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Eonycteris is a genus of fruit bats consisting of E. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic For other uses of the term "Flying fox" see Flying fox (disambiguation Megabats is the term used informally to refer to bats spelaea and E. major found in Asia. They form colonies in caves or hollow trees of fewer than a hundred to tens of thousands, and contribute to pollination of various crops in plantations [1]. Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco
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Eonycteris spelaea
Cave nectar bat [2].
Distribution
E. spelaea were mist-netted at eight locations, Sungai Dusun (n = 4), Sungai Enam (n = 1), Wang Pinang (n = 11) and Taleban (n = 1) on the Southeast Asia mainland and Gunung Gading (n = 1), Kubah (n = 1), Kampong Melayu Rayu (n = 2) and Gunung Silam (n = 2) in Borneo. Mist nets are used by ornithologists to capture wild Birds for banding or other research projects Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. Its range includes India, China, Southeast Asia, Philippines, Sumatra, Java and Borneo. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. It had been previously recorded from Gomantong, Sukau, Segama and Madai in Sabah; Niah, Sungai Tinjar and Kuching in Sarawak; and Sungai Tengah and Kutai in Kalimantan [3]. The Gomantong Caves are an intricate cave system inside Gomantong Hill Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the Island of Borneo. In most languages in the world the term Kalimantan refers to the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo, while for Indonesians the name "Kalimantan"
Biology and ecology
This species were caught near fruiting Ficus in forest fringe in Wang Pinang and in regenerated habitat at Gunong Gading National Park. Ficus is a Genus of about 850 Species of woody Trees Shrubs Vines Epiphytes and hemi-epiphytes in the family The regenerated area was used for agriculture and contained banana plots. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture For the fruit see Banana. For other meanings see Banana (disambiguation. There were ten males, ten females and three could not be sexed. Sixteen were adults, four subadults, two immatures and one was not aged before release. Females (B0679 and B0683) banded in March 1997 at Wang Pinang were lactating. Lactation describes the secretion of Milk from the Mammary glands the process of providing that milk to the young and the period of time that a Mother At the same date a male (B0684) from Wang Pinang had enlarged testes during that period. A female (B0762) from Sungai Dusun was in postlactation in May 1997. The presence of subadults and immatures between March and May at Wang Pinang, Sungai Dusun and Taleban suggesting of births occurred a few months before.
In Batu Caves, in Peninsular Malaysia. Batu Caves is a Limestone hill which has a series of Caves and cave temples located in Gombak district 13 km north of Kuala Lumpur, For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Beck and Lim[4] observed that there was no evidence that E. spelaea had a regular reproductive pattern. More than 50% of the adult females were pregnant or lactating every month during the study period 1966 to 1968. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female Peak pregnancy rates occurred in May - June and October - November in 1966 and in April - May and September 1967. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Parturition and lactation periods occurred during heavy and low rainfalls. Childbirth (also called labour, birth, partus or parturition) is the culmination of a Human Pregnancy or High rates of parturition were recorded in June and November 1966 and June and September 1967. The weaning period finished approximately eight weeks after birth. Gestation period was estimated between 6 to 6. Gestation is the carrying of an Embryo or Fetus inside a Female Viviparous Animal. 5 months in Malaysia [4] and three to four months in India [5]. By using four months gestation, Heideman [6] projected that parturition in Negros occurred in January, May, July, September, November and December. In north-east India, Bhat et al. [5] estimated that E. spelaea lactate for five to eight weeks. On Leyte Island, the Philippines, females carrying neonates or juveniles suggested a seasonal and synchronous pattern of reproduction [6]. Leyte (ˈleɪti in English is an Island in the Visayas group of the Philippines. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Kitchener et al. [7] reported that two pregnant females and 60% juveniles were collected on Lombok Island in October. In May, seven individuals were pregnant and one was a juvenile. Their data indicated that birthings for the species occurred before the on-set of the rainy season in October and most immatures from the recent parturient season were flying. A wet season or rainy season is a Season in which the average Rainfall in a region is significantly increased
E. spelaea usually roosts in large colonies in caves [3]. The bat flies long distances in search of flowering trees; feeds on pollen and nectar [8]. Ecologically, the cave nectar bat is found to be a major pollinator of many forest trees including the commercially important durians (Durio) in Malaysia [8]; [3]. A pollinator is the biotic agent ( vector) that moves Pollen from the male Anthers of a Flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish An adult female (B0213; forearm length 67. 0 mm, weight 53. 5 g) from Gading was netted with a Ficus species fruit weighing 13 g.
External measurements
14 samples; FA = 66. 94±1. 71, TL = 13. 53±3. 55, EL = 16. 42±1. 55, HD = 36. 70±1. 41(10), TB = 30. 25±1. 21, WT = 51. 46±7. 52, HB = 98. 24±7. 38(10), WS = 446 (1), HF = 14. 24±1. 77 (9), D5 = 75. 73±2. 43 (11).
Eonycteris major
Greater nectar bat [9]
Distribution
E. major were mist-netted in Tawau (n = 7 including a recapture) and Poring (n = 1) in Sabah. These represent additional distribution record for the species in Sabah. Its range is limited and includes Luzon to Maripipi in the Philippines and scattered parts of Borneo including Tauran and Ranau in Sabah; Bau, Kuching and Bintulu in Sarawak [10] [3].
Biology and ecology
All individuals captured were adult females except B0348, which was a subadult. In Tawau, one female was pregnant and another was lactating in July 1996. A subadult female was netted in the same site which indicated recent parturition.
All E. major were mist-netted in sites associated with flowering banana plants (Musa species) found on the edge between primary forest and open or secondary habitats. An individual (B0314) was netted and banded at 2205 hours on 5 July 1996 was recaptured in another net the following night at 1850 hours about 30 m away. This may suggest of stable food resources at the edge or lack of feeding sites elsewhere. The area surrounding Tawau Park is covered oil palm plantations or disturbed habitats. The oil palms ( Elaeis) comprise two species of the Arecaceae, or palm family This species usually roosts in caves and hollow trees, but there is little other information on the ecology of this species [3].
External measurements
FA = 80. 48±9. 94, TL = 19. 52±2. 71, EL = 19. 38±1. 09, TB = 34. 82±3. 68, WT = 83. 20±17. 79, D5 = 97. 29 (1); 5 samples. At Tawau Hills in Sabah, a female was pregnant (B0315) with FA 80. 5 mm and WT 103 g, the other female B0317 with FA 81. 24 mm and WT 94 g while another was lactating female B0314 with FA 78. 46 mm and WT 87. 50 g. The measurements are consistent with those reported by [3].
References
- ^ Jansa, S. 1999. "Eonycteris spelaea", Animal Diversity Web. retrieved July 17, 2006
- ^ Dobson, 1871
- ^ a b c d e f Payne, J. , C. M. Francis and K. Phillipps. (1985) A field guide to the mammals of Borneo. The Sabah Society, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
- ^ a b Beck, A. J. and B. L. Lim (1973) Reproductive biology of Eonycteris spelaea in West Malaysia. Acta Trop. 30(3):251-260
- ^ a b Bhat, H. R. , M. A. Sreenivasan, and P. G. Jacobs. (1980) Breeding cycle of Eonycteris spelaea (Dobson, 1871)(Chiroptera, Pteropodidae, Macroglossinae) in India. Mammalia 44(3):343-347
- ^ a b Heaney, L. R. and Heideman, P. D. (1987) Philippine fruit bats, endangered and extinct. Bats 5: 3-5.
- ^ Tidemann, C. R. , Kitchener, D. J. , Zann, R. A. and Thornton (1990), Recolonisation of the Krakatau Islands and adjacent areas of West Java, Indonesia, by bats (Chiroptera) 1883-1986, I. W. B.
- ^ a b Start, A. N. , AND A. G. Marshall, (1976) Nectarivorous bats as pollinators of trees in West Malaysia, Academic Press, London
- ^ . Andersen, K, (1910) Ten new fruit-bats of the genera Nyctimene, Cynopterus, and Eonycteris, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. , ser. 8, 6: 621-625
- ^ Mickleburgh, S. P. , Hutson, A. M. , & Racey, P. A. (1992) Old world fruit bats: an action plan for their conservation. I. U. C. N/S. S. C. , Gland, Switzerland
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