Ergi (noun) and argr (adjective) are two Old Norse terms of insult, denoting effeminacy or other unmanly behavior. the relationship between homosexuality and religion can vary greatly across time and place within and between different Religions and Sects and regarding different The Bahá'í Faith teaches that the only acceptable form of sexual expression is within Marriage, and Bahá'í marriage is defined in the religion's texts as exclusively Asian societies shaped by Buddhist traditions take a strong ethical stand in human affairs and sexual behavior in particular Loving and sexual relations between individuals of the same sex have been traditionally accepted in Confucian thought, as long as they do not impede fulfilling one's obligations to the Hindu views of homosexuality and in general LGBT (lesbian gay bisexual and transgender issues are diverse Islamic views on homosexuality have always been influenced by the rulings prescribed by the Qur'an and the teachings of the Islamic prophet Muhammed. The subject of homosexuality in Judaism dates back to the Biblical book of Leviticus. Ergi (noun and argr (adjective are two Old Norse terms of Insult, denoting Effeminacy or other unmanly behavior "God Loveth His Children" is a pamphlet produced by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for members with Homosexual attractions Scientology views of Homosexuality are based on the writings of L Homosexuality in Shinto has a varied past of periods of acceptance and rejection Sikhism has no specific teachings about Homosexuality. The Sikh holy book the Guru Granth Sahib, does not explicitly mention homosexuality It is difficult to determine a single position on homosexuality in Taoism, as the term Taoism is used to describe a number of disparate religious traditions from organised religious The Unification Church views Heterosexual Marriage as God 's ideal Unitarian Universalism and the Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA have a long-standing tradition of welcoming LGBT people Homosexuality in Haitian Voodoo is religiously acceptable and homosexuals are allowed to participate in all religious activities Throughout most branches of Wicca, all Sexual orientations including homosexuality are considered healthy Homosexuality in Zoroastrianism is as in many other religions a controversial topic Old Norse is the North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age An insult (also called putdown) is an expression statement or behavior that is considered degrading Effeminacy is a trait in males that generally contradicts traditional male ( masculine) Gender roles It is a derogatory term frequently applied to Femininity Argr (also ragr) is "unmanly" and ergi is "unmanliness"; the terms have cognates in other Germanic languages such as earh, earg, arag, arug, and so on. The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family.
To accuse another man of being argr was called scolding (see níð), and thus a legal reason to challenge the accuser in holmgang. Níð ( Old Norse) ( Anglo-Saxon nith, Old High German (OHG nid(d, modern German form Neid Holmgang ( hólmganga in Old Norse and modern Icelandic, holmgång in Swedish was a Duel practiced by Norsemen. If holmgang was refused by the accused, he could be outlawed (full outlawry), as this refusal proved that the accuser was right and the accused was argr (= unmanly, cowardly). If the accused fought successfully in holmgang and had thus proven that he was not argr, the scolding was considered an eacan, an unjustified, severe defamation, and the accuser had to pay the offended party full compensation. The Grágás law code states:
- "There are three words—should exchanges between people ever reach such dire limits—which all have full outlawry as the penalty; if a man calls another ragr, stroðinn or sorðinn. See also Medieval Scandinavian laws The Gray Goose Laws (Icelandic Grágás) were a collection of laws from the Icelandic Commonwealth period consisting As they are to be prosecuted like other fullréttisorð and, what is more, a man has the right to kill in retaliation for these three words. He has the right to kill in retaliation on their account over the same period as he has the right to kill on account of women, in both cases up the next General Assembly. The man who utters these words falls with forfeit immunity at the hands of anyone who accompanies the man about whom they were uttered to the place of their encounter” (Meulengracht Sørenson 17).
The practice of seiðr was considered ergi in the Viking Age, and in Icelandic accounts and medieval Scandinavian laws, the term argr had connotations of receptive homosexual intercourse. Seid or seiðr is an Old Norse term for a type of Sorcery or Witchcraft which was practiced by the pre-Christian Norse. Viking Age is the term denoting the years from about 700 to 1066 in European history. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. These laws were made after the countries converted to Christianity. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings There are no written records of how the northern people thought of homosexuality before this conversion, but it is likely that they did not approve of anal intercourse.
In modern Scandinavian languages, argr has the meaning "angry" (Swedish, Norwegian arg, Danish arrig). Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the In modern Icelandic the word has evolved to "ergilegur," meaning "[to seem/appear] irritable". Icelandic ( is a North Germanic language, the language of Iceland. In modern Dutch the word 'erg' means terrible or (very) annoying.
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Icelandic sagas
The bottom role in male homosexuality was viewed as dishonourable (ergi) in Scandinavian society. In the Sturlunga saga, Guðmundr takes captive a man and his wife, and plans for both the woman and the man to be raped as a means of sexual humiliation (Sørenson 82, 111; Sturlunga saga, I, 201). Sturlunga saga (often called simply Sturlunga) is a collection of Icelandic sagas by various authors from the 12th and 13th centuries; it was Godmund ( Guðmundr) was a king in Jotunheim in Finnmark, ruling over a land called Glæsisvellir. The term klámhogg "shame-stroke" inflicted on defeated enemies was regarded as on a par with castration or a wound to the brain, abdomen, or marrow, and Sørenson (68) suggests that the term refers to rape. There is ample documentation of the practice of alleging homosexuality as a severe insult. The Icelandic Grágás condoned violence in retaliation for abuse alleging homosexuality. See also Medieval Scandinavian laws The Gray Goose Laws (Icelandic Grágás) were a collection of laws from the Icelandic Commonwealth period consisting
The term argaskattr in the 14th century Moðruvallabók, "payment made to an argr man", seems to imply the existence of male prostitution (Sørenson, 34-35)
Ergi and seiðr
Accusing a man of practicing seiðr, implied effeminacy or sexual perversion. A gigolo, hustler or male prostitute is a male who engages in the sale of their sexual services by Prostitution. Seid or seiðr is an Old Norse term for a type of Sorcery or Witchcraft which was practiced by the pre-Christian Norse. Effeminacy is a trait in males that generally contradicts traditional male ( masculine) Gender roles It is a derogatory term frequently applied to Femininity Odin himself was taunted for practicing seiðr, by Loki in the Lokasenna. Odin (ˈoʊdɪn from Old Norse Óðinn) is considered the chief god in Norse paganism. In Cryptography, LOKI89 and LOKI91 are Block ciphers designed as possible replacements for the Data Encryption Standard (DES Lokasenna ( Loki's flyting, Loki's wrangling, Loki's quarrel) is one of the mythological poems of the Poetic Edda. Loki is considered the northern equivalent of the trickster, taking the female role in the encounter with the giant's stallion in the Gylfaginning. In Mythology, and in the study of Folklore and Religion, a trickster is a God, Goddess, spirit, man woman or anthropomorphic Gylfaginning, or the Tricking of Gylfi (c 20000 words is the first part of Snorri Sturluson 's Prose Edda after In the encounter, he was mare enough to have offspring from the stallion, while likening a man to a mare seems to have been one of the most offensive ways of accusing him of ergi.
References
- Sørenson, Preben M. , Joan Turville-Petre (trans. Joan Elizabeth Turville-Petre (B Litt MA (10 May 1911 - 9 March 2006 was a noted academic at Oxford University, England, in the field of Anglo-Saxon Icelandic ), The Unmanly Man: Concepts of Sexual Defamation in Early Northern Society, The Viking Collection, Studies in Northern Civilization 1. Odense University Press (1983). ISBN 8774924362 or ISBN 978-8774924364
See also
External links
- (Swedish) SAOB: Arg.adj
- (Swedish) Från niding till sprätt. En studie i det svenska omanlighetsbegreppets historia från vikingatid till sent 1700-tal
- (Swedish) Germanska mannaförbund
- Viking Answer Lady
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