The erection of the penis, clitoris or a nipple is its enlarged and firm state. The penis (plural penises, penes The clitoris is a sexual organ that is present only in Female Mammals In humans the visible button-like portion is located near the Anterior In its most general form a nipple is a Structure from which a fluid emanates It depends on a complex interaction of psychological, neural, vascular and endocrine factors. The ability to maintain the erectile state is key to the reproductive system and many forms of life could not reproduce in a natural way without this ability.
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Penis erection
A penis erection occurs when two tubular structures that run the length of the penis, the corpora cavernosa, become engorged with venous blood. This may result from any of various physiological stimuli, also known as sexual arousal. Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical The corpus spongiosum is a single tubular structure located just below the corpora cavernosa, which contains the urethra, through which urine and semen pass during urination and ejaculation, respectively. Corpus spongiosum (Plural Corpora Spongiosa (also known as corpus cavernosum urethrae in older texts is the mass of spongy tissue surrounding the male Urethra In Anatomy, the urethra (from Greek ουρήθρα - ourethra) is a tube which connects the Urinary bladder to the outside of Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. Physiological aspects Internal and external fertilization Depending on the Species, spermatozoa can fertilize Urination, also known as micturition, voiding, and more rarely emiction, is the process of disposing Urine from the Urinary bladder Ejaculation is the ejecting of Semen from the Penis, and is usually accompanied by Orgasm. This may also become slightly engorged with blood, but less so than the corpora cavernosa. After a man has ejaculated during sexual encounter or masturbation, his erection usually ends, but this may take time depending on the length and thickness of the penis. Masturbation refers to Sexual stimulation especially of one's own genitals ( self masturbation) and often to the point of Orgasm, which [1]
Penis erection usually results from exposure to sexual stimulation from sexual arousal, but can also occur by such causes as a full urinary bladder or spontaneously during the course of a day or at night, often during REM sleep (see "nocturnal penile tumescence"). In Anatomy, the urinary bladder is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic organ that sits on the Pelvic floor in Mammals It is the Nocturnal penile tumescence ( NPT) is the spontaneous occurrence of a penile Erection during Sleep. An erection results in swelling, hardening and enlargement of the penis. Erection enables sexual intercourse and other sexual activities (sexual functions), though it is not essential for all sexual activities. Sexual intercourse, in its biological sense is the act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals enters the female reproductive tract Human sexual behavior or different human sexual practices encompass a wide range of activities such as strategies to find or attract partners ( Mating and display A model defining different aspects of sexual function relevant for the assessment of Sexual dysfunction developed at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden An erection may also occur once woken up, called nocturnal penile tumescence. Nocturnal penile tumescence ( NPT) is the spontaneous occurrence of a penile Erection during Sleep. The scrotum may also become tightened during an erection.
Autonomic control
In the presence of mechanical stimulation, erection is initiated by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) with minimal input from the central nervous system. The parasympathetic Nervous system ( PSNS) is a division of the Autonomic nervous system (ANS along with the Sympathetic nervous system &trade The autonomic nervous system ( ANS) (or visceral nervous system) is the part of the Peripheral nervous system that acts as a Control Parasympathetic branches extend from the sacral plexus into the arteries supplying the erectile tissue; upon stimulation, these nerve branches initiate the release of nitric oxide, a vasodilating agent, in the target arteries. In human Anatomy, the sacral plexus is a Nerve plexus emerging from the Sacral vertebrae (S1-S4 and which provides nerves for the Pelvis and Arteries are Blood vessels that carry blood away from the Heart. The arteries dilate, filling the corpora spongiosum and cavernosa with blood. Erection subsides when parasympathetic stimulation is discontinued; baseline stimulation from the sympathetic division of the ANS causes constriction of the penile arteries, forcing blood out of the erectile tissue. The Sympathetic Nervous System ( SNS) is a branch of the Autonomic nervous system along with the Enteric nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous [2] The cerebral cortex can initiate erection in the absence of direct mechanical stimulation (in response to visual, auditory, olfactory, imagined, or tactile stimuli) acting through erectile centers in the lumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord. The cerebral cortex is a structure within the Brain that plays a key role in Memory, Attention, perceptual Awareness, Thought, The cortex can suppress erection even in the presence of mechanical stimulation, as can other psychological, emotional, and environmental factors. The opposite term is detumescence.
Shape and size
An erect penis can take on a number of different shapes and angles, ranging from a straight tube angled at a 45-90 degree angle, to a curvature to the left or right (see image), up or down. A tightly curved penis, known as Peyronie's disease, is identified by a severe curve in the erect penis. Peyronie's disease is a Connective tissue disorder involving the growth of Fibrous plaques ref name="pmid12514077"> in the Soft tissue of This may cause physical and psychological effects for the affected individual, which could include erectile dysfunction or pain during erection. Treatments include oral medication (such as Vitamin E) or surgery, which is most often reserved as a last resort.
Generally the size of an erect penis is fixed throughout post-pubescent life. Its size may be increased by surgery[3], although the procedure is controversial, and mostly the results are disappointing. [4] Penile enlargement is a controversial subject. See this wikipedia link Penis enlargement. Penis enlargement procedures (sometimes euphemistically referred to as "male enhancement procedures" in spam email and television advertisements are techniques
Erectile dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction (also known as ED or '(male) impotence') is a sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection. Sexual dysfunction or sexual malfunction (see also Sexual function) is difficulty during any stage of the Sexual act (which includes desire, [5][6] It can occur due to both physiological and psychological reasons, most of which are amenable to treatment. Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Common physiological reasons include cardiovascular leakage and diabetes. This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Some drugs also may cause erectile dysfunction in patients who received them such as lithium, paroxetine, etc. Lithium (ˈlɪθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Li and Atomic number 3 Paroxetine (trade names Seroxat, Paxil, Parotin, Aropax, Xetanor, ParoMerck, Rexetin) is a Selective serotonin [7][6]
Erectile dysfunction, tied closely as it is to cultural notions of potency, success and masculinity, can have devastating psychological consequences including feelings of shame, loss or inadequacy[8]; often unnecessary since in most cases the matter can be helped. Shame is variously an affect emotion cognition state or condition loss may refer to A negative difference between retail Price and Cost of production An event in which the team or individual in question There is a strong culture of silence and inability to discuss the matter. The expression conspiracy of silence, or culture of silence, relates to a condition or matter which is known to exist but by tacit communal unspoken consensus is not talked In fact around 1 in 10 men will experience recurring impotence problems at some point in their lives. [9]
The study of erectile dysfunction within medicine is covered by andrology, a sub-field within urology. See also Reproductive health Andrology (from Greek grc ἀνήρ anēr, Genitive grc ἀνδρός andros, "man" Urology is the branch of Surgery that focuses on the Urinary tracts of males and females and on the reproductive system of males [10]
Clitoral erection
Clitoral erection is a part of sexual arousal in women. The clitoris is the anatomically homologous counterpart of the penis, and the physiological mechanism of its erection is similar. The clitoris is a sexual organ that is present only in Female Mammals In humans the visible button-like portion is located near the Anterior
Swelling and enlargement may also occur during a clitoral erection but because a large proportion of the clitoris is within the body and its drastically reduced size, it is often not as obvious.
Nipple erection
Nipple erection may result from three kinds of response. It happens in females during breast feeding. Breastfeeding is the feeding of an Infant or young Child with Breast milk directly from human Breasts, not from a Baby bottle or other It is also an early part of the sexual response in females and males. Both of these are caused by the release of oxytocin. Oxytocin ( IPA: /ˌɔksɪˈtoʊsɪn/ (Greek "quick birth" is a Mammalian Hormone that also acts as a Neurotransmitter in the Nipple erection can also be caused by a tactile response to cold temperature in both males and females. The erection of nipples is not due to erectile tissue, but due to the contraction of smooth muscle under the control of the autonomic nervous system. Erectile tissue is tissue in the body that can become erect usually by becoming engorged with Blood. Smooth muscle is a type of non- Striated muscle, found within the Tunica media layer of large and small Arteries and Veins, the bladder &trade The autonomic nervous system ( ANS) (or visceral nervous system) is the part of the Peripheral nervous system that acts as a Control It is more akin to a hair follicle standing on end than to a sexual erection. A hair follicle is part of the Skin that grows Hair by packing old cells together
See also
References
- ^ Harris, Robie H. Priapism (πριαπισμός is a potentially harmful and painful medical condition in which the erect Penis does not return to its flaccid state despite A model defining different aspects of sexual function relevant for the assessment of Sexual dysfunction developed at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden A death erection or terminal erection is a post-mortem Erection, technically a Priapism, observed in the corpses of human males who have been executed Arrectores pilorum (singular Arrector pili) are tiny Muscle fibers attached to each Hair follicle, which contract to make the Nocturnal penile tumescence ( NPT) is the spontaneous occurrence of a penile Erection during Sleep. (et al. ), It's Perfectly Normal: Changing Bodies, Growing Up, Sex And Sexual Health. Boston, 1994. (ISBN 1-56402-199-8)
- ^ Drake, Richard, Wayne Vogl and Adam Mitchell, Grey's Anatomy for Students. Philadelphia, 2004. (ISBN 0-443-06612-4)
- ^ Li CY, Kayes O, Kell PD, Christopher N, Minhas S, Ralph DJ (2006). "Penile suspensory ligament division for penile augmentation: indications and results". Eur. Urol. 49 (4): 729–33. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16473458.
- ^ Fox News. Most Men Unsatisfied With Penis Enlargement Results. (September 2006).
- ^ Milsten, Richard (et al. ), The Sexual Male. Problems And Solutions. London, 2000. (ISBN 0-393-32127-4)
- ^ a b Sadeghipour H, Ghasemi M, Ebrahimi F, Dehpour AR (2007). "Effect of lithium on endothelium-dependent and neurogenic relaxation of rat corpus cavernosum: role of nitric oxide pathway". Nitric Oxide 16 (1): 54–63. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16828320.
- ^ Sadeghipour H, Ghasemi M, Nobakht M, Ebrahimi F, Dehpour AR (2007). "Effect of chronic lithium administration on endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat corpus cavernosum: the role of nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase pathways". BJU Int. 99 (1): 177–82. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 17034495.
- ^ Tanagho, Emil A. (et al. ), Smith's General Urology. London, 2000. (ISBN 0-8385-8607-4)
- ^ http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/articles/article.aspx?articleId=210 NHS Direct - Health encyclopaedia -Erectile dysfunction]
- ^ Williams, Warwick, It's Up To You: Overcoming Erection Problems. London, 1989. (ISBN 0-7225-1915-X)
Dictionary
erection
-noun
- (uncountable) The act of building or putting up or together of something; construction.
- (uncountable) Anything erected or built.
- (physiology) The physiological process by which a penis become erect by being engorged with blood.
- (physiology) A penis that has become rigid.
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