chemnitz (1953–1990 Karl-Marx-Stadt ( Sorbian:Kamjenica is a City in Eastern Germany.
Tomorrow will the Hans to Chemnitz go. Chemnitz (1953–1990 Karl-Marx-Stadt ( Sorbian:Kamjenica is a City in Eastern Germany.
(21) Er wèrd wuu wiider nèd doo gewaasn sei anhören (help·info)
[ɔɰ] [vɛɰt] [vuː] [viːtɔɰ] [nɛt] [toː] [kəvaːsn̩] [saɪ]
Er wird wohl wieder nicht da gewesen sein.
He will rather again not there been be.

Subjunctive

Erzgebirgisch has a productive subjunctive for most of the auxiliaries and some other frequently used verbs. In Grammar, the subjunctive mood (sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood) is a Verb mood that exists in many languages The form is derived from the preterite by ablaut. Other verbs have to use duun support in order to appear in the subjunctive.

Form gii- sei- hàb- wèèr-
class strong irregular irregular irregular
Std. G. geh- sei- hab- werd-
Engl. go be have become
1. Person singular gèng-Ø waar-Ø hèd-Ø daad-Ø
2. SINGULAR is a Computer algebra system for Polynomial computations with special emphasis on the needs of Commutative algebra, Algebraic geometry Person singular gèng-sd waar-sd hèd-sd daad-sd
3. Person singular gèng-Ø waar-Ø hèd-e daad-Ø
1. Person plural gèng-ng waar-n hèd-n daad-n
2. Plural is a Grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the Referent in the real world Person plural gèng-d waar-d hèd-ed daad-ed
3. Person plural gèng-ng waar-n hèd-n daad-n

Imperative

The imperative is identical to first person present tense indicative. Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. In order to obtain the plural imperative, -d is suffixed to the singular form.

example:

(22) Bii nur màà ruich! anhören (help·info)
[piː] [nəɰ] [mʌː] [ɣʊɪʂ]
Sei endlich ruhig!
Be finally quiet!

Passive

The passive is formed with the auxiliary wèèr- (German werden) and the past participle of the full verb.

example:

(23) Wii wèrd dèè dàs gemàchd anhören (help·info)
[viː] [vɛɰt] [tɛː] [tʌs] [kəmʌχt]
Wie wird denn das gemacht?
How is now this made?


A sample of Erzgebirgisch speech (Lichtenstein dialect)

(24) Wuu kimsd dee duu ize haar?
[vuː] [kʰɪmst] [teː] [tuː] [ɪtsə] [haːɰ]
Where comest then thou now from?
Where on earth are you coming from right now?
(25) Dàs kàà (i)ch der fei ni sààn.
[tʌs] [kʰʌː] [(ɪ)ʂ] [tɔɰ] [faɪ] [nɪ] [sʌːn]
That can I thee at. all not say
I cannot tell you at all.

Sample text

The following snippet contains the introduction and the first stanza of a wedding poem from Clausthal (1759) and is written in the Oberharz dialect[1]:

Aß t'r Niemeyer seine Schustern in de Kerch zur Trau keführt prengt ae Vugelsteller Vugel un hot Baeden kratelirt; is k' schaen den 25. Oktober 1759. Clasthol, kedrueckt bey den Buchdruecker Wendeborn.

Klick auf mit enanner ihr statlig'n Harrn!
Do stellt sich d'r Toffel aach ein aus der Farrn,
Hahr hot sich ju kraets schunt de Fraehaet kenumme,
Su iß'r aach diesmohl mit reiner kekumme.
Se hahn ne ju suest wos ze luesenA kekahn:
Ich hoh schiene Vugel, wolln sie se besahn?

Translation

When Niemeyer lead his bride to the church to marry her, a bird trapper brought birds and congratulated them; This happened on October 25th in 1759. Clausthal, printed at the Wendeborn Printing House.

Hello you all, you honorable men!
Here comes the lad from far away,
He has already taken the liberty,
So he came in this time again.
They have sometimes given him something to earn:
I have nice birds, do you want to have a look on them?

A luesen seems to be a loanword from Lower German. According to Borchers 1929 it was pronounced [liːsən] - Erzg. doesn't have the ue sound [y] - and it means "to earn, to get money".

Lexicon

Like all dialects, Erzgebirgisch has some words which are difficult to grasp for outsiders. These include contractions of long words, but also some words unknown to other dialects or even other subdialects of the same lineage.

Nouns

Lexeme Pronunication
(NW dialect)		 Standard German English Notes
aarb werzg. [ˈaːɰp] Arbeit work only in the western dialect
aardabl [ˈaːɰˌtæpl̩] Kartoffel potato literal: earth apple
ààziizeich [ˈʌːˌtsiːˌtsaɪ̯ʂ] Kleidung clothing literal: Anziehzeug
àbort [ˈʌpɔɰt] Toilette loo (toilet)
bèg [ˈpɛk] Bäcker baker
bèremèd [ˌpɛɣəˈmɛt] Weihnachtspyramide Christmas pyramid
bèrschd [ˈpɛɰʂʈ] Bürste brush
burschdwich [ˈpʊɰʂʈvɪʂ] Besen broom
dibl [ˈtɪpl̩] Tasse cup literal: Töpfchen
dridewààr [ˌtxɪtəˈvʌːɰ] Gehsteig sidewalk derived from French trottoir
fauns [ˈfaʊ̯ns] Ohrfeige slap
feier [ 'faɪ̯ɔ] Feuer fire
fuuchlbaarbaam [ˈfuːxl̩ˌpaːɰˌpaːm] Eberesche rowan literal: bird berry tree (rowanberry tree)
gaacher [ˈkæːχɔɰ] Jäger hunter
gudsàger [ˈkʊtsˌʌkɔɰ] Friedhof cemetery literal: God's acre
hèm [ˈhɛm] Hemd shirt
hiidrààbradl [ˈhiːˌtxʌːˌpxætl̩] Serviertablett tray literal: little bring here tray
hitsch [ˈhɪʈʂ] Fußbank footbench
huchtsch [ˈhʊxʈʂ] Hochzeit wedding
lader [ˈlætɔɰ] Leiter ladder
nààmitsch [ˈnʌːmɪʈʂ] Nachmittag afternoon
pfaar [ˈpfaːɰ] Pferd horse
reeng [ˈɣeːŋ] Regen rain
schdagng [ˈʂʈækŋ̍] Stecken, Stock stick
schduub [ˈʂʈuːp] Wohnzimmer, Stube living room
(scheier)hààder [ˈʂaɪ̯ɔɰˌhʌːtɔɰ] Wischtuch cloth for wiping
schmiich [ˈʂmiːʂ] Zollstock yardstick
zemitschasn [tsəˈmɪʈʂˌasn̩] Mittagessen lunch literal: midday meal
zèrwànsd [ˈtsɛɰˌvʌnst] Akkordeon accordion

Verbs

Erzgebirgisch has many onomatopoetic verbs (see also I. A Christmas Pyramid is a Christmas decoration that has its roots in the Erzgebirge (Ore Mountains of Germany but has become popular throughout the Onomatopoeia (also spelled onomatopœia, from Greek: ονοματοποιΐα is a Word or a grouping of words that imitates the sound it is describing Susanka). Due to the high precipitation in the Ore Mountains, many different verbs for different kinds of rain or drizzle exist. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric Rain is Liquid precipitation. On Earth it is the condensation of atmospheric Water vapor into drops heavy enough to fall often making it to Drizzle (also called mizzle) is light precipitation consisting of liquid water drops smaller than that of Rain, and generally smaller than 0

Word Pronunciation
(Northwest dialect)		 Standard German English Comments
besuudln [pəˈsuːtl̩n] beschmutzen (get) dirty
blààtschn [ˈplʌːʈʂn̩] stark regnen (Platzregen) hard rain
blèègng [ˈplɛːkŋ̍] laut schreien scream
deebern [ˈteːpɔɰn] toben, schimpfen be angry
derlaam werzg. [tɔɰˈlaːm] erleben experience not in northwest dialect
drààschn [ˈtxʌːʂn̩] stark regnen (Dauerregen) hard rain
eisàgng [ˈaɪ̯sʌkŋ̍] einfüllen, einpacken take, put in Literal: einsacken
gwèstern [ˈkvɛstɔɰn] immer wieder rein und raus gehen repeatedly getting in and out
kambln [ˈkʰæmpl̩n] sich prügeln beat each other
siifern [ˈsiːfɔɰn] leicht nieseln light drizzle

Other words

Like many other German dialects, Erzgebirgisch is rich in adverbs, like the notorious fei, whose use is extremely complex and needs further research. It appears in commands (Gii fei wag!, Go away!), but also in affirmations (S´reengd fei, It's raining, by the way. ).

Lexeme Pronunciation
(Nordwestdial. )		 Standard German English Notes
dingenauf [ˌtɪŋəˈnaʊ̯f] bergauf, nach oben uphill, upward  
emènde [əˈmɛndə] möglicherweise possibly literal: at the end
feeder [ˈfeːtɔɰ] vorwärts, weiter further from English
fei [ˈfaɪ̯] aber, nämlich, endlich, ziemlich but, indeed, finally, quite
fiir [ˈfiːɰ] vor for also in expressions
gaaling [ˈgæːlɪŋ] heftig vehement
heier [ˈhaɪ̯ɔɰ] dieses Jahr this year
hèm [ˈhɛm] nach Hause at home literal: home
hiimundriim [ˌhiːmʊnˈtxiːm] auf beiden Seiten on both sides literal: hüben und drüben
hinewiider [ˌhɪnəˈviːtɔɰ] hin und her here and there
ize [ˈɪtsə] jetzt now
nààchert [ˈnʌːxɔɰt] nachher to here
zàm [ˈtsʌm] zusammen together

Interjections

The interjections used in Erzgebirgisch differ considerably from the German ones. An interjection is a Part of speech that usually has no connection with the rest of the sentence and simply expresses Emotion on the part of the speaker The language area being dominated by mining, some linguistic patterns peculiar to this business have attained general usage, like the salute Glig auf! (dt. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body A salute (also called obeisance) is a Gesture (often Hand gesture) or other action used to display respect „Glück auf“).

English does not have a specialized form to affirm negative questions, unlike French (si), Dutch (jawel) or German (doch). Erzgebirgisch uses Ujuu! [ˈʊjuː], or sometimes Ajuu! [ˈajuː], (dt. „Doch!“) in these contexts. For the negation of a question expecting a positive answer È(schà)! [ˈɛ(ˌʂʌ)] (dt. „Nein!“) is used. This interjection is also used to express surprise, albeit with a different intonation. In Linguistics, intonation is variation of pitch whilst speaking which is not used to distinguish words

References

  1. ^ Cited in Erich Borchers: Sprach- und Gründungsgeschichte der erzgebirgischen Kolonie im Oberharz. Marburg, 1929. pp. 135-136. Original orthography but ae, oe and ue have a superscript e in the original instead of the e following as used in this article.

Literature

Grammars and other linguistic publications

Other literature


External links

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