| Ernst Ludwig Kirchner | |
 Photographic self-portrait 1919 |
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| Birth name | Ernst Ludwig Kirchner |
| Born | May 6, 1880 Aschaffenburg |
| Died | June 15, 1938 (aged 58) |
| Nationality | German |
| Field | Painting |
| Training | Königliche Technische Hochschule |
| Movement | Expressionism |
| Works | Marzella, 1909-1910 |
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (May 6, 1880 – June 15, 1938) was a German expressionist painter and printmaker and one of the founders of the artists group Die Brücke or "The Bridge", a key group leading to the foundation of Expressionism in 20th century art. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Aschaffenburg (aˈʃafənbʊɐ̯k dialect) is a large town in northwest Bavaria, Germany. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Expressionism is the tendency of an artist to distort reality for an Emotional effect it is a subjective art form Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Expressionism is the tendency of an artist to distort reality for an Emotional effect it is a subjective art form Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Printmaking is the Process of making artworks by Printing, normally on Paper. Expressionism is the tendency of an artist to distort reality for an Emotional effect it is a subjective art form He volunteered for army service in the First World War, but soon suffered a breakdown and was discharged. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All In 1933, his work was branded as "degenerate" by the Nazis, and this was a contributing factor to his suicide. Degenerate art is the English translation of the German entartete Kunst, a term adopted by the Nazi Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German
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Life and work
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner was born in Aschaffenburg, Germany. Aschaffenburg (aˈʃafənbʊɐ̯k dialect) is a large town in northwest Bavaria, Germany. [1] In 1901, he began studying architecture at the Königliche Technische Hochschule (technical university) of Dresden. Institute of technology, and polytechnic, are designations employed in a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Drježdźany is the Capital city of the German The institution provided a wide range of studies in addition to architecture, such as freehand drawing, perspective drawing and the historical study of art. [2] He became close friends there with Fritz Bleyl, whom he met during the first term. Hilmar Friedrich Wilhelm Bleyl, known as Fritz [3] They discussed art together and also studied nature,[3] having a radical outlook in common. [4] Kirchner continued studies in Munich 1903–1904, returning to Dresden in 1905 to complete his degree. [1]
In 1905, Kirchner, along with Bleyl and two other architecture students, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff and Erich Heckel, founded the artists group Die Brücke ("The Bridge"). Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Karl Schmidt-Rottluff ( December Erich Heckel ( July 31, 1883 &ndash January 27, 1970) was a German painter and Printmaker, and a founding From then on, he committed himself to art. [1] The group aimed to eschew the prevalent traditional academic style and find a new mode of artistic expression, which would form a bridge (hence the name) between the past and the present. [4] They responded both to past artists such as Albrecht Dürer, Matthias Grünewald and Lucas Cranach the Elder, as well as contemporary international avant-garde movements. Albrecht Dürer (ˈalbʀɛçt ˈdyʀɐ ( May 21, 1471 &ndash April 6, 1528) was a German painter, Printmaker Matthias Grünewald or "Mathis" (as first name "Gothart" or "Neithardt" (as surname (c Lucas Cranach the Elder ( Lucas Cranach der Ältere, 4 October 1472 &ndash 16 October 1553) was a German painter Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard [4] As part of the affirmation of their national heritage, they revived older media, particularly woodcut prints. For the origins of the technique and non-artistic use see Woodblock printing; for the related technique invented in the 18th century see Wood engraving [4]
Their group was one of the seminal ones, which in due course had a major impact on the evolution of modern art in the 20th century and created the style of Expressionism. History of Modern art Roots in the 19th century Although modern Sculpture and Architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the nineteenth Expressionism is the tendency of an artist to distort reality for an Emotional effect it is a subjective art form [5] The group met initially in Kirchner's first studio, which had previously been a butcher's shop. Bleyl described it as:
| “ | that of a real bohemian, full of paintings lying all over the place, drawings, books and artist’s materials — much more like an artist’s romantic lodgings than the home of a well-organised architecture student. [4] | ” |
Kirchner's became a venue which overthrew social conventions to allow casual love-making and frequent nudity. [4] Group life-drawing sessions took place using models from the social circle, rather than professionals, and choosing quarter-hour poses to encourage spontaneity. [4] Bleyl described one such model, Isabella, a fifteen-year-old girl from the neighbourhood, as "a very lively, beautifully built, joyous individual, without any deformation caused by the silly fashion of the corset and completely suitable to our artistic demands, especially in the blossoming condition of her girlish buds. "[6]
The group composed a manifesto (mostly Kirchner's work), which was carved on wood and asserted a new generation, "who want freedom in our work and in our lives, independence from older, established forces. "[4]
In September and October 1906, the first group exhibition was held, focused on the female nude, in the showroom of K. F. M. Seifert and Co. in Dresden. [6]
In 1906, he met Doris Große, who was his favoured model until 1911. [1] Between 1907 and 1911, he stayed during the summer at the Moritzburg lakes and on the island of Fehmarn (which he revisited until 1914) with other Brücke members; his work featured the female nude in natural settings. Moritzburg is a municipality in the district of Meißen in Saxony, Germany, between Meißen as early centre of Saxony and the today's capital Fehmarn ( Danish: Femern or Femer) is an island and - since 2003 - a town on this island in the Baltic Sea, off the eastern coast of [1] In 1911, he moved to Berlin, where he founded a private art school, MIUM-Institut, in collaboration with Max Pechstein with the aim of promulgating "Moderner Unterricht im Malen" (modern teaching of painting). Max Hermann Pechstein ( December 31, 1881 &ndash June 29, 1955) was a German Expressionist painter and This was not a success and closed the following year, when he also began a relationship with Erna Schilling that lasted the rest of his life. [1]
In 1913, his writing of Chronik der Brücke (Brücke chronicle) led to the ending of the group. At this time, he established an individual identity with his first solo exhibition, which took place at the Essen Folkwang Museum. Museum Folkwang is a major collection of 19th and 20th century art in Essen, Germany. [1] During the next two years, he painted a series of "Großstadtbilder" (metropole pictures) showing the streets of Berlin,[1] with the central characters of street walkers. Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money.
At the onset of the First World War in September 1914, Kirchner volunteered for military service, but suffered a nervous breakdown in 1915 and was discharged, recovering for the next two years in sanatoriums in Taunus and Davos, Switzerland. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Mental breakdown (also known as nervous breakdown or snapping) is a non-medical term used to describe a sudden acute attack of Mental illness such as Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Taunus is a low mountain range in Hesse, Germany that composes part of the Rhenish Slate Mountains. Davos ( Romansh: Tavau, Italian: Tavate is a municipality in the district of Prättigau/Davos in the canton of Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation [1] In a self portrait in 1915, he depicted himself with an amputated hand (this did not actually happen). In 1918, he settled in Davos, living in a farm house in the Alps; from this time onwards his main subject matter was mountain scenes. [1] On 3 July 1919, he wrote in a letter from Davos, "Dear Van de Velde writes today that I ought to return to modern life. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Henry Van de Velde ( 3 April 1863 &ndash 25 October 1957) was a Belgian painter architect and interior designer For me this is out of the question. Nor do I regret it. . . . The delights the world affords are the same everywhere, differing only in their outer forms. Here one learns how to see further and go deeper than in 'modern' life, which is generally so very much more superficial despite its wealth of outer forms. "[7]
His reputation grew with several exhibitions in Germany and Switzerland in 1920. [1] In 1923, he moved to Frauenkirch-Wildboden. [1] The art gallery in Basel staged a substantial exhibition, which led to the foundation of the "Rot-Blau" (red and blue) artists association by Swiss painters, Paul Camenisch, Albert Müller and Hermann Scherer. "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. [1] Kirchner made his final visit to Germany 1925–1926. His reputation grew through the rest of the decade with a monograph and the first part of a catalogue raisonné of his graphics in 1926, a mural commission by the Folkwang museum in 1927, and a presence at the Venice Biennale in 1928; he became a member of the Prussian Academy of Arts in 1931. A monograph ( Classical Greek, "One Writer" or "Single Writing") is a work of writing upon a single subject usually also by a single A catalogue raisonné is a Monograph giving a comprehensive catalogue of artworks by an Artist. The Venice Biennale (Biennale di Venezia also called in English the "Venice Biennial " is a major Contemporary art exhibition that takes place once The Akademie der Künste Berlin ( Academy of the Arts Berlin) is an arts institution in Berlin, Germany. [1]
In 1933, Kirchner was labelled a "degenerate artist" by the Nazis and asked for his resignation from the Berlin Academy of Arts; in 1937, over 600 of his works were confiscated from public museums in Germany and were sold or destroyed. Degenerate art is the English translation of the German entartete Kunst, a term adopted by the Nazi Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German [8] In 1938, the psychological trauma of these events, along with the Nazi occupation of Austria, close to his home, led to his suicide. [8]
Legacy
In 1913, the first public showing of Kirchner's work took place at the Armory Show, which was also the first major display of modern art in America. Many exhibitions have been held in the vast spaces of US National Guard armories, but the Armory Show refers to the International Exhibition History of Modern art Roots in the 19th century Although modern Sculpture and Architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the nineteenth [8] In 1921, U. S. museums began to acquire his work and did so increasingly thereafter. [8] His first solo show was at the Detroit Institute of Arts in 1937. The Detroit Institute of Arts ( DIA) originally named the Detroit Museum of Art, has one of the largest most significant art collections in the United States In 1992, the National Gallery of Art, Washington, held a monographic show, using its existing collection; a major international loan exhibition took place in 2003. This article is about the National Gallery of the United States for other National Galleries see National Gallery. [8] In November 2006 at Christie's, Kirchner's Street Scene, Berlin (1913) fetched $38 million, a record for the artist. Christie's is a leading art business and a fine arts Auction house [9]
Notes and references
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Ernst Ludwig Kirchner", Brucke Museum. Retrieved 8 September 2007. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "The Student Years of the Brücke and their Teachers", ingentaconnect. com (abstract of book by Peter Lasko), from Art History, Volume 20, Number 1, March 1997 , pp. 61-99. Retrieved 7 September 2007. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b "Fritz Bleyl (1880-1966)", Brücke Museum. Retrieved 7 September 2007. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Kirchner - Expressionism and the city", Royal Academy, 2003. This article refers to an art institution in London For other meanings of Royal Academy see Royal Academy (disambiguation. Retrieved 7 September 2007. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "The Artists' Association 'Brücke'", Brücke Museum. Retrieved 7 September 2007. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b Simmons, Sherwin. "Ernst Kirchner's Streetwalkers: Art, Luxury, and Immorality in Berlin, 1913-16", The Art Bulletin, March 2000, from findarticles. com. Retrieved 7 September 2007. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Goddard, Donald. "Ernst Ludwig Kirchner: 1880 – 1938", New York Art World, 2003. Retrieved 13 September 2007. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c d e "Ernst Ludwig Kirchner", National Gallery of Art, USA. Retrieved 8 September 2007. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ German Artworks Soar Above Estimates, ARTINFO, June 14, 2007, <http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/25242/german-artworks-soar-above-estimates/>. Retrieved on 17 April 2008
External links
- Kirchner Museum, Davos
- An Eye on Art: Marcella
- Information on Kirchner and the German Expressionist movement
- The German Expressionists and the ‘Primitive’
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