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| Name, Symbol, Number | erbium, Er, 68 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | lanthanides | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | n/a, 6, f | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | silvery white |
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| Standard atomic weight | 167. Holmium (ˈhoʊlmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ho and Atomic number 67 Thulium (ˈθjuːliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Tm and Atomic number 69 Fermium (ˈfɝmiəm is a Synthetic element with the symbol Fm and Atomic number 100 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Occurrence Scandium yttrium and the Lanthanides (except promethium tend to occur together in the Earth's crust and are relatively abundant compared with most D-block A period 6 element is one of the Chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides The f-block of the Periodic table of the elements consists of those elements (sometimes referred to as the inner transition elements) for which in the The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass 259(3) g·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f12 6s² | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase | solid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | 9. In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 066 g·cm−3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liquid density at m.p. | 8. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 86 g·cm−3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 1802 K (1529 °C, 2784 °F) |
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| Boiling point | 3141 K (2868 °C, 5194 °F) |
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| Heat of fusion | 19. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 90 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 280 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | (25 °C) 28. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 12 J·mol−1·K−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Atomic properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | hexagonal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | 3 (basic oxide) |
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| Electronegativity | 1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 24 (Pauling scale) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies (more) |
1st: 589. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 3 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd: 1150 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd: 2194 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 175 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) | 226 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Magnetic ordering | no data | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | (r.t.) (poly) 0. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 860 µΩ·m | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 14. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 5 W·m−1·K−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | (r.t.) (poly) 12. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 2 µm/(m·K) |
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| Speed of sound (thin rod) | (20 °C) 2830 m/s | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Young's modulus | 69. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material 9 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | 28. In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear 3 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | 44. 4 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | 0. Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 237 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vickers hardness | 589 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 814 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS registry number | 7440-52-0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Erbium (pronounced /ˈɝbiəm/) is a chemical element with the symbol Er and atomic number 68. Thulium (ˈθjuːliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Tm and Atomic number 69 Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton A rare, silvery, white metallic lanthanide; Erbium is a solid in its normal state. Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. It is a rare earth element, erbium is associated with several other rare elements in the mineral gadolinite from Ytterby in Sweden. Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are according to IUPAC, the collection of seventeen Chemical elements in the Periodic table, namely A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Gadolinite is a Mineral of a nearly black color and vitreous luster, and consisting principally of the silicates of Cerium, Lanthanum Ytterby is a village on the Swedish island of Resarö, in Vaxholm Municipality in the Stockholm archipelago. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation.
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Notable characteristics
A trivalent element, pure erbium metal is malleable (or easily shaped), soft yet stable in air, and does not oxidize as quickly as some other rare-earth metals. In Chemistry, valence, also known as valency or valency number, is a measure of the number of Chemical bonds formed by the Atoms The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are according to IUPAC, the collection of seventeen Chemical elements in the Periodic table, namely Its salts are rose-colored, and the element has characteristic sharp absorption spectra bands in visible light, ultraviolet, and near infrared. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants A material's absorption spectrum shows the fraction of incident Electromagnetic radiation absorbed by the material over a range of Frequencies. Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays Infrared ( IR) radiation is Electromagnetic radiation whose Wavelength is longer than that of Visible light, but shorter than that of Otherwise it looks much like the other rare earths. Its sesquioxide is called erbia. A sesquioxide is an Oxide containing three atoms of Oxygen with two Atoms (or radicals of another element Erbium(III oxide, a pink solid is a compound of Erbium sometimes used as a colouring for Glasses and a dopant for optical fibres and optical amplifiers Erbium's properties are to a degree dictated by the kind and amount of impurities present. Erbium does not play any known biological role, but is thought by some to be able to stimulate metabolism. Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. Erbium-doped glasses or crystals can be used as optical amplification media, where erbium ions are optically pumped at around 980nm or 1480nm and then radiate light at 1550nm. This process can be used to create lasers and optical amplifiers. A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission. An optical amplifier is a device that amplifies an Optical signal directly without the need to first convert it to an electrical signal The 1550nm wavelength is especially important for optical communications because standard single mode optical fibers have minimal loss at this particular wavelength. Optical communication is any form of Telecommunication that uses Light as the transmission medium An optical fiber (or fibre) is a Glass or Plastic fiber that carries Light along its length A large variety of medical applications can be found (i. e. dermatology, dentistry) by utilizing the 2940nm emission (see Er:YAG_laser) which is highly absorped in water (about 12000 1/cm). ErYAG lasers are Solid-state lasers whose lasing medium is Erbium -doped yttrium aluminium garnet (ErY3Al5O12
Applications
Erbium's everyday uses are varied. It is commonly used as a photographic filter, and because of its resilience it is useful as a metallurgical additive. In Photography, a filter is a Camera accessory consisting of an optical filter that can be inserted in the optical path Other uses:
- Used in nuclear technology as a nuclear poison, as in neutron-absorbing control rods. Nuclear Energy is released by the splitting (fission or merging together (fusion of the nuclei of Atom (s A nuclear poison, also called a neutron poison is a substance with a large neutron absorption cross-section in applications such as Nuclear reactors A control rod is a rod made of Chemical elements capable of absorbing many Neutrons without fissioning themselves
- Used as a dopant in fiber-optic laser amplifiers. A dopant, also called doping agent and dope, is an impurity element added to a crystal or semiconductor lattice in low concentrations in order to alter the optical/electrical An optical amplifier is a device that amplifies an Optical signal directly without the need to first convert it to an electrical signal
- When added to vanadium as an alloy, erbium lowers hardness and improves workability. Vanadium (vəˈneɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol V and Atomic number 23 An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has
- Erbium oxide has a pink color, and is sometimes used as a colorant for glass and porcelain. Erbium(III oxide, a pink solid is a compound of Erbium sometimes used as a colouring for Glasses and a dopant for optical fibres and optical amplifiers Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many Porcelain is a Ceramic material made by heating raw materials generally including Clay in the form of Kaolin, in a Kiln to temperatures The glass is then often used in sunglasses and cheap jewelry. Sunglasses or sun glasses are a visual aid variously termed Spectacles or Glasses, which feature lenses that are coloured or darkened to prevent strong Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones
- Erbium is also used to provide the pink color in cubic zirconia, also used in inexpensive jewelry. The pink color is especially intense and beautiful under white fluorescent lighting. A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a Gas-discharge lamp that uses Electricity to excite mercury Vapor.
- Erbium-doped optical silica-glass fibers are the active element in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), which are widely used in optical communications. An optical fiber (or fibre) is a Glass or Plastic fiber that carries Light along its length An optical amplifier is a device that amplifies an Optical signal directly without the need to first convert it to an electrical signal Optical communication is any form of Telecommunication that uses Light as the transmission medium The same fibers can be used to create fiber lasers. A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission. Co-doping of optical fiber with Er and Yb is used in high-power Er/Yb fiber lasers, which gradually replace CO2 lasers for metal welding and cutting applications. Erbium can also be used in erbium-doped waveguide amplifiers. An erbium-doped waveguide amplifier ( EDWA) is an Optical amplifier that uses a Waveguide to boost an optical signal analogous to an Erbium-doped fiber
History
Erbium (for Ytterby, a town in Sweden) was discovered by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1843. Ytterby is a village on the Swedish island of Resarö, in Vaxholm Municipality in the Stockholm archipelago. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Carl Gustaf Mosander ( Kalmar 10 September 1797 &ndash Lovö, Stockholm County 15 October, 1858) was a Mosander separated "yttria" from the mineral gadolinite into three fractions which he called yttria, erbia, and terbia. Gadolinite is a Mineral of a nearly black color and vitreous luster, and consisting principally of the silicates of Cerium, Lanthanum Yttrium oxide is Y 2 O 3 It is an air-stable white substance Yttrium oxide is used as a common starting material for both Erbium(III oxide, a pink solid is a compound of Erbium sometimes used as a colouring for Glasses and a dopant for optical fibres and optical amplifiers Terbium(III oxide ( Tb 2 O3 also known as Terbium sesquioxide) is an Inorganic Chemical compound. He named the new element after the town of Ytterby where large concentrations of yttria and erbium are located. Erbia and terbia, however, were confused at this time. After 1860, terbia was renamed erbia and after 1877 what had been known as erbia was renamed terbia. Fairly pure Er2O3 was independently isolated in 1905 by Georges Urbain and Charles James. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Georges Urbain (12 April 1872 – 5 November 1938 in Paris) - French chemist professor of Sorbona. Charles James may refer to name=James Charles Reasonably pure metal wasn't produced until 1934 when workers reduced the anhydrous chloride with potassium vapor. As a general term a substance is said to be anhydrous if it contains no Water. The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39
Occurrence
Like other rare earths, this element is never found as a free element in nature but is found bound in monazite sand ores. In Geology, the Mineral monazite is a reddish-brown Phosphate -containing rare earth metals and an important source of Thorium It has historically been very difficult and expensive to separate rare earths from each other in their ores but ion-exchange production techniques developed in the late 20th century have greatly brought down the cost of production of all rare-earth metals and their chemical compounds. Ion exchange is an exchange of Ions between two Electrolytes or between an electrolyte Solution and a complex. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. The principal commercial sources of erbium are from the minerals xenotime and euxenite, and most recently, the ion adsorption clays of southern China. Xenotime (from the Greek words xenos, "foreign" and time, "honour" is a Rare Earth phosphate mineral whose major Euxenite or euxenite-(Y (a correct mineralogical name is a brownish black Mineral with a metallic luster. In the high-yttrium versions of these ore concentrates, yttrium is about two-thirds of the total by weight, and erbia is about 4-5%. This is enough erbium to impart a distinct pink color to the solution when the concentrate is dissolved in acid. This color behavior is highly similar to what Mosander and the other early workers in the lanthanides would have seen, in their extracts from Ytterby gadolinite.
Isotopes
Naturally occurring erbium is composed of 6 stable isotopes, Er-162, Er-164, Er-166, Er-167, Er-168, and Er-170 with Er-166 being the most abundant (33. Naturally occurring Erbium ( Er) is composed of 6 stable Isotopes Er-162 Er-164 Er-166 Er-167 Er-168 and Er-170 with Er-166 being the most abundant Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides 503% natural abundance). In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet 29 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being Er-169 with a half life of 9. A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 4 days, Er-172 with a half-life of 49. 3 hours, Er-160 with a half-life of 28. 58 hours, Er-165 with a half-life of 10. 36 hours, and Er-171 with a half life of 7. 516 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 3. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. 5 hours, and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 4 minutes. This element also has 13 meta states, with the most stable being Er-167m (t½ 2. A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies 269 seconds).
The isotopes of erbium range in atomic weight from 142. The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass 9663 u (Er-143) to 176. The unified atomic mass unit ( u) or Dalton ( Da) or sometimes universal mass unit, is an unit of Mass used to express 9541 u (Er-177). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, Er-166, is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta decay. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted The primary decay products before Er-166 are element 67 (holmium) isotopes, and the primary products after are element 69 (thulium) isotopes. In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide Holmium (ˈhoʊlmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ho and Atomic number 67 Thulium (ˈθjuːliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Tm and Atomic number 69
Precautions
As with the other lanthanides, erbium compounds are of low to moderate toxicity, although their toxicity has not been investigated in detail. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Metallic erbium in dust form presents a fire and explosion hazard.
See also
References
- Los Alamos National Laboratory – Erbium
- Guide to the Elements – Revised Edition, Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998) ISBN 0-19-508083-1
- It's Elemental – Erbium
Chemical Elements: Erbium http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/er.html
External links
- WebElements.com – Erbium (also used as a reference)
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