| Ernst Röhm | |
| Born | November 28, 1887 Munich |
|---|---|
| Died | July 2, 1934 46 Stadelheim Prison, Munich |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation | Officer |
| Parents | Julius Röhm and Emilie Röhm |
Ernst Julius Röhm, also spelled Ernst Roehm in English, (Munich November 28, 1887 – July 2, 1934) was a German military officer and later the commander and co-founder of the Nazi Sturmabteilung, also known as the SA. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Stadelheim Prison, in Munich 's Giesing district is one of the largest prisons in Germany. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. An officer is a member of an armed force who holds a position of authority For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The, abbreviated SA, ( German for "Assault detachment" or "Assault section" usually translated as " stormtroop(ers
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Early career
Röhm's parents, Julius and Emilie (née Baltheiser) Röhm, had three children. Ernst Röhm was a native of Munich and was serving as an Oberleutnant (1st lieutenant) with the 13th Infantry Regiment of the Bavarian Army at the start of World War I. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Oberleutnant is a junior officer rank in the militaries of Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All In September 1914 in Lorraine, France he was severely wounded in the face and carried the scars for the rest of his life. Lorraine (Lorraine Lothringen is a historical area in present-day northeast France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. He was later promoted to Hauptmann, or captain. Hauptmann is a German word usually translated as Captain when it is used as an officer's rank in the German, Austrian and Swiss armies
When the war ended in 1918 Röhm joined the Freikorps, one of many private militias formed in Munich to combat communist insurrection. The designation of Freikorps ( German for "Free Corps " was originally applied to voluntary armies formed in German lands from the middle of 18th century The term militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary Citizens to provide defense emergency law enforcement or Paramilitary service Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. In 1920 he became a member of the National Socialist German Workers Party (the "Nazi" party) and helped organize the Sturmabteilung (SA). The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 The, abbreviated SA, ( German for "Assault detachment" or "Assault section" usually translated as " stormtroop(ers After the failed Munich Beer Hall Putsch in 1923 Röhm was dishonorably discharged from the Reichswehr and spent fifteen months in prison, where he strengthened his friendship with Adolf Hitler. The Beer Hall Putsch (also known as the Munich Putsch) was a failed Coup d'état that occurred between the evening of Thursday November 8 Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately
After Röhm was released in 1924 he worked with Hitler to rebuild the Nazi party, but differences arose between them. In April 1924 Röhm helped to create the Frontbann as a legal alternative to the then-outlawed SA. The term Frontbann refers to a reorganized and renamed version of the Sturmabteilung or SA. He then served in the Reichstag as a member of the renamed National Socialist Freedom Party before resigning in 1925. The Reichstag ( German for "Imperial Diet " was the Parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation, Röhm then went to Bolivia and served as a military adviser. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America.
SA
In 1930 Hitler personally assumed command of the SA as its new Oberste SA-Führer and sent a personal request to Röhm, asking that he return to Germany to serve as the SA's chief of staff. Leadership ranks of the Sturmabteilung were the titles and positions held by the commanders of the Sturmabteilung (SA of the Nazi Party between For other uses of the term "Stabschef" please refer to Chief of Staff Stabschef ( Chief of Staff) was a Paramilitary rank in Röhm accepted this offer in 1931, bringing radical new ideas to the SA and staffing its senior leadership with several of his close friends. The more or less open homosexuality of Röhm[1] and other SA leaders (such as Edmund Heines) [2] along with the stormtroopers' penchant for heavy drinking and street violence added to the SA's notorious reputation in Germany. Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Edmund Heines ( July 21 1897 in Munich &ndash June 30 1934 in Munich was Ernst Röhm 's deputy in the SA and possibly The SA was a political army, protecting the party leadership and terrorizing (primarily communist) opponents such as the Red Front. Rotfrontkämpferbund ( RFB, other variants Der Rote Frontkämpferbund Roter Frontkämpferbund (English Red Front Fighters' League Red Front Fighters Association The SA's street-wise use of intimidation contributed to the rise of the Nazis, first in Munich and later throughout Germany.
Many writers have suggested Röhm and his deputy Edmund Heines allowed or encouraged the promotion of many individuals into SA leadership as a result of liaisons with both themselves and other powerful SA figures (for example, Karl Ernst had been a bouncer at a gay nightclub) in spite of anti-gay Nazi policies which included the strengthening of Paragraph 175 (criminalising homosexual acts) of the German Criminal Code of 1871. Edmund Heines ( July 21 1897 in Munich &ndash June 30 1934 in Munich was Ernst Röhm 's deputy in the SA and possibly Karl Ernst ( September 1, 1904 † June 30, 1934) was an SA Gruppenfuhrer who in early 1933 was the SA leader in Paragraph 175 (known formally as §175 StGB; also known as Section 175 in English) was a provision The Strafgesetzbuch is the name of the German, Swiss, Liechtenstein and Austrian Criminal law.
By this time, Röhm and Hitler were so close that Hitler addressed Röhm as du, the intimate German form of "you. " In turn, Röhm was the only member of the party who addressed Hitler as "Adolf," rather than "my Führer. "
Second revolution
Röhm became one of the most prominent members of the party's "socialist" faction. This group truly believed in the socialism carried in the party's full name, insisting on the nationalization of large firms, profit sharing for employees and cuts in interest rates. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act of taking an industry or assets into the Public ownership of a national government Profit sharing, when used as a special term refers to various Incentive plans introduced by Businesses that provide direct or indirect payments to Employees Interest is a fee paid on borrowed capital Assets lent include Money, Shares, Consumer goods through Hire purchase, major assets This was bitter anathema to the business community, which had supported Hitler's rise to power. Röhm spoke of a "second revolution" and vowed to act against "reactionaries" (a label the Nazis had long applied to their enemies on the political right) much as the Nazis had dealt with the communists whilst consolidating power earlier that year. Reactionary (also reactionist) is a derogatory term usually used by the Left wing in regards to movements which oppose radical change in society and seeks a return
Hitler swiftly reassured the German business community that there would be no "second revolution," which opened a breach between him and the SA. Many storm troopers were anti-capitalist members of the working class and viewed their street fighting on behalf of the Nazis as a socialist revolution. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types Hitler thought of the storm troopers as a political weapon no longer needed after the Nazis had taken control of the German government. Röhm however continued to believe the SA was Hitler's "revolutionary" army and showed contempt for the Prussian military leadership. Hitler had gained power with the army's support, and knew that the top army leaders cared little for Röhm. He was keenly aware his control of the German government depended on the army's continued backing. Moreover Hitler could only succeed the ailing 86-year-old Paul von Hindenburg as president and commander-in-chief if he had the army's support. Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg ( known universally as Paul von Hindenburg ( ( October 2, 1847 &ndash August 2 The Reichspräsident was the German Head of state during the period of the 1919-1934 Weimar Republic and the title was later briefly revived
In 1934 it became clear Hindenburg was close to death and many factions in Germany positioned their favorite candidates as von Hindenburg's successor. According to William Shirer, a group of conservatives which included many influential individuals in the armed forces sought the return from exile of Crown Prince Wilhelm (son of Kaiser Wilhelm II), either as president or head of a re-established German monarchy. William Lawrence Shirer ( February 23, 1904 – December 28, 1993) was an American journalist and historian Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return Crown Princess redirects here for the ship see Crown Princess (ship. This article is about the Crown Prince Wilhelm For German ships of the same name please see the Kronprinz Wilhelm or SMS Kronprinz Wilhelm. Kaiser is the German title meaning " Emperor " with Kaiserin being the female equivalent " Empress " The President of Germany (deutscher Bundespräsident is Germany 's Head of state. The German Monarchy existed formally from 1871 to 1918 The Holy Roman Empire was not only German since it contained many different peoples and Languages Meanwhile Germany's military leadership was incensed by Röhm's February 1934 proposal that the Reichswehr (German army) be merged with the SA to form a true "people's army," in which the former SA would be dominant. The army viewed the SA as a brawling mob of undisciplined street fighters and tales of homosexuality along with "corrupt morals" were rampant in the military. The officer corps unanimously rejected Röhm's proposal, insisting German military honor and discipline would vanish if Röhm's brawling storm troopers gained control of the armed forces.
On April 11 Hitler met with German military leaders on board the pocket battleship Deutschland while reviewing spring maneuvers in East Prussia. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Description German capital ships were restricted by the Treaty of Versailles to a displacement of 10000 tons for "armoured ships" Description Their size and characteristics were severely limited by the Treaty of Versailles, which limited Germany to ships of no more than 10000 tons displacement Along with defense minister Werner von Blomberg Hitler met with army commander-in-chief Werner von Fritsch and admiral Erich Raeder, who led the navy. Werner Eduard Fritz von Blomberg (2 September 1878 - 14 March 1946 was a leading member of the German Army until January 1938 Werner Freiherr (Baron von Fritsch ( 4 August 1880 &ndash 22 September 1939) was a prominent Wehrmacht officer member of the Erich Johann Albert Raeder ( April 24, 1876 – November 6, 1960) was a naval leader in Germany before and during Hitler informed them of Hindenburg's declining health and proposed the Reichswehr support Hitler as the next president. In exchange Hitler offered to reduce the SA, suppress Röhm's ambitions and guarantee the Reichswehr would become Germany's only military force. Shirer asserts Hitler also seduced military leaders with further promises to expand both the army and navy.
Meanwhile the conservative industrialists who had supported Hitler's rise to the chancellorship in 1933 were uneasy with the very public socialist leanings of both Röhm and the Strasser brothers. A business magnate, sometimes referred to as a mogul, tycoon, baron, or industrialist, is a person who has reached a prominent place in Strasserism refers to the strand of Nazism and Neo-Nazism that called for a more radical mass-action and worker-based form of fascism particularly hostile to The conservatives and the officer corps repeatedly expressed their anti-SA opinions directly to president von Hindenburg, with whom they were closely allied both politically and socially. In early June 1934, von Hindenburg, through Blomberg, issued an ultimatum to Hitler--unless political tension in Germany ended, the ailing Hindenburg would likely declare martial law. Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect when the military takes control of the normal administration of justice Hitler was shocked to hear this from Blomberg, who up to that point had displayed a near lackey-like attitude around him. However, when Hitler went to see the president himself, von Hindenburg confirmed the ultimatum. Knowing such a step could forever deprive him of power, Hitler decided to carry through on his pact with the Reichswehr to suppress the SA and end its plans for a "second revolution", leading to a showdown with Röhm.
Death
Although determined to curb the power of the SA, Hitler put off doing away with his long-time comrade Ernst Röhm to the very end. Himmler, Heydrich and Göring used Röhm's published anti-Hitler rhetoric to assert the SA was plotting to overthrow Hitler. The SA was purged during the "Night of the Long Knives" in June 1934. The Night of the Long Knives (German) or " Operation Hummingbird " was a Purge that took place in Nazi Germany between June 30 and July Hitler arranged to arrest Röhm personally at a resort in Bad Wiessee on June 30. Bad Wiessee is a Spa town on Lake Tegernsee, Bavaria, Germany. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper
Röhm was briefly held without trial at Stadelheim Prison in Munich in cell 70. Stadelheim Prison, in Munich 's Giesing district is one of the largest prisons in Germany. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Hitler was uneasy authorizing his execution and as a last act of compassion, ensured he had an opportunity to commit suicide first. On July 2 he was visited by SS-Brigadeführer Theodor Eicke (then Kommandant of Dachau) and SS-Sturmbannführer Michael Lippert, who offered Röhm a pistol. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Theodor Eicke ( October 17 1892 &ndash February 26, 1943) was a Nazi official SS- Obergruppenführer, commander When Röhm refused to commit suicide, Lippert shot Röhm at point-blank range. In External ballistics, point-blank range is the distance between a Firearm and a target of a given size such that the bullet in flight is expected to strike the target The purge of the SA was legalized the next day by a decree in the Law Regarding Measures of State Self-Defense. The Night of the Long Knives (German) or " Operation Hummingbird " was a Purge that took place in Nazi Germany between June 30 and July John Toland noted that Hitler, while disapproving, had long been privately aware Röhm was homosexual but Nazi propaganda accounts of the purge made use of Röhm's sexual orientation as a justification of his execution. John Willard Toland ( June 29, 1912 in La Crosse Wisconsin - January 4, 2004 in Danbury Connecticut) was an Ernst Röhm was buried in the Westfriedhof (Western Cemetery), in Munich. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany.
References in popular culture
- Röhm is portrayed in the 2003 film Hitler: The Rise of Evil by Peter Stormare. Hitler The Rise of Evil is a TV Miniseries that aired in two parts in May 2003 on CBS, and was produced by Alliance Atlantis (born August 27 1953) is a Swedish Film, stage, voice and television Actor as well as a theatrical director and playwright
- Röhm is cited in the song "The Last Day of June 1934" by Al Stewart, from the album Past, Present and Future, (1973). Al Stewart (born Alastair Ian Stewart, 5 September 1945 in Glasgow) is a British Singer-songwriter and folk rock Musician. Past Present and Future is Al Stewart 's fifth album released in March 1973 in the UK and in May 1974 in the US
- Röhm is a major character in Michael Moorcock's novel, The Vengeance of Rome. Michael John Moorcock (born 18 December 1939, in London) is an English writer primarily of Science fiction and fantasy who has also The Vengeance of Rome (2006 is a novel by Michael Moorcock. It is the fourth in the Pyat Quartet Tetralogy.
- Röhm is also represented in Bertolt Brecht's "The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui" as Ernesto Roma
- Röhm's relationship with Adolph Hitler was one of the main theme's of Japanese author Yukio Mishima's play My Friend Hitler. (born; 10 February 1898&ndash14 August 1956 was a German Poet, Playwright, and Theatre director. The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui (original German title) is a play by the German dramatist Bertolt Brecht, originally written in was the pseudonym of, a Japanese author poet and
See also
References
- ^ * Scot Lively en Kevin Abrams, Excerpt fromThe Pink Swastika: Homosexuality in the Nazi Party, Founders Publishing Company, 1995, door Kevin Lively t. b. v. Cultre Wars, 1996
- The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich - William L. Shirer (1960) Simon & Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0671728695 (1990 30th Anniversary edition)
| Preceded by None |
Stabschef SA 1931–1934 |
Succeeded by Viktor Lutze |
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