Eparchy is an anglicized Greek word, authentically latinized as eparchia and loosely translating as 'rule over something', but has the following specific meanings, both in political history and in the hierarchy of the Eastern Churches. Anglicisation or anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of conversion of verbal or written elements of any other language into a more comprehensible English Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Families of churches Eastern Christians have a shared tradition but they became divided ( Schism) during the early centuries of Christianity in disputes about
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Secular jurisdictions
Roman Imperial administration
Diocletianian reforms
- Further information: Roman province
Originally eparchy (επαρχία) was the Greek equivalent of the Latin term provincia, one of the divisions of the Roman Empire at the third echelon. In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Tetrarchy ("rule of four"), an overhaul of the imperial structure by Emperor Diocletian (284-305), divided the empire into four great areas, governed by two senior and two junior emperors, each aided by a praetorian prefect, as a sort of chief of staff. Tetrarchy ( Greek: "leadership of four " can be applied to any system of government where power is divided between four individuals Praetorian prefect (Latin Praefectus praetorio) was the constant title of a high office in the Roman state that changed fundamentally in nature Eventually these four areas became established as praetorian prefectures: they were Gaul and Italy in the West, and Illyricum and Oriens in the East. The praetorian prefectures ( Latin: praefectura praetorio, in Greek variously named ἔπαρχότητα των πραιτωρίων or ὑπαρχία The praetorian prefecture of the Gauls (ie the provinces of Gaul, in Latin: praefectura praetorio Galliarum) was one of four large Praetorian prefectures The praetorian prefecture of Italy (praefectura praetorio Italiae in its full form (until 356 la ''praefectura praetorio Italiae Illyrici et Africae'' was one of four large The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern The praetorian prefecture of Illyricum ( Latin: praefectura praetorio per Illyricum, ἔπαρχότητα/ὑπαρχία τῶν πραιτωρίων τοῦ The praetorian prefecture of the East or of Oriens ( Latin: praefectura praetorio Orientis ἔπαρχότητα/ὑπαρχία τῶν πραιτωρίων τῆς
Each of these was subdivided into dioceses, each under a vicarius, and these again into provinciae or eparchies, i. A Roman or civil diocese ( Latin: dioecesis, from the διοίκησις, "administration" was one of the administrative divisions e. Roman provinces (but smaller than before, in many cases resulting from the split of a pre-existing province, and thus more numerous), under governors with different ranks (in many cases praeses provinciae, but also various terms tied into the pre-Dominate vocabulary) reflecting the province's intrinsic and/or strategic importance, for which the generic Latin term rector was used. In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa Praeses (plural Praesides) a Latin word meaning "Seated in front i The Dominate was the ' despotic ' latter phase of government in the ancient Roman Empire between its establishment in 27 BC and the formal date of the collapse The word rector ("ruler" from the Latin regere and Rector meaning "Teacher" In Latin has a number of different meanings but all of them indicate an academic
Byzantium
In the linguistically often illogical, mixed Greco-Latin jargon of Byzantine administration, eparchy was mainly used as the literal Greek version of the Latin praefectura ("prefecture"), i. e. the office, term or resort (rather Latin provincia in the widest sense, not necessarily territorial) of any praefectus, or governor, and not tied to a particular type of administrative division. A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division.
Modern Greece
The term eparchia was revived as one of the administrative sub-provincial units of post-Ottoman independent Greece, the country being divided into nomarchies ("Prefectures"), of which in turn some are subdivided into eparchies. Greece consists of 13 administrative regions known as Peripheries of Greece, which are further subdivided into 3 super-prefectures and 54 prefectures or nomes
Russia and USSR
- [1] (Russian)
Church hierarchy
The Christian Church (before the split into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox) adopted the temporal administrative division since the Tetrarchy in the Dominate, and part of its terminology, as convenient for internal use, but adapted it as follows. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Church (disambiguation Christian Church and the word church are used to denote both a Christian association of people and a Place of worship The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world
- The Praetorian prefectures of Gaul, Italy (i. e. the whole western empire), and Illyricum made up the Roman Patriarchate, under the Pope of Rome
- the Prefecture of the East was divided (in the fourth century) between the Patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch and three deputies styled Exarchs. The Bishop of Rome is the bishop of the Holy See, more often referred to in the Catholic tradition as the Pope. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Originally a patriarch was a man who exercised autocratic authority as a Pater familias over an extended family The Patriarch of Alexandria is the Archbishop of Alexandria and Cairo, Egypt. Patriarch of Antioch is a traditional title carried by the Bishop of Antioch. This article is about Byzantine governors and ecclesiastical ranks
- the Diocese of Egypt was the Patriarchate of Alexandria
- the Diocese of the East (not to be confused with the Prefecture of the East) became that of Antioch.
- the Diocese of Asia was under the Exarch of Ephesus
- the Diocese of Pontus under Cappadocia, and Thrace under Heraclea.
Under these patriarchates and exarchates came the eparchies under metropolitans; these had authority over the bishops of various cities. In Hierarchical Christian churches the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan, pertains to the Diocesan bishop or A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight The original ecclesiastical eparchies then were provinces, each under a metropolitan. The First Council of Nicaea in 325 accepts this arrangement and orders that: "the authority [of appointing bishops] shall belong to the metropolitan in each eparchy" (can. The First Council of Nicaea, held in Nicaea in Bithynia (present-day İznik in Turkey) convoked by the Roman Emperor Constantine iv), i. e. in each such civil eparchy there shall be a metropolitan bishop who has authority over the others. This is the origin of ecclesiastical provinces.
Later in Eastern Christendom, after a process of title-inflation, multiplying the numbers of dioceses, metropolitans and (arch)bishops and reducing their territorial size, the use of the word was gradually modified and now it means generally the diocese of a simple bishop.
Thus in Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, and the Eastern Catholic Churches, an eparchy is the jurisdiction of a bishop, corresponding to what in the West is called a diocese. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Oriental Orthodoxy is the communion of Eastern Christian Churches that recognize only three Ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop.
The name Eparchy was, however, not commonly used except in Russia, as the usual term for a diocese. The Russian Orthodox Church in the early 20th century counted eighty-six eparchies, of which three (Kiev, Moscow, and St. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure Petersburg) were ruled by bishops who always bore the title "Metropolitan", and fourteen others under archbishops. In 1917 an All-Russian Sobor restored the patriarchate and Saint Tikhon was elected the first Patriarch of Moscow in the modern era. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year In Eastern Orthodox Churches that use a Slavic language (the Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian and Serbian Orthodox Churches, along with the Saint Tikhon of Moscow ( January 19, 1865 &ndash April 7, 1925) born Vasily Ivanovich Bellavin (Василий Иванович Metropolitans Maximus ( 1283 - 1305) St Peter ( 1308 - 1326) vacant
Sources and references
- This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- Pauly-Wissowa
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