Citizendia
Your Ad Here

For the Roman class, see Equestrian (Roman)
A young rider at a horse show in Australia.
A young rider at a horse show in Australia. A Horse show is a judged exhibition of Horses and ponies. Many different horse breeds and equestrian disciplines hold competitions worldwide

Equestrianism refers to the skill of riding or driving horses. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. This broad description includes both use of horses for practical, working purposes as well as recreational activities and competitive sports. A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks Animals in sport are a specific form of Working animals Many animals at least in more commercial sports are highly trained.

Contents

Overview of equestrian activities

Horses are trained and ridden for practical working purposes such as in police work or for controlling herd animals on a ranch. Horse training refers to a wide variety of practices that teach Horses to perform certain behaviors when asked to do so by humans A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle They are also used in competitive sports including, but not limited to dressage, endurance riding, eventing, reining, show jumping, tent pegging, vaulting, polo, horse racing, driving, and rodeo. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. Dressage (pronounced dress-ahhzh /ˈdrɛsɑʒ/ (a French term most commonly translated to mean "training" is a path and destination of competitive Horse training Endurance riding is an equestrian sport based on controlled long distance races Eventing is an equestrian event which comprises Dressage, cross-country and Show-jumping. Reining is a Western riding competition for Horses where the riders guide the horses through a precise pattern of circles spins and stops Show jumping, also known as "stadium jumping" or "jumpers" is a member of a family of English riding equestrian events that also includes Tent pegging (sometimes spelled "tentpegging" or "tent-pegging" is a Cavalry sport of ancient origin and is one of only ten equestrian disciplines Equestrian vaulting is most often described as Gymnastics and dance on horseback and like these disciplines it is an art and not a competitive sport Polo is a team sport played outdoors on Horseback in which the objective is to score goals against an opposing team This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. Driving, when applied to Horses Ponies, Mules or Donkeys is a broad term for hitching equines to a Wagon, Carriage Rodeo (ˈroʊdioʊ or /roʊˈdeɪoʊ/ is a sport which arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain, Mexico, and later the United States (See additional equestrian sports listed later in this article for more examples. ) Some popular forms of competition are grouped together at horse shows, where horses perform in a wide variety of disciplines. A Horse show is a judged exhibition of Horses and ponies. Many different horse breeds and equestrian disciplines hold competitions worldwide Horses (and other equids such as mules and donkeys) are used for non-competitive recreational riding such as fox hunting, trail riding or hacking. Equidae is the family of horse-like animals which belong to the order Perissodactyla. In its common modern meaning a mule is the offspring of a male Donkey and a female Horse, which is classified as a kind of F1 hybrid. The donkey or ass, Equus asinus, is a member of the Equidae or horse family and an odd-toed ungulate. Fox hunting is an activity involving the tracking chase and sometimes killing of a fox traditionally a Red fox, by trained Foxhounds or other Scent hounds Trail riding is riding outdoors on natural Trails and roads as opposed to riding in an enclosed area such as a riding arena There is public access to horse trails in almost every part of the world; many parks, ranches, and public stables offer both guided and independent riding. A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle A stable is a Building in which Livestock, especially Horses are kept Horses are also used for therapeutic purposes, both in specialized paraequestrian competition as well as non-competitive riding to improve human health and emotional development. Therapeutic horseback riding, also known as an Equine Assisted Activity, or " Adaptive Riding " is for individuals with a range of physical emotional

Horses are also driven in harness racing, at horse shows and in other types of exhibition, historical reenactment or ceremony, often pulling carriages. Driving, when applied to Horses Ponies, Mules or Donkeys is a broad term for hitching equines to a Wagon, Carriage Harness racing is a form of Horse-racing in which the horses race in a specified gait A Horse show is a judged exhibition of Horses and ponies. Many different horse breeds and equestrian disciplines hold competitions worldwide "Reenactment" redirects here For the 1968 Romanian film see The Reenactment. A carriage is a wheeled vehicle for people usually horse-drawn In some parts of the world, they are still used for practical purposes such as farming. A farm is an area of land including various structures devoted primarily to the practice of producing and managing food ( Produce, Grains, or Livestock

Horses continue to be used in public service: in traditional ceremonies (parades, funerals), police and volunteer mounted patrols, and for mounted search and rescue. Mounted police are Police who patrol on Horseback They continue to serve in remote areas and in metropolitan areas where their day-to-day function may be picturesque Mounted search and rescue ( MSAR) is a specialty within Search and rescue (SAR using Horses for transportation and to search for Missing persons

History of horse use

Main articles: Domestication of the horse and Horses in warfare
See also: Horses in the Middle Ages

Though there is controversy over the exact date horses were domesticated and when they were first ridden, the best estimate is that horses first were ridden approximately 4,500 BC. There are a number of hypotheses on many of the key issues regarding the domestication of the horse. Horses were first used in warfare over 5000 years ago The earliest evidence of the use of horses ridden in warfare dates Horses in the Middle Ages differed in size build and breed to the modern Horse, and Domestication (from Latin domesticus) refers to the process whereby a Population of Animals Indirect evidence suggests that horses were ridden long before they were driven. There is some evidence that about 6,000 years ago, near the Dneiper River and the Don River, people were using bits on horses, as a stallion that was buried there shows teeth wear consistent with using a bit. For the rocket see Dnepr rocket. For other uses see Dnieper (disambiguation. The Don (Дон is one of the major rivers of Russia. It rises in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 Kilometres southeast from Tula, southeast [1] However, the most unequivocal early archaeological evidence of equines put to working use was of horses being driven. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Chariot burials about 2,500 BC present the most direct hard evidence of horses used as working animals. The chariot is the earliest and simplest type of Carriage, used in both peace and war as the chief vehicle of many ancient peoples A working animal is an animal that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks In ancient times chariot warfare was followed by the use of war horses as light and heavy cavalry. Horses were first used in warfare over 5000 years ago The earliest evidence of the use of horses ridden in warfare dates The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on The horse played an important role throughout human history all over the world, both in warfare and in peaceful pursuits such as transportation, trade and agriculture. Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture

Horse racing

Main articles: Horse racing, Harness racing, and Parimutuel gambling

Humans appear to have long expressed a desire to know which horse (or horses) were the fastest, and thus horse racing has ancient roots. This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. Harness racing is a form of Horse-racing in which the horses race in a specified gait Parimutuel betting (from the French language: pari mutuel, mutual betting is a betting system in which all bets of a particular type are placed together in a pool This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. Gambling on horse races appears to go hand-in hand with racing and has a long history as well. Thoroughbreds have the pre-eminent reputation as a racing breed, but other breeds also race. The Thoroughbred is a horse breed

Types of horse racing

Under saddle:

In harness:

Olympic disciplines

Main article: Equestrian at the Summer Olympics

Equestrian events were first included in the Olympic Games in 1900. Equestrianism made its Summer Olympics debut at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, France The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games By 1912, all three Olympic disciplines still seen today were part of the games. The following forms of competition are recognized worldwide and are a part of the equestrian events at the Olympics:

Additional events sanctioned by the FEI as international disciplines include combined driving, reining, equestrian vaulting, endurance riding and paralympic competition. Combined driving also known as Horse Driving Trials is an equestrian sport involving carriage driving. Reining is a Western riding competition for Horses where the riders guide the horses through a precise pattern of circles spins and stops Equestrian vaulting is most often described as Gymnastics and dance on horseback and like these disciplines it is an art and not a competitive sport Endurance riding is an equestrian sport based on controlled long distance races The Paralympic Games are a multi-sport event for athletes with physical and sensorial disabilities While these events are recognized internationally and are all part of the FEI World Equestrian Games, none are yet part of the Summer Olympics, though some, such as vaulting and reining, are potentially on track to be added. The FEI World Equestrian Games are the major international championships for Equestrianism, considered by many horsemen to be more important than the Olympics and administered The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad are an International Multi-sport event, usually quadrennial organised by the International

Haute École

Main article: Classical dressage

The haute école (F. "high school"), an advanced component of Classical dressage, is a highly refined set of skills seldom used in competition but often seen in demonstration performances. Classical dressage evolved from Cavalry movements and training for the battlefield and has since developed into the competitive Dressage seen today French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Classical dressage evolved from Cavalry movements and training for the battlefield and has since developed into the competitive Dressage seen today

Leading haute ecole demonstration teams include:

Horse shows

Main article: Horse show

Horse shows are held throughout the world with a tremendous variety of possible events, equipment, attire and judging standards used. A Horse show is a judged exhibition of Horses and ponies. Many different horse breeds and equestrian disciplines hold competitions worldwide A Horse show is a judged exhibition of Horses and ponies. Many different horse breeds and equestrian disciplines hold competitions worldwide However, most forms of horse show competition can be broken into the following broad categories:

"English" riding

Main article: English riding
See also: Hunt seat, Show hunter, Show jumping, Dressage, and Saddle seat

In addition to the classical Olympic events, the following forms of competition are seen, called "English riding" in the United States and Canada:

"Western" riding

Main article: Western riding
See also: Reining, Western pleasure, Rodeo, and Cutting (sport)

Western riding evolved from the cattle-working and warfare traditions brought to the Americas by the Spanish Conquistadors, and both equipment and riding style evolved to meet the working needs of the cowboy on ranches in the American West. WesternClassjpg|thumb|200 px|Modern competitors in western equipment lined up at a horse show class awaiting results]] Western riding is a style of horseback riding which evolved Reining is a Western riding competition for Horses where the riders guide the horses through a precise pattern of circles spins and stops Western Pleasure is a western style competition at Horse shows that exhibits the manners and suitability of the Horse for appropriate gait cadence Rodeo (ˈroʊdioʊ or /roʊˈdeɪoʊ/ is a sport which arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain, Mexico, and later the United States Cutting is an equestrian event in the Western riding style where a horse and rider are judged on their ability to separate a calf away from a cattle herd and keep WesternClassjpg|thumb|200 px|Modern competitors in western equipment lined up at a horse show class awaiting results]] Western riding is a style of horseback riding which evolved Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the Spanish explorer soldiers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuriesfor other uses see Conquistador (disambiguation A Conquistador A cowboy is an animal Herder who tends Cattle on Ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback and often performs a multitude of A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle The Western United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American West or simply the West &mdashtraditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost

Though the differences between English and Western riding appear dramatic, there are more similarities than most people think. Both styles require riders to have a solid seat, with the hips and shoulders balanced over the feet, with hands independent of the seat so as to avoid disturbing the balance of the horse and interfering with its performance.

The most noticeable feature of western style riding is in the saddle, which has a substantial tree that provides greater support to horse and rider when working long hours in the saddle. The western saddle features a prominent pommel topped by a horn (a knob used for dallying a lariat after roping an animal), a deep seat and a high cantle. Reata redirects here For the comic book character see Reata (comics A lasso, lariat, or riata (from the Spanish reata The stirrups are wider and the saddle has rings and ties that allow objects to be attached to the saddle.

Western horses are asked to perform with a loose rein, controlled by one hand. The standard western bridle lacks a noseband and usually consists of a single set of reins attached to a curb bit that has somewhat longer and looser shanks than the curb of an English Weymouth bridle or a pelham bit. A noseband is the part of a horse's Bridle that encircles the nose and jaw of the Horse. A curb bit is a type of bit used for riding Horses that uses leverage The bit shank is the side piece or cheekpiece of a Curb bit, part of the Bridle, used when riding on Horses The bit shank allows leverage to A double bridle, also called a full bridle or Weymouth bridle, is a Bridle used with two bits and four Reins. A pelham is a type of Curb bit used when riding a horse It consists of a mouthpiece a shank a Curb chain, 2 rein rings per side on the shank and one cheekpiece Two styles of Western reins developed: The long split reins of the Texas tradition, which are completely separated, or the closed-end "Romal" reins of the California tradition, which have a long single attachment on the ends that can be used as a quirt. Reins are items of Horse tack, used to direct a Horse or other animal used for riding or Driving. A Romal (pronounced ro-MAHL is a type of long Quirt attached to the end of a set of closed Reins that are connected to the Bridle of a Horse A quirt is a forked type of stock whip which usually has two falls at the end (like the tails on some Tawses. Modern rodeo competitors in timed events sometimes use a closed rein without a romal. Rodeo (ˈroʊdioʊ or /roʊˈdeɪoʊ/ is a sport which arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain, Mexico, and later the United States

Western riders wear a long-sleeved shirt, denim jeans, boots, and a wide-brimmed cowboy hat. The cowboy hat is a defining piece of attire for Farm and Ranch workers in the western and southern United States, Canada and northern Mexico Cowboy boots, which have pointed toes and higher heels than a traditional riding boot, are designed to prevent the rider's foot from slipping through the stirrup during a fall, preventing the rider from being dragged--most western saddles have no safety bars for the leathers or automatic stirrup release mechanism. Cowboy boots refer to a specific style of Riding boot, historically worn by Cowboys They have a High heel, rounded to pointed toe high shaft and traditionally A rider may wear protective leather leggings called chaps. The Clearing House Automated Payment System or CHAPS is a British company established in London in 1984 which offers same-day sterling Clean, well-fitting work clothing is the usual outfit seen in rodeo, cutting and reining competitions, especially for men, though sometimes both men and women wear brighter colors or finer fabrics for competition than for work. Rodeo (ˈroʊdioʊ or /roʊˈdeɪoʊ/ is a sport which arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain, Mexico, and later the United States Cutting is an equestrian event in the Western riding style where a horse and rider are judged on their ability to separate a calf away from a cattle herd and keep Reining is a Western riding competition for Horses where the riders guide the horses through a precise pattern of circles spins and stops

Show events such as Western pleasure use much flashier equipment, unlike the English traditions where clothing and tack is quiet and unobtrusive. Western Pleasure is a western style competition at Horse shows that exhibits the manners and suitability of the Horse for appropriate gait cadence Saddles, bits and bridles are ornamented with substantial amounts of silver. The rider may add a jacket or vest, and women's clothing in particular features vivid colors and even, depending on current fads, rhinestones or sequins. [2]

Western horses are asked to have a brisk, ground-covering walk, but a slow, relaxed jog trot that allows the rider to sit the saddle and not post. The Western version of the canter is called a lope and while collected and balanced, is expected to be slow and relaxed. The canter is a controlled three-beat gait performed by a horse Working western horses seldom use a sustained hand gallop, but must be able to accelerate quickly to high speed when chasing cattle or competing in rodeo speed events, must be able to stop quickly from a dead run and "turn on a dime. Rodeo (ˈroʊdioʊ or /roʊˈdeɪoʊ/ is a sport which arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain, Mexico, and later the United States "

Rodeo

Main article: Rodeo

Rodeo events include the following forms of competition:

Timed events

Roping

Roping includes a number of timed events that are based on the real-life tasks of a working cowboy, who often had to capture calves and adult cattle for branding, medical treatment and other purposes. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family Livestock branding is any technique for marking Livestock so as to identify the owner A lasso or lariat is thrown over the head of a calf or the horns of adult cattle, and the animal is secured in a fashion dictated by its size and age. Reata redirects here For the comic book character see Reata (comics A lasso, lariat, or riata (from the Spanish reata A calf (kɑːf plural calves, /kɑːvz/ is the young of various species of Mammal.

"Rough Stock" competition

In spite of popular myth, most modern "broncs" are not in fact wild horses, but are more commonly spoiled riding horses or horses bred specifically as bucking stock.

Harness

A welsh pony in fine harness competition
A welsh pony in fine harness competition
Main article: Driving (horse)

Horses, mules and donkeys are driven in harness in many different ways. Driving, when applied to Horses Ponies, Mules or Donkeys is a broad term for hitching equines to a Wagon, Carriage In its common modern meaning a mule is the offspring of a male Donkey and a female Horse, which is classified as a kind of F1 hybrid. The donkey or ass, Equus asinus, is a member of the Equidae or horse family and an odd-toed ungulate. For working purposes, they can pull a plow or other farm equipment designed to be pulled by animals. The plough ( American spelling plow; both plaʊ is a Tool used in Farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed A farm is an area of land including various structures devoted primarily to the practice of producing and managing food ( Produce, Grains, or Livestock In many parts of the world they still pull wagons for basic hauling and transportation. A wagon (in British English, sometimes waggon) or dray is a heavy four-wheeled Vehicle. They may draw carriages at ceremonies, in parades or for tourist rides. A carriage is a wheeled vehicle for people usually horse-drawn

As noted in "horse racing" above, horses can race in harness, pulling a very lightweight cart known as a sulky. A sulky is a lightweight Cart having two wheels and a seat for the driver only but usually without a body At the other end of the spectrum, some draft horses compete in horse pulling competitions, where single or teams of horses and their drivers vie to determine who can pull the most weight for a short distance. A draft horse, draught horse or dray horse (from the Anglo-Saxon dragan meaning to draw or haul is a large Horse bred for hard heavy tasks Horse pulling is a Draft horse competition where horses in Harness, usually one or two animals pull a "stone boat" or weighted sled and the winner is the

In horse show competition, the following general categories of competition are seen:

Other equestrian activities

Girls and their horses preparing for a polo game
Girls and their horses preparing for a polo game

There are many other forms of equestrian activity and sports seen worldwide. Polo is a team sport played outdoors on Horseback in which the objective is to score goals against an opposing team There are both competitive events and pleasure riding disciplines available.

Arena sports

Horse sports that use cattle

Defined area sports

Cross-country sports

Criticism of horses in sport

See also: Horse racing and Rodeo

Most horse owners are interested in the well-being and welfare of horses. This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. Rodeo (ˈroʊdioʊ or /roʊˈdeɪoʊ/ is a sport which arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain, Mexico, and later the United States Some are allied with various animal welfare organizations that try to end genuine abuse of horses. Animal welfare refers to the viewpoint that it is morally acceptable for humans to use nonhuman animals for food in animal research, as clothing and in entertainment Almost all competitive events have well-established rules and regulations to prevent abuse of animals and to encourage ethical behavior. Most high-intensity sports like show jumping, endurance riding, eventing, rodeo, and horse racing are closely monitored by veterinarians to prevent and treat injuries. On the other hand, there are genuine abuses of horses that do occur. Some people, often motivated by profit or a desire to win at all costs, may inflict pain, overwork, injure, neglect, starve, or drug horses in ways that harm the animal's physical health and mental well-being.

Organized groups dedicated to protecting all animals, such as the Humane Society of the United States, and animal rights groups such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, target some horse sports with claims of animal cruelty. The Humane Society of the United States ( HSUS) is a Washington D "Animal liberation" redirects here for other uses see Animal liberation (disambiguation. Cruelty to animals refers to the infliction of unnecessary Suffering or Harm to animals Horse racing and rodeo are most commonly targeted both because of their visibility to the non-horse-oriented public and because these are sports where it is sometimes difficult for people who do not know much about horses to differentiate between pushing equines to perform to their peak and actual abuse. This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. Rodeo (ˈroʊdioʊ or /roʊˈdeɪoʊ/ is a sport which arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain, Mexico, and later the United States

One problem is a disagreement about terms like abuse. While some individuals consider even fairly drastic discipline of horses as non-abusive, others consider abuse to be anything done against the will of the animal in question. Some people consider poor living conditions abusive, others think riding itself is abusive. There is no consensus on the issue. Further, the perspective of the individuals holding various viewpoints is sometimes quite different. For example, horse professionals claim they know better what is best for horses than people who live horseless lives, easily influenced by propaganda. On the other hand, other individuals claim that many horse professionals are biased because of motivation for personal gain.

However, many people take a middle ground, primarily concerned that certain sports or training techniques may unnecessarily cause pain or injuries to horse athletes, just as they do for human athletes. Some people who advocate use of horses in equestrian activities point out that horses in the wild have a shorter average life expectancy and are injured more often and more severely than those used in sport. Most public laws and statutes carefully describe criminally abusive practices that incur legal penalties in very specific terms.

Some behaviors and activities are widely condemned as abusive by people within the horse industry, even if not illegal as a matter of public law. Use of many performance-enhancing drugs is prohibited in most competitions, and organizations that sanction various events spend a great deal of money testing horses for illegal drugs. Some specific training or showing practices are so widely condemned that they have been made illegal at the national level and violations can incur criminal penalties. The most well-known is soring, a practice of applying a caustic ointment just above the hooves of a Tennessee Walking Horse to make it pick up its feet higher. However, in spite of a federal law in the United States prohibiting this practice and routine inspections of horse shows by inspectors from the United States Department of Agriculture, the practice is still widespread and difficult to eliminate. [3]

Some events themselves are also considered so abusive that they are banned in many countries. Among these are horse-tripping, a sport where riders chase and rope a loose-running horse by its front legs, throwing it to the ground.

References

  1. ^ Chamberlin, J. Edward Horse: How the Horse has Shaped Civilization New York:BlueBridge 2006 ISBN 0-9742405-9-1
  2. ^ Hobby Horse clothing company, educational articles on current trends in western show clothing
  3. ^ EQUUS Special Report: Why Soring Persists

See also

External links

WesternClassjpg|thumb|200 px|Modern competitors in western equipment lined up at a horse show class awaiting results]] Western riding is a style of horseback riding which evolved English riding is a term used to describe a form of horseback riding that is seen throughout the world Dressage (pronounced dress-ahhzh /ˈdrɛsɑʒ/ (a French term most commonly translated to mean "training" is a path and destination of competitive Horse training Classical dressage evolved from Cavalry movements and training for the battlefield and has since developed into the competitive Dressage seen today Driving, when applied to Horses Ponies, Mules or Donkeys is a broad term for hitching equines to a Wagon, Carriage There are a number of hypotheses on many of the key issues regarding the domestication of the horse. Horses were first used in warfare over 5000 years ago The earliest evidence of the use of horses ridden in warfare dates A Horse show is a judged exhibition of Horses and ponies. Many different horse breeds and equestrian disciplines hold competitions worldwide Equestrianism made its Summer Olympics debut at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, France The United States Equestrian Federation (USEF is the national governing body for most equestrian sports in the United States. The Fédération Équestre Internationale (commonly known as the FEI or in English the International Federation for Equestrian Sports, is the international governing body of Horse training refers to a wide variety of practices that teach Horses to perform certain behaviors when asked to do so by humans Horse behavior is best understood from the perspective that Horses are prey animals with a well-developed Fight-or-flight instinct An Equestrian helmet is worn when riding Horses. This type of Helmet is specially designed to protect the rider's head if a person falls off A mounting block, horse block, or in Scots a loupin'-on-stane is an assistance for mounting and dismounting a horse or cart especially for the young elderly The United States Equestrian Federation (USEF is the national governing body for most equestrian sports in the United States. The Equestrian Federation of Australia, or EFA is the national governing body for equestrian sports in that country The Equestrian Federation of Ireland (EFI, is the National Governing Body for all equestrian sport in Ireland.

Dictionary

equestrianism

-noun

  1. The art of riding horses; horsemanship.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic