Entomology, from the Greek: entomo-/εντομο- "that which is cut in pieces or engraved/segmented", hence "insect"; and logos/λόγος, "knowledge",^[1] is the scientific study of insects. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described At some 1. 3 million described species, insects account for more than 2/3rds of all known organisms,^[2]dating back some 400 million years, and have many kinds of interactions with humans and other forms of life on earth, so it is an important specialty within biology. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Though technically incorrect, the definition is sometimes widened to include the study of terrestrial animals in other arthropod groups or other phyla, such as arachnids, myriapods, earthworms, and slugs. Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " A phylum ( Plural: phyla) is a Taxonomic rank between Kingdom and above Class. Arachnids are a class ( Arachnida) of joint-legged Invertebrate Animals in the subphylum Chelicerata. Myriapoda is a Subphylum of Arthropods containing Millipedes Centipedes and others Earthworm is the usual name for the largest members of Oligochaeta (which is either a class or subclass depending on the author in the phylum Annelida In classical Slug is a common non-scientific word which is often applied to any Gastropod mollusk whatsoever that has a very reduced shell a small internal shell

Like several of the other fields that are categorized within zoology, entomology is a taxon-based category; any form of scientific study in which the organisms studied happen to be insects is, by definition, entomology. Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of A taxon (plural taxa) or taxonomic unit, is a name designating an organism or a group of Organisms In Biological nomenclature according to Entomology therefore includes a cross-section of topics as diverse as molecular genetics, behavior, biomechanics, biochemistry, systematics, physiology, developmental biology, ecology, morphology, paleontology, anthropology, robotics, agriculture, nutrition, and more. Molecular genetics is the field of Biology which studies the structure and function of Genes at a molecular level Behavior or behaviour (see spelling differences) refers to the actions or Reactions of an object or Organism, usually Biomechanics is the application of mechanical principles on living organisms Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Biological systematics is the study of the diversity of Life on the planet Earth both past and present and the relationships among living things through time Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical Developmental Biology is the official journal of the Society for Developmental Biology. Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of The term morphology in Biology refers to the outward appearance ( Shape, Structure, Colour, Pattern) of an Organism Palaeontology redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Palaeontology (journal. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of See also Robot Robotics is the science and technology of Robots and their design manufacture and application Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support

History of entomology

Main article: Timeline of entomology

Entomology is rooted in nearly all human cultures from prehistoric times, primarily in the context of agriculture (esp. Entomology, the scientific study of Insects and closely-related terrestrial Arthropods has been impelled by the necessity of societies to protect themselves from insect-borne Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture biological control and beekeeping), but scientific study began only as recently as the 16th century ^[3] . Biological control of pests in Agriculture is a method of controlling pests (including Insects Mites Weeds and plant diseases Beekeeping (or apiculture, from Latin apis, Bee) is the maintenance of Honey bee colonies commonly in Hives Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding The list of entomologists through recorded history is enormous, and includes such notable figures as Charles Darwin, Vladimir Nabokov, Karl von Frisch (winner of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine), and two-time Pulitzer Prize winner, E. O. Wilson. The following is a list of entomologists, people who have studied Insects Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life This page is about the novelist For his father the politician see Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov. Karl Ritter von Frisch ( November 20 1886 &ndash June 12 1982) was an Austrian ethologist who received the Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin is awarded once a year by the Swedish Karolinska Institute. The Pulitzer Prize, ˈpʊlɨtsɚ PULL-it-sər is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in Newspaper journalism, Edward Osborne Wilson (born June 10, 1929) is an American biologist researcher ( Sociobiology, Biodiversity) theorist ( Entomology has even entered popular modern culture; Gil Grissom on the CSI: Crime Scene Investigation TV show is an entomologist, who is played by actor William Petersen. Gilbert "Gil" Grissom, PhD is a Fictional character portrayed by William Petersen on the American TV Crime drama. CSI Crime Scene Investigation is an American crime drama Television series that trails the investigations of a team of Las Vegas William Louis Petersen (born February 21, 1953) is a Golden Globe and Emmy nominated American Actor and producer best known for playing Similarly, Dr. Jack Hodgins of Bones helps his team by analyzing insects and "particulates" near to or attached to decomposed victims, often identifying the precise location a murder originally occurred; he allegedly has three Ph.D.'s, at least one of which is in entomology. For the fictional character from Bones (TV series see Jack Hodgins (Bones Jack Hodgins (born October 3, 1938) is a Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation.

Identification of insects

Insects other than Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) are typically identifiable only through the use of Identification keys and Monographs. Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. A butterfly is an Insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a A moth is an Insect closely related to the Butterfly, both being of the order Lepidoptera. An identification key is a printed or computer-aided device that aids the identification of biological organisms (e A monograph ( Classical Greek, "One Writer" or "Single Writing") is a work of writing upon a single subject usually also by a single Because the class Insecta contains a very large number of species and the characters separating them are unfamiliar, and often subtle (or invisible without a microscope), this is often very difficult even for a specialist. Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described A microscope ( Greek: ( micron) = small + ( skopein) = to look or see is an instrument for viewing objects that are

Insect identification is an increasingly common hobby, with butterflies and dragonflies being the most popular. A butterfly is an Insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a Anisoptera redirects here For the genus of trees see Anisoptera (tree.

Taxonomic specialization

Part of a large beetle collection

Many entomologists specialize in a single order or even a family of insects, and a number of these subspecialties are given their own informal names, typically (but not always) derived from the scientific name of the group:

• Apiology (or melittology) - bees
• Coleopterology - beetles
• Dipterology - flies
• Hemipterology - true bugs
• Lepidopterology - moths and butterflies
• Myrmecology - ants
• Orthopterology - grasshoppers, crickets, etc. Beetles are the group of Insects with the largest number of known Species. Bees are flying Insects closely related to Wasps and Ants Bees are a Monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea Beetles are the group of Insects with the largest number of known Species. Beetles are the group of Insects with the largest number of known Species. True flies are Insects of the Order Diptera ( Greek: di = two and pteron = wing possessing a single pair of True flies are Insects of the Order Diptera ( Greek: di = two and pteron = wing possessing a single pair of Hemiptera is an order of Insects comprising around 80000 Species of Cicadas Aphids Planthoppers Leafhoppers Hemiptera is an order of Insects comprising around 80000 Species of Cicadas Aphids Planthoppers Leafhoppers Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. A moth is an Insect closely related to the Butterfly, both being of the order Lepidoptera. A butterfly is an Insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a Myrmecology (from Greek μύρμεξ myrmex, "ant" and λόγος logos, "knowledge" is the scientific study of Ants Ants are social Insects of the family Formicidae and along with the related families of Wasps and Bees belong to the order Orthopterology is the scientific study of Grasshoppers crickets and other insects of the order Orthoptera. Grasshoppers are Insects of the suborder Caelifera in the order Orthoptera. Crickets, family Gryllidae (also known as "true crickets" are Insects somewhat related to Grasshoppers and more closely related to katydids
• Trichopterology - caddis flies

Organizations

Like other scientific specialties, entomologists have a number of local, national, and international organizations. Caddisflies, sedge-flies or rail flies (Order Trichoptera, from Greek trich, "hair" and ptera, "wings" Caddisflies, sedge-flies or rail flies (Order Trichoptera, from Greek trich, "hair" and ptera, "wings" There are also many organizations specializing in specific subareas.

• Amateur Entomologists' Society
• Deutsches Entomologisches Institut
• Entomological Society of America
• Entomological Society of Canada
• Royal Belgian Entomological Society
• Royal Entomological Society of London
• Société Entomologique de France
• Netherlands Entomological Society
• Entomological Society of Japan
• Entomologist.org

Museums

Many museums contain very large and important insect collections. The Amateur Entomologists' Society ( AES) is a UK organisation for people interested in Insects. The German Entomological Institute (Deutsches Entomologisches Institut or DEI is a German entomological society devoted to the study of Insects. The Entomological Society of America (ESA was founded in 1889 and today has more than 6000 members including Educators extension personnel consultants students The Entomological Society of Canada or Société d’Entomologie du Canada is one of Canada 's most historical Scientific societies. The Royal Belgian Entomological Society is based in Brussels is devoted to the study of Entomology. The Royal Entomological Society of London (formerly the Entomological Society of London) is devoted to Insect study The Société entomologique de France, or French Entomological Society is devoted to the study of Insects. The Netherlands Entomological Society ( Dutch: Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging, abbreviated NEV) was founded in 1845 for the purpose of improving and The Entomological Society of Japan ( 日本昆虫学会) was founded in 1917 for the purpose of improving and promoting Entomology in Japan. Here is a list of some of the most important.

Europe

• Natural History Museum, Vienna Naturhistorisches Museum. The Naturhistorisches Museum ( en: Museum of Natural History or NHMW is a large Museum located in Vienna, Austria.
• Natural History Museum, Paris Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
• Natural History Museum, Berlin Humboldt Museum
• Natural History Museum, London Natural History Museum
• Royal Museum for Central Africa, Brussels Royal Museum for Central Africa
• Natural History Museum, Leiden Natural History Museum, Leiden
• Natural History Museum, Sweden Swedish Museum of Natural History
• Natural History Museum, St. The Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle ( MNHN) is the French national Museum of Natural history. The Museum für Naturkunde (in English, the Museum of Natural History) widely known as the Naturkundemuseum, occasionally as the Humboldt Museum The Natural History Museum is one of three large Museums on Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London (the others are the Science Museum The Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA is an ethnographical and Natural history Museum in Tervuren in the suburbs of Brussels, The Swedish Museum of Natural History (in Swedish Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, literally the National Museum of Natural History in Stockholm, is Petersburg Zoological Collection of the Russian Academy of Science
• Natural History Museum, Geneva [1]
• The Bavarian State Collection of Zoology Zoologische Staatssammlung München

United States

• National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC
• American Museum of Natural History, New York
• California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco
• Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago
• Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles
• Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia
• University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Lawrence, KS
• University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, NE
• Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, MA

Canada

• Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto
• Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa
• Montreal Insectarium, Montreal
• University of Guelph Insect Collection, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario
• Lyman Entomological Museum, McGill University, Montreal
• Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Ottawa
• E. The Zoological Collection of the Russian Academy of Science is in Saint Petersburg. Zoologische Staatssammlung München or ZSM or The Bavarian State Collection of Zoology is a major German research institution for zoological Systematics The National Museum of Natural History is a Natural history Museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution, located on the National Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The American Museum of Natural History ( AMNH) located on the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, USA is one of the largest and most New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The California Academy of Sciences is one of the ten largest Museums of natural history in the world and one of the oldest in the United States consisting of a coral The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city The Field Museum of Natural History is located in Chicago, Illinois, USA. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County opened in Exposition Park, Los Angeles, California, USA in 1913 as the Museum of History Science Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West The Academy of Natural Sciences is the oldest Natural science research institution and museum in the United States Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The University of Kansas Natural History Museum is part of the University of Kansas Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center which is itself part of Lawrence is the sixth largest city in the US State of Kansas and the County seat of Douglas County. The University of Nebraska State Museum, also known as Elephant Hall, is a natural history museum featuring Nebraska biodiversity paleontology and cultural diversity The City of Lincoln ( Umóⁿhoⁿ: Nískithe Tʰóⁿwoⁿgthoⁿ ˈnĩskiˡðe ˌtʰãwãŋgˡðã meaning "Salt Village" for Salt Creek which was the The Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University is among the oldest largest and most prolific university natural history museums in the world The Museum of Comparative Zoology is located on the grounds of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and is one of three museums which collectively Cambridge Massachusetts is a City in the Greater Boston area of Massachusetts, United States. The Royal Ontario Museum, commonly known as the ROM, is a major Museum for world culture and Natural history in the city of Toronto Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario The Canadian Museum of Nature ( Musée Canadien de la nature) is a natural history Museum in Ottawa, Canada. Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. The Montréal Insectarium is a museum located in Montréal, Quebec, featuring a large quantity of insects from all around the world Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec The University of Guelph, also known as U of G, is a medium-sized University located in Guelph, Ontario, established in 1964 Guelph (ɡwɛlf (population 118000 Residents of Guelph are called Guelphites Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. H. Strickland Entomological Museum, Edmonton

See also

• List of entomologists
• List of entomological journals
• Insects on stamps
• Ethnoentomology

For further reading

• Chiang, H. Edmonton (ˈɛdmɨntɨn is the capital of the Canadian province of Alberta. The following is a list of entomologists, people who have studied Insects The following is a list of entomological journals and magazines Austria Beiträge zur Entomofaunistik, 2000-present Entomologischer Almost every country has featured Insects on stamps Insect related topics such as the Mosquito eradication programme of the 1960s (anti malaria as well as graphic designs based Ethnoentomology is the study of the relationship between Insects and people C. and G. C. Jahn 1996. Entomology in the Cambodia-IRRI-Australia Project. (in Chinese) Chinese Entomol. Soc. Newsltr. (Taiwan) 3: 9-11.
• Davidson, E. 2006. Big Fleas Have Little Fleas: How Discoveries of Invertebrate Diseases Are Advancing Modern Science University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 208 pages, ISBN 0-8165-2544-7.
• Triplehorn, Charles A. and Norman F. Johnson (2005-05-19). Borror and DeLong's Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, Thomas Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-03-096835-6. — a classic textbook in North America.
• Grimaldi, D. & Engel, M.S. (2005). David A Grimaldi (born September 22, 1957) is an entomologist and Curator of Invertebrate Zoology at the American Museum of Natural History in Michael S Engel (born 24 September 1971 in Creve Coeur Missouri) is a Paleontologist and Entomologist. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 ISBN 0-521-82149-5.  

External links

• Professor Andrew Speilman. Malaria video. Retrieved on 2006-12-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city
• Rob Hutchinson. Mosquitoes video. Retrieved on 2006-12-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city
• University of Vermont. Entomology Laboratory. Retrieved on 2006-12-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city
• Iowa State University. Annotated Entomology directory. Retrieved on 2006-12-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city
• Meganeura, University of Barcelona. Fossil Insects. Retrieved on 2006-12-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city
• Goliathus (Entomology hobbyist site). Retrieved on 2006-12-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city
• Linda Treadwell. Coleoptera (Beetles). Retrieved on 2006-12-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city
• Medical Entomology images. Retrieved on 2006-12-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city
• University of Nebraska State Museum. Division of Entomology. Retrieved on 2006-12-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city
• Graeme Cocks. Insects of Townsville, Australia. Retrieved on 2006-12-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city
• Actronic. Compendium of References on Flies and Disease. Retrieved on 2006-12-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city
• USDA Collecting methods.Detailed instructions
• Arthropa Fascinating site from France. Extensive photo album sorted by topic.
• Virtual Insect Museum
• Best of the Bugs Great entomology Web sites selected by entomologists.

Footnotes