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Equisetum
Equisetum telmateia with a whorl (at each node) of branches and dark-tipped leaves
Equisetum telmateia with a whorl (at each node) of branches and dark-tipped leaves
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Pteridophyta
Class: Equisetopsida
Order: Equisetales
Family: Equisetaceae
Genus: Equisetum
Species
See text

Equisetum is a genus of vascular plants that reproduce by spores rather than seeds. Equisetum telmateia ( Great Horsetail or Giant Horsetail) is a species of Equisetum (horsetail with an unusual distribution Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. A fern is any one of a group of about 20000 Species of Plants classified in the phylum or division Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta Equisetopsida, or Sphenopsida, is a class of Plants with a fossil record going back to the Devonian. The Equisetales is an order of pteridophytes with only one living genus Equisetum (horsetails Vascular plants (also known as tracheophytes or higher plants) are those Plants that have lignified tissues for conducting The genus includes 15 species commonly known as horsetails and scouring rushes. It is the only living genus in class Equisetopsida, formerly of the division Equisetophyta (Arthrophyta in older works), though recent molecular analyses place the genus within the ferns (Pteridophyta). A class is the Taxonomic rank in the Biological classification of organisms in Biology below phylum and above order. Equisetopsida, or Sphenopsida, is a class of Plants with a fossil record going back to the Devonian. A fern is any one of a group of about 20000 Species of Plants classified in the phylum or division Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta [1] Other classes and orders of Equisetopsida are known from the fossil record, where they were important members of the world flora during the Carboniferous period. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. In Botany, flora ( Plural: floras or florae has two meanings The first meaning flora of an area or of time period, refers to all The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period about 359

Etymology

Vegetative stem: N = node, I = internode, B = branch in whorl, L = leaves
Vegetative stem: N = node, I = internode, B = branch in whorl, L = leaves

The name horsetail, often used for the entire group, arose because the branched species somewhat resemble a horse's tail, the name Equisetum being from the Latin equus, "horse", and seta, "bristle". Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Other names include candock (applied to branching species only), and scouring-rush (applied to the unbranched or sparsely branched species). The latter name refers to the plants' rush-like appearance; the stems were used for scouring cooking pots in the past (due to them being coated with abrasive silica). The Chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica or silox (from the Latin " Silex " is an Oxide

Distribution

The genus is near-cosmopolitan, being absent only from Australasia and Antarctica. In Biogeography, a Biological category of living things is said to have cosmopolitan distribution if this category can be found almost anywhere around the world Australasia is a Region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring Islands in the Pacific They are perennial plants, either herbaceous, dying back in winter (most temperate species) or evergreen (some tropical species, and the temperate species Equisetum hyemale, E. A perennial plant or perennial ( Latin per, "through" annus, "year" is a Plant that lives for more than A herbaceous plant (or in botanical use a Herb) is a Plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round scirpoides, E. variegatum and E. ramosissimum). They mostly grow 0. 2-1. 5 m tall, though E. telmateia can exceptionally reach 2. 5 m, and the tropical American species E. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America giganteum 5 m, and E. myriochaetum 8 m.

Anatomy

In these plants the leaves are greatly reduced and usually non-photosynthetic. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. They contain a single, non-branching vascular trace, which is the defining feature of microphylls. However, it has recently been recognised that these microphylls probably evolved by the reduction of a megaphyll;[2] therefore they are commonly referred to as megaphylls to reflect this homology.

They grow in whorls fused into nodal sheaths. The stems are green and photosynthetic, also distinctive in being hollow, jointed, and ridged (with (3-) 6-40 ridges). Photosynthesis is a Metabolic pathway that converts Light Energy into Chemical energy. There may or may not be whorls of branches at the nodes; when present, these branches are identical to the main stem except smaller.

Strobilus of E. telmateia, terminal on an unbranched stem.
Strobilus of E. telmateia, terminal on an unbranched stem.

Spores

The spores are borne under sporangiophores in cone-like structures (strobilus, pl. In Biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions strobili) at the tips of some of the stems. In many species the cone-bearing stems are unbranched, and in some (e. g. E. arvense) they are non-photosynthetic, produced early in spring separately from photosynthetic sterile stems. In some other species (e. g. E. palustre) they are very similar to sterile stems, photosynthetic and with whorls of branches.

Horsetails are mostly homosporous, though in E. In Biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions arvense, smaller spores give rise to male prothalli. The spores have four elaters that act as moisture-sensitive springs, assisting spore dispersal after the sporangia have split open longitudinally. In Biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions "Elaters" is also used as a common name for the Elateridae (click beetles A sporangium (pl sporangia) is a Plant or fungal structure producing and containing Spores Sporangia occur in angiosperms,

Habitat

Many plants in this genus prefer wet sandy soils, though some are aquatic and others adapted to wet clay soils. Sand is a naturally occurring Granular material composed of finely divided rock and Mineral particles Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and One horsetail, E. arvense, can be a nuisance weed because it readily regrows after being pulled out. WEED (1390 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Spanish format The stalks arise from rhizomes that are deep underground and almost impossible to dig out. In Botany, a rhizome is a horizontal stem of a Plant that is usually found underground often sending out Roots and Shoots It is also unaffected by many herbicides designed to kill seed plants. A herbicide is used to kill unwanted Plants Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the desired Crop relatively unharmed The spermatophytes (from the Greek word "Σπερματόφυτα" (also known as phanerogams) comprise those Plants that produce Seeds They are The foliage of some species is poisonous to grazing animals if eaten in large quantities. In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by Equisetum is cooked and eaten in Japan.



Geological history

The horsetails are the sole surviving genus of the Equisetopsida, a diverse and widespread group during the Carboniferous period. Equisetopsida, or Sphenopsida, is a class of Plants with a fossil record going back to the Devonian. The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period about 359 Some species were large trees reaching to 30 m tall. A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or The genus Calamites (family Calamitaceae) is abundant in coal deposits from the Carboniferous period. Calamites is a genus of Extinct arborescent (tree-like horsetails to which the modern Horsetails (genus Equisetum) are closely Calamitaceae is an extinct family of plants related to the modern Horsetail.

Species

Microscopic view of Equisetum hyemale'. 2-1-0-1-2 is one millimeter with 1/20th graduation. White and small protuberances are accumulated silicic acid on cells. Boiled and then dried E. hyemale is still used in Japan for the final polishing process on woodcraft to produce a smoother finish than with sandpaper.
Microscopic view of Equisetum hyemale'. 2-1-0-1-2 is one millimeter with 1/20th graduation. The Millimetre ( American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to Graduation in an instrument refers to the marking the instrument with indicators of a measurement White and small protuberances are accumulated silicic acid on cells. Silicic acid is a general name for a family of chemical compounds of the element Silicon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, with the general formula n The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called Boiled and then dried E. hyemale is still used in Japan for the final polishing process on woodcraft to produce a smoother finish than with sandpaper. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Abrasive Paper is a form of Paper where an Abrasive material has been fixed to its surface
Subgenus Equisetum
Subgenus Hippochaete

Named hybrids

Hybrids between species in subgenus Equisetum
Hybrids between species in subgenus Hippochaete

The superficially similar flowering plant, Mare's tail (Hippuris vulgaris), unrelated to the genus Equisetum, is occasionally misidentified and misnamed as a horsetail. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Hippuris, the Mare's tail, was previously the sole genus in the family Hippuridaceae.

See also

References

  1. ^ Smith, Alan R. This is a list of Plants which are Poisonous to Equines. Some may cause mild reactions such as Diarrhea, others can lead to serious problems including ; Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider, & Paul G. Wolf (2006). "A classification for extant ferns" (PDF). Taxon 55 (3): 705–731.  
  2. ^ Rutishauser, R. (1999). "Polymerous Leaf Whorls in Vascular Plants: Developmental Morphology and Fuzziness of Organ Identities". International Journal of Plant Sciences 160 (6): 81-103. doi:10.1086/314221. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
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