Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the natural environment, both for its own sake as well as its importance to civilization. The Blue Marble is a famous Photograph of the Earth taken on December 7, 1972 by the crew of the Apollo 17 spacecraft at See also Nature The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a terminology that is comprised of all living and Environmentalists frequently speak of a planet or place faced with a plethora of grave and urgent threats; often associated with unbridled consumption, economic growth, materialism, insensitive development, and booming human numbers. Perhaps most problematic from an environmentalist perspective is the modern view that humanity's fate is divorced from that of the natural world, and that our responsibility to nature is - at best - limited to the satisfaction of shallow desires.

In various ways, environmentalists and environmental groups seek to give the natural world a stronger voice in human affairs and struggle to make governments, industry and other institutions see the importance of ecology and to treat nature with greater respect. Many environmentalists see common cause with indigenous communities and other marginalized groups struggling to protect their traditional way of life or freedom from blind commerce and other global incursions.

Though opinions vary, environmentalism may be seen as a spectrum; from the radical to the reformist (see also Dark Greens, Light Greens and Bright Greens below). Those at the former end tend to believe that humanity cannot achieve harmony with the natural world without radical adjustments to our worldview, including seeing ourselves as merely one species among many, rather than the pinnacle of creation with the right to wantonly destroy the environment to meet our ends. This group believes that nothing short of a complete overhaul of our political, economic and industrial systems is required to achieve a sustainable society. In this, environmentalism has its roots in a deeper radical, idealist, dissenting tradition in Western civilization.

In practice, however, most environmentalists tend to fall in on the reformist end of the spectrum, with countless campaigns to reform laws, elect sympathetic lawmakers and win over the public. Free-market environmentalists believe that environmental stewardship begins with a respect for private property, and that the natural tendency is to reject contamination of one's environment by expulsion of aggressors. Free-market environmentalism is a position that argues that the Free market, Property rights, and Tort law provide the best tools to preserve the health Nonetheless, the drive of many reform environmentalists probably lies in heartfelt views quite sympathetic to those of the radicals, albeit more inclined to a kind of pragmatism.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Prehistory 1.2 Origins of environmental movement 2 Environmental movement 3 Free market environmentalism 4 Preservation and conservation 5 Popular environmentalism 6 Dark Greens, Light Greens and Bright Greens 7 Environmental organizations and conferences 8 Comics 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links

History

Prehistory

Though the modern environmental movement arose during the Industrial Revolution, a concern for environmental protection has recurred in diverse forms, in different parts of the world, throughout history. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the For example, in the Middle East, the earliest known writings concerned with environmental pollution were Arabic medical treatises written during the "Arab Agricultural Revolution", by writers such as Alkindus, Costa ben Luca, Rhazes, Ibn Al-Jazzar, al-Tamimi, al-Masihi, Avicenna, Ali ibn Ridwan, Isaac Israeli ben Solomon, Abd-el-latif, and Ibn al-Nafis. The Islamic Golden Age from the 8th century to the 13th century witnessed a fundamental transformation in Agriculture known as the Arab Agricultural ( أبو يوسف يعقوب إبن إسحاق الكندي) (c Qusta ibn Luqa (820-912 ( Costa ben Luca, Constabulus) was a Melkite physician scientist and translator of Byzantine Greek extraction Abu Ja'far Ahmad bin Abi Khalid Ibn al-Jazzar Al-Qayrawani (circa 898-980 ( أبو جعفر أحمد بن أبي خالد بن الجزار القيرواني) was a 10th century This is not the Sub-clan of Quraish, for that see Banu Taim Banī Tamīm or Banu Tamim or Banu Tameem Abu Sahl Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi al-Jurjani (ابو سهل عيسى بن يحيى المسيحي الگرگاني was a Christian physician from Gorgan, east of the Caspian TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born Abu'l Hasan Ali ibn Ridwan Al-Misri (988–c 1061 was an Egyptian Muslim physician, astrologer and astronomer, born in Giza. Isaac Israeli Ben Solomon (in Hebrew Yitzhaq ben Sh'lomo ha-Yisra'eli; in Arabic Abu Ya'qub Ishaq ibn Suleiman al-Isra'ili; also known as Abd-al-latif, Abd-el-latif or Abd-ul-Latif (1162 &ndash 1231 also known as al-Baghdadi ( Arabic, عبداللطيف البغدادي TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ala al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi ( They were concerned with air contamination, water contamination, soil contamination, solid waste mishandling, and environmental assessments of certain localities. Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort Water pollution is the contamination of Water bodies such as Lakes Rivers Oceans and Groundwater caused by human activities Soil contamination is caused by the presence of man-made chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment An ( EIA) is an assessment of the possible impact&ndashpositive or negative&ndashthat a proposed project may have on the Natural environment. ^[1]

In Europe, King Edward I of England banned the burning of sea-coal by proclamation in London in 1272, after its smoke had become a problem. Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. ^[2][3] But the fuel was so common in England that this earliest of names for it was acquired because it could be carted away from some shores by the wheelbarrow. Air pollution would continue to be a problem there, especially later during the industrial revolution, and extending into the recent past with the Great Smog of 1952. The Great Smog, also referred to as the Big Smoke befell London from December 5th to December 9th 1952.

Origins of environmental movement

In Europe, it was the Industrial Revolution that gave rise to modern environmental pollution as it is generally understood today. The emergence of great factories and consumption of immense quantities of coal and other fossil fuels gave rise to unprecedented air pollution and the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste. Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust. Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. ^[4] The first large-scale, modern environmental laws came in the form of the British Alkali Acts, passed in 1863, to regulate the deleterious air pollution (gaseous hydrochloric acid) given off by the Leblanc process, used to produce soda ash. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Under the British Alkali Act 1863, an Alkali Inspector and four subinspectors were appointed to curb discharge into the air of hydrochloric Gas from the Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water The Leblanc process was the industrial process for the production of soda ash ( Sodium carbonate) used throughout the 19th century named after its inventor Nicolas Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. Environmentalism grew out of the amenity movement, which was a reaction to industrialization, the growth of cities, and worsening air and water pollution. is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one

In the United States, the beginnings of an environmental movement can be traced as far back as 1739, when Benjamin Franklin and other Philadelphia residents, citing "public rights," petitioned the Pennsylvania Assembly to stop waste dumping and remove tanneries from Philadelphia's commercial district. Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. The US movement expanded in the 1800s, out of concerns for protecting the natural resources of the West, with individuals such as John Muir and Henry David Thoreau making key philosophical contributions. John Muir ( April 21, 1838 – December 24, 1914) was a Scottish -born American Naturalist, author and early Thoreau was interested in peoples' relationship with nature and studied this by living close to nature in a simple life. He published his experiences in the book Walden, which argues that people should become intimately close with nature. Walden (first published as Walden or Life in the Woods) by Henry David Thoreau is one of the best-known Non-fiction books written Muir came to believe in nature's inherent right, especially after spending time hiking in Yosemite Valley and studying both the ecology and geology. Yosemite Valley (joʊˈsɛməti yoh-SEM-it-ee) is a world-famous scenic location in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California. Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit He successfully lobbied congress to form Yosemite National Park and went on to set up the Sierra Club. Mission statement To explore enjoy and protect the wild places of the earth To practice and promote the responsible use of the earth's ecosystems and resources To educate and The conservationist principles as well as the belief in an inherent right of nature were to become the bedrock of modern environmentalism.

In the 20th century environmental ideas continued to grow in popularity and recognition. Efforts were starting to be made to save some wildlife, particularly the American Bison. The American bison ( Bison bison) is a Bovine Mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. The death of the last Passenger Pigeon as well as the endangerment of the American Bison helped to focus the minds of conservationists and popularize their concerns. The passenger pigeon ( Ectopistes migratorius) or wild pigeon was a species of pigeon that was once the most common Bird in North America Notably in 1916 the National Park Service was founded by President Woodrow Wilson. The National Park Service ( NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States.

In 1949 A Sand County Almanac by Aldo Leopold was published. A Sand County Almanac is a 1949 non-fiction book written by American Ecologist and Environmentalist Aldo Leopold. Aldo Starker Leopold ( January 11, 1887 – April 21, 1948) was an American Ecologist, Forester and Environmentalist It explained Leopold’s belief that humankind should have moral respect for the environment and that it is unethical to harm it. The book is sometimes called the most influential book on conservation.

In 1962, Houghton Mifflin published Silent Spring by American biologist Rachel Carson. Houghton Mifflin Company is a leading educational Publisher in the United States. Silent Spring is a book written by Rachel Carson and published by Houghton Mifflin in September 1962 Rachel Louise Carson (May 27 1907 – April 14 1964 was an American marine biologist and Nature writer whose writings are credited with advancing the global The book cataloged the environmental impacts of the indiscriminate spraying of DDT in the US and questioned the logic of releasing large amounts of chemicals into the environment without fully understanding their effects on ecology or human health. DDT (from its trivial name D ichloro- D iphenyl- T richloroethane is one of the best known synthetic Pesticides It is a chemical with a long The book suggested that DDT and other pesticides may cause cancer and that their agricultural use was a threat to wildlife, particularly birds. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled ^[5] The resulting public concern lead to the creation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 which subsequently banned the agricultural use of DDT in the US in 1972. DDT (from its trivial name D ichloro- D iphenyl- T richloroethane is one of the best known synthetic Pesticides It is a chemical with a long The limited use of DDT in disease vector control continues to this day in certain parts of the world and remains controversial. In Epidemiology, a vector is an Organism that does not cause Disease itself but which transmits Infection by conveying Pathogens from The book's legacy was to produce a far greater awareness of environmental issues and interest into how people affect the environment. With this new interest in environment came interest in problems such as air pollution and oil spills, and environmental interest grew. New pressure groups formed, notably Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth. Greenpeace, originally known as the Greenpeace Foundation, was founded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1972 Friends of the Earth (HK is not a member of Friends of the Earth International

In the 1970s the Chipko movement was formed in India; influenced by Mahatma Gandhi, they set up peaceful resistance to deforestation by literally hugging trees (leading to the term "tree huggers"). The Chipko movement (literally "to stick" in Hindi) was a group of female peasants in the Uttaranchal region of India who acted to prevent the cutting Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January Their peaceful methods of protest and slogan "ecology is permanent economy" were very influential.

By the mid 1970s many felt that people were on the edge of environmental catastrophe. The Back-to-the-land movement started to form and ideas of environmental ethics joined with anti-Vietnam War sentiments and other political issues. The phrase " back-to-the-land movement " refers to a North American social phenomenon of the 1960s and 1970s These individuals lived outside normal society and started to take on some of the more radical environmental theories such as deep ecology. Deep ecology is a recent branch of ecological Philosophy ( Ecosophy) that considers Humankind an integral part of its environment. Around this time more mainstream environmentalism was starting to show force with the signing of the Endangered Species Act in 1973 and the formation of CITES in 1975. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 ( et seq or ESA is the most wide-ranging of the dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s CITES (the United Nations Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments drafted

In 1979 former NASA scientist James Lovelock published Gaia: A new look at life on Earth, which put forth the Gaia Hypothesis, that life on Earth can be understood as a single organism. Dr James Ephraim Lovelock, CH, CBE, FRS (born 26 July 1919) is an independent scientist author researcher environmentalist and The Gaia hypothesis is an ecological Hypothesis proposing that the Biosphere and the physical components of the Earth ( Atmosphere This became an important part of the Deep Green ideology. Throughout the rest of the history of environmentalism there has been debate and argument between more radical followers of this Deep Green ideology and more mainstream environmentalists.

Environmentalism has also changed to deal with new issues such as global warming and genetic engineering. Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Genetic engineering, Recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct

Environmental movement

Main article: Environmental movement

The Environmental movement (a term that sometimes includes the conservation and green movements) is a diverse scientific, social, and political movement. The environmental movement, a term that includes the conservation and green movements is a diverse scientific social and Political movement for The environmental movement, a term that includes the conservation and green movements is a diverse scientific social and Political movement for The conservation movement also known as nature conservation is a political social and to some extent scientific movement that seeks to protect natural resources including Green politics is a Political ideology which places a high importance on ecological and environmental goals and on achieving these goals through broad-based Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of Individuals and/or Organizations focused on specific A political movement is a Social movement working in the area of Politics. In general terms, environmentalists advocate the sustainable management of resources, and the protection (and restoration, when necessary) of the natural environment through changes in public policy and individual behavior. Sustainability, in a general sense is the capacity to maintain a certain process or state indefinitely See also Nature The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a terminology that is comprised of all living and In its recognition of humanity as a participant in ecosystems, the movement is centered around ecology, health, and human rights. Additionally, throughout history, the movement has been incorporated into religion. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos The movement is represented by a range of organizations, from the large to grassroots, but a younger demographic than is common in other social movements (see green seniors). Green seniors refers to Elderly or Retired people who have an active interest in environmental issues Due to its large membership, varying and strong beliefs, the movement is not entirely united. Indeed, some argue that an environmental ethic of at least some sort is so urgently needed in all quarters that the broader the better. Conversely, disunity can be a weakness in the face of strong opposition from unsympathetic political and industrial forces.

Free market environmentalism

Main article: Free market environmentalism

Free market environmentalism is a theory that argues that the free market, property rights, and tort law provide the best tools to preserve the health and sustainability of the environment. Free-market environmentalism is a position that argues that the Free market, Property rights, and Tort law provide the best tools to preserve the health Free-market environmentalism is a position that argues that the Free market, Property rights, and Tort law provide the best tools to preserve the health A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual Tort law is the name given to a body of law that creates and provides remedies for civil wrongs that do not arise out of Contractual duties Sustainability, in a general sense is the capacity to maintain a certain process or state indefinitely This is in sharp contrast to the most common modern approach of looking to legislative government intervention to prevent destruction of the environment. It considers environmental stewardship to be natural, as well as the expulsion of pollutors and other aggressors through individual and class action. In Law, a class action or a representative action is a form of Lawsuit where a large group of people collectively bring a claim to court

Preservation and conservation

Main article: Environmental preservation

Environmental preservation, chiefly in the United States, is viewed as the strict setting aside of natural resources to prevent damage caused by contact with humans or by certain human activities, such as logging, mining, hunting, and fishing. Environmental preservation is the strict setting aside of natural resources for their aesthetic value rather than letting them be modified for economic gain Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body Hunting is the practice of pursuing Animals for Food, Recreation, or Trade. For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. It is different from conservation; conservation allows for some degree of industrial development, albeit it within sustainable limits. Regulations and laws may be enacted for the preservation of natural resources.

Elsewhere in the world the terms preservation and conservation may be less contested and are often used interchangeably.

Popular environmentalism

Environmentalist action has recently led to the development of a new subculture. It is mainly composed of the educated middle and upper-class. This subculture often exhibits sustainable consumption patterns, choosing local and organic products over the more conventional imported products that have been manufactured using chemicals such as pesticides and preservatives. Organic foods are produced according to certain production standards, meaning they are grown without the use of conventional Pesticides artificial Fertilizers A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. A preservative is a natural or synthetic chemical that is added to products such as foods pharmaceuticals paints biological samples wood etc

Criticism of this 'green consumerism' comes from some environmentalists who complain of elitism, suggesting that this is nothing more than shopping under the banner of environmentalism without espousing any of its true ideals. Because organic and sustainable products are often more expensive, purchasing them may be seen as a mark of wealth. It is argued that this new trend has taken the focus away from the real problems 'true' environmentalists hope to solve. Consumer items offer a deceptively easy, feel-good way to both save the world and one's reputation simultaneously. Yet, others reply that practicing green consumerism does not necessarily mean these consumers merely "vote with their dollar". Simultaneously, many would agree that the price of sustainable goods should be lowered.

An association with the affluent in society (to some extent perceived) has promoted the "too poor to be green" argument. This suggests that environmental protection is an elitist endeavor that, at its worst, undermines the right of the poor to the benefits of industrialization. Moreover, so the argument goes, the poor are more concerned with day to day challenges, such as earning a wage and putting food on the table, and that environmental protection is a secondary concern. The reality is probably far more complex, and there are certainly many instances of poorer communities fighting for environmental goals - especially where these are seen as synonymous with their rights to happiness and health, or where the environment is culturally important, as is often the case.

Many people have recently embraced a vegetarian diet. This spin-off of popular environmentalism is called environmental vegetarianism and cites the fact that the meat industry has become more and more detrimental to the environment. Environmental vegetarianism is the practice of Vegetarianism or Veganism based on the fact that the animal production by intensive agriculture is environmentally This new vegetarian and vegan "revolution" coined the phrase "you can't eat meat and call yourself an environmentalist".

Dark Greens, Light Greens and Bright Greens

Contemporary environmentalists are often described as being split into three groups, 'Dark' 'Light' and 'Bright' Greens. ^[6][7]

Light Greens see protecting the environment first and foremost as a personal responsibility. They fall in on the reformist end of the spectrum introduced above, but light Greens do not emphasize environmentalism as a distinct political ideology, or even seek fundamental political reform. Instead they often focus on environmentalism as a lifestyle choice. The term lifestyle was originally coined by Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler in 1929 ^[8] The motto "Green is the new black. " sums up this way of thinking, for many. ^[9]

In contrast, dark greens believe that environmental problems are an inherent part of industrialized capitalism, and seek radical political change. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where As discussed earlier, 'dark greens' tend to believe that dominant political ideologies (sometimes referred to as industrialism) are corrupt and inevitably lead to consumerism, alienation from nature and resource depletion. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Consumerism is the equation of personal Happiness with the purchase of material possessions and consumption. Dark Greens claim that this is caused by the emphasis on growth that exists within all existing ideologies, a tendency referred to as ‘growth mania’. The dark green brand of environmentalism is associated with ideas of Deep Ecology, Post-materialism, Holism, the Gaia Theory of James Lovelock and the work of Fritjof Capra. Deep ecology is a recent branch of ecological Philosophy ( Ecosophy) that considers Humankind an integral part of its environment. The theory of Post-materialism assumes an ongoing transformation of individuals and society which liberates them gradually from the stress of basic acquisitive or materialistic needs Distinguish from the suffix -holism, which describes addictions The Gaia hypothesis is an ecological Hypothesis proposing that the Biosphere and the physical components of the Earth ( Atmosphere Dr James Ephraim Lovelock, CH, CBE, FRS (born 26 July 1919) is an independent scientist author researcher environmentalist and Fritjof Capra (born February 1, 1939) is an Austrian born American Physicist. The division between light and dark greens was visible in the fighting between Fundi and Realo factions of the German Green Party. Fundi s is short for fundamentalists The term was used for a faction within the German Green Party. Fundi s is short for fundamentalists The term was used for a faction within the German Green Party. The Alliance '90/The Greens ( Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) the German Green party, is a Political party in Germany whose regional

More recently, a third group may be said to have emerged in the form of Bright Greens. Bright green environmentalism is an ideology based on the belief that New technologies and Social innovation provide the most successful path to Sustainable development This group believes that radical changes are needed in the economic and political operation of society in order to make it sustainable, but that better designs, new technologies and more widely distributed social innovations are the means to make those changes-- and that we can neither shop nor protest our way to sustainability^[10]. As Ross Robertson writes, "[B]right green environmentalism is less about the problems and limitations we need to overcome than the “tools, models, and ideas” that already exist for overcoming them. It forgoes the bleakness of protest and dissent for the energizing confidence of constructive solutions. "^[11]

Environmental organizations and conferences

Main article: List of environmental organizations

Environmental organizations can be global, regional, national or local; they can be government-run or private (NGO). This is a list of environmental organizations. See also Environmental organization Intergovernmental organizations International organizations Despite a tendency to see environmentalism as an American or Western-centered pursuit, almost every country has its share of environmental activism. Moreover, groups dedicated to community development and social justice may also attend to environmental concerns.

Some US environmental organizations, among them the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Environmental Defense Fund, specialize in bringing lawsuits (a tactic seen as particularly useful in that country). The Natural Resource Defense Council ( NRDC) is a New York City -based Non-profit, Non-partisan international environmental Advocacy Environmental Defense Fund or EDF (formerly known as Environmental Defense) is a US -based nonprofit environmental advocacy group. Other groups, such as the US-based National Wildlife Federation, the Nature Conservancy, and the Wilderness Society, and global groups like the World Wide Fund for Nature and Friends of the Earth, disseminate information, participate in public hearings, lobby, stage demonstrations, and may purchase land for preservation. The Nature Conservancy is a US charitable Environmental organization working to preserve the Plants, Animals, and natural communities Friends of the Earth (HK is not a member of Friends of the Earth International Smaller groups, including Wildlife Conservation International, conduct research on endangered species and ecosystems. Wildlife Conservation International is a field division of the Wildlife Conservation Society. More radical organizations, such as Greenpeace, Earth First!, and the Earth Liberation Front, have more directly opposed actions they regard as environmentally harmful. Greenpeace, originally known as the Greenpeace Foundation, was founded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1972 Earth First! is a radical environmental advocacy group that emerged in the Southwestern United States in 1979 The Earth Liberation Front ( ELF) also known as " Elves " or " The Elves " is the collective name for anonymous and autonomous While Greenpeace is devoted to nonviolent confrontation as a means of bearing witness to environmental wrongs and bringing issues into the public realm for debate, the underground Earth Liberation Front engages in the clandestine destruction of property, the release of caged or penned animals, and other criminal acts. Greenpeace, originally known as the Greenpeace Foundation, was founded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1972 Such tactics are regarded as unusual within the movement, however.

On an international level, concern for the environment was the subject of a UN conference in Stockholm in 1972, attended by 114 nations. Out of this meeting developed UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) and the follow-up United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992. The UN Environment Programme (or UNEP) coordinates United Nations environmental activities assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies The UN Environment Programme (or UNEP) coordinates United Nations environmental activities assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies Other international organizations in support of environmental policies development include the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (NAFTA), the European Environment Agency (EEA), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC is an international organization created by Canada, Mexico and the United States under the North European Environment Agency (EEA agency of the European Union devoted to establishing a monitoring network for the monitoring of the European environment

Some US colleges are now going green by signing the "President's Climate Commitment," a document that a college President can sign to enable said colleges to practice environmentalism by switching to solar power, etc.

In Canada, the federal government initiated a sector council program to help promote careers in the Environment Industry. The environmental sector council, Canadian Council for Human Resources in the Environment Industry (CCHREI) was founded in 1992 to help recent graduates gain meaningful employment in the environmental field, help practitioners advance in their careers, help environmental employers gain access to a sufficient supply of qualified practitioners, and help bridge gaps between the academic community and actual needs in the industry. CCHREI changed name to ECO Canada in 2005. ECO Canada (Environmental Careers Organization of Canada was established in 1992 as part of Canada 's sector council initiative

Comics

From at least 1946, American comics with an environmental, conservation or outdoor theme have appeared; including Mark Trail, Smokey Bear and Woodsy Owl. The conservation movement also known as nature conservation is a political social and to some extent scientific movement that seeks to protect natural resources including Wilderness is generally defined as a Natural environment on Earth that has not been significantly modified by Human activity Mark Trail is a daily Newspaper Comic strip created by the American Cartoonist Ed Dodd. Smokey Bear (often wrongly referred to as Smokey The Bear is a character in the longest running public service campaign in United States history Woodsy Owl is an Owl Icon for the United States Forest Service most famous for the motto "Give a hoot &mdash don't pollute!" Woodsy's current

See also

• Anti-nuclear movement
• Conservation ethic
• Conservation movement
• Ecology movement
• Ecocentrism
• Environmental agreements
• Environmental science
• Environmentalism in music
• Environmentalism in film and television
• Free-market environmentalism
• List of environmental books
• List of environmental issues
• List of environment topics
• Timeline of environmental events

References

Further reading

• Hall, Jeremiah. History Of The Environmental Movement. Retrieved on 2006-11-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the

• Kovarik, William. Environmental History Timeline. Retrieved on 2006-11-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the

• Martell, Luke. Ecology and Society: An Introduction. Polity Press, 1994.
• de Steiguer, J. Edward. 2006. The Origins of Modern Environmental Thought. The University of Arizona Press. Tucson. 246 pp.
• Marco Verweij and Michael Thompson (eds), 2006, Clumsy solutions for a complex world: Governance, politics and plural perceptions, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
• World Bank, 2003, "Sustainable Development in a Dynamic World: Transforming Institutions, Growth, and Quality of Life", World Development Report 2003, The World Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Oxford University Press. The World Bank Group (WBG is a family of five International organizations responsible for providing Finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic

External links

• EnviroLink Network - A non-profit clearinghouse of environmental news and information
• The Green Challenge - a website aimed at informing its readers of environmental issues worldwide, and motivating them to take part in campaigns.

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