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Nitrox refers to any gas mixture composed (excluding trace gases) of nitrogen and oxygen; this includes normal air which is approximately 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen, with around 1% inert gases, primarily argon. Air is the most common and only natural breathing gas. Other artificial gases either pure gases or mixtures of gases are used in breathing equipment and enclosed habitats such Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the This article pertains to the chemical element For other uses see Argon (disambiguation. [1][2][3] However, in SCUBA diving, nitrox is normally differentiated and handled differently from air. Scuba diving is swimming underwater, or taking part in another activity while using a Scuba set. [3] The most common use of nitrox mixtures containing higher than normal levels of oxygen is in SCUBA, where the reduced percentage of nitrogen is advantageous in reducing nitrogen take up in the body's tissues and so extending the possible dive time, and/or reducing the risk of decompression sickness (also known as the bends). Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism Decompression sickness (DCS, the diver’s disease, the bends, caisson disease is the name given to a variety of symptoms suffered by a person

Contents

Purpose

Nitrox
Nitrox

Nitrox is mainly used in scuba diving to reduce the proportion of nitrogen in the breathing gas mixture. Scuba diving is swimming underwater, or taking part in another activity while using a Scuba set. Reducing the proportion of nitrogen by increasing the proportion of oxygen reduces the risk of decompression sickness, allowing extended dive times without increasing the need for decompression stops. A decompression stop is a period of time a diver must spend at a constant depth in shallow water at the end of a dive to safely eliminate absorbed Inert gases from Nitrox is not a safer gas than compressed air in all respects: although its use reduces the risk of decompression sickness, it increases the risk of oxygen toxicity and fire, which are further discussed below. Oxygen toxicity or oxygen toxicity syndrome (also known as the " Paul Bert effect" or the "Lorrain Smith effect" describes harmful effects caused Fire is the heat and light energy released during a Chemical reaction, in particular a combustion reaction.

It is generally untrue that breathing nitrox can reduce the effects of nitrogen narcosis, as oxygen seems to have equally narcotic properties under pressure; thus one should not expect a reduction in narcotic effects due only to the use of nitrox. Nitrogen narcosis or inert gas narcosis is a reversible alteration in Consciousness in scuba divers at depth For a reduction in narcotic effects trimix gases which also contain helium are generally used. Helium ( He) is a colorless odorless tasteless non-toxic Inert Monatomic Chemical

There is anecdotal evidence that the use of nitrox reduces post-dive fatigue, particularly in older and or obese divers; however the only known double-blind study to test this found no statistically significant reduction in reported fatigue. [1][4] There has, however, been some suggestion that post dive fatigue is due to sub-clinical decompression sickness (DCS) (i. e. micro bubbles in the blood insufficient to cause symptoms of DCS); the fact that the study mentioned was conducted in a dry chamber with an ideal decompression profile may have been sufficient to reduce sub-clinical DCS and prevent fatigue in both nitrox and air divers.

Further studies with a number of different dive profiles, and also different levels of exertion, would be necessary to fully investigate this issue. For example, there is much better scientific evidence that breathing high-oxygen gases increase exercise tolerance, during aerobic exertion. [5] Though even moderate exertion while breathing from the regulator is a relatively uncommon occurrence in scuba, as divers usually try to minimize it in order to conserve gas, episodes of exertion while regulator-breathing do occasionally occur in sport diving. Examples are surface-swimming a distance to a boat or beach after surfacing, where residual "safety" cylinder gas is often used freely, since the remainder will be wasted anyway when the dive is completed. It is possible that these so-far un-studied situations have contributed to some of the positive reputation of nitrox.

Naming

Nitrox is known by many names: Enhanced Air Nitrox, Oxygen Enriched Air, Nitrox, EANx or Safe Air. [3][6] The name "nitrox" is sometimes capitalized in English; in this article the uncapitalized convention will be used except when specific mixtures are referred to (such as Nitrox32).

In its early days of introduction to non-technical divers, nitrox has occasionally also been known by detractors by less complimentary terms, such as "devil gas" or "voodoo gas" (a term now sometimes used with pride).

Although "nitrox" usually refers to a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen with more than 21% oxygen, it can refer to mixtures that are leaner in oxygen than air. [3] "Enriched Air Nitrox", "Enriched Air" or "EAN" are used to emphasise richer than air mixtures. [3] In "EANx", the "x" indicates the percentage of oxygen in the mix and is dropped when the percentage is known; for example a 32% EANx mix is called EAN32. The two most popular blends are EAN32 and EAN36 (also named Nitrox I and Nitrox II, respectively, or Nitrox32 and Nitrox36). [2][3]

These percentages are what the gas blender aims for in partial-pressure blending, but the final actual mix in such cases will be unique, and so a small flow of gas from the cylinder must be measured with a handheld oxygen analyzer, before the diver breathes from the cylinder underwater. Gas blending or gas mixing is the filling of Diving cylinders with non- Air Breathing gases such as Nitrox, Trimix and An electro-galvanic fuel cell is an electrical device used to measure the concentration of Oxygen gas in Scuba diving and Medical equipment

Richness of mix

The two most common recreational diving nitrox mixes are 32% and 36%, which have maximum operating depths (MODs) of about 34 metres / 110 feet and 29 metres / 95 feet respectively when limited to a maximum partial pressure of oxygen of 1. Recreational diving or sport diving is a type of diving that uses SCUBA equipment for the purpose of leisure and enjoyment In Technical diving, the maximum operating depth (MOD of a Breathing gas is the depth at which the Partial pressure of Oxygen (ppO2 4 bar. The bar (symbol bar) decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb are units of Pressure. EAN32 is common because it is the mixture with the maximum concentration of oxygen that allows the diver to go to the full depth of recreational diving's "No Decompression Limit" for air. Divers calculate an Equivalent air depth to determine their decompression requirements. In Technical diving, the equivalent air depth (EAD is a way of expressing the narcotic effect of specific Breathing gas mixtures that contain Nitrogen [2][3][7][8]

Nitrox with more than 40% oxygen is uncommon within recreational diving. There are two main reasons for this: the first is that all pieces of diving equipment that come into contact with mixes containing higher proportions of oxygen, particularly at high pressure, need special cleaning and servicing to reduce the risk of fire. The fundamental item of diving equipment used by divers is the SCUBA equipment, such as the Aqualung or Rebreather. Fire is the heat and light energy released during a Chemical reaction, in particular a combustion reaction. [2][3] The second reason is that richer mixes extend the time the diver can stay underwater without needing decompression stops far further than the duration of typical diving cylinders. A decompression stop is a period of time a diver must spend at a constant depth in shallow water at the end of a dive to safely eliminate absorbed Inert gases from A diving cylinder, scuba tank or diving tank is used to store and transport high Pressure Breathing gas as a component of SCUBA (Self-Contained For example, based on the PADI nitrox recommendations, the maximum operating depth for Nitrox45 would be 21 meters / 70 feet and the maximum dive time available at this depth even with Nitrox36 is nearly 1 hour 15 minutes: a diver with a breathing rate of 20 litres per minute using twin 10 litre, 230 bar (about double 85 cu. ft. ) cylinders would have completely emptied the cylinders after 1 hour 14 minutes at this depth.

Nitrox, usually containing 50% to 80% oxygen, as well as pure oxygen, is common in technical diving as a decompression gas, which eliminates inert gases, such as nitrogen and helium, from the tissues more quickly than leaner oxygen mixtures eliminate them. Technical diving (sometimes referred to a Tec diving) is a form of Scuba diving that exceeds the scope of Recreational diving (although the vast majority

In deep open circuit technical diving, where hypoxic gases are breathed during the bottom portion of the dive, a Nitrox mix with 50% or less oxygen called a "travel mix" is sometimes breathed during the beginning of the descent in order to avoid hypoxia. A scuba set is an independent breathing set that provides a scuba diver with the Breathing gas necessary to breathe underwater during Scuba diving. Air is the most common and only natural breathing gas. Other artificial gases either pure gases or mixtures of gases are used in breathing equipment and enclosed habitats such Chronic Hypoxia is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole ( generalized hypoxia) or region of the body ( tissue hypoxia) is deprived of adequate Normally, however, the most oxygen-lean of the diver's decompression gases would be used for this purpose, since descent time spent reaching a depth where bottom mix is no longer hypoxic is normally small, and the distance between this depth and the MOD of any nitrox decompression gas is likely to be very short, if it occurs at all.

Cylinder markings

Any cylinder containing any blend of gas other than the standard air content is by most of the diving training organizations required to be clearly marked. A diving cylinder, scuba tank or diving tank is used to store and transport high Pressure Breathing gas as a component of SCUBA (Self-Contained Some organisations, GUE e. g. , argue that it does not make sense to have a permanent marking on a gas tank that can be filled with any gas.

The standard nitrox cylinder is yellow in color and marked with a green band around the shoulder of the tank, with "Nitrox" or "Enriched air" marked in white or yellow letters inside. Tanks of any other color are generally marked with six inch band around the shoulder, with a one inch yellow band on the top and bottom, with four inches of green in the middle. This green band will also have the designation of "NITROX" or something similar inside, in yellow or white letters.

Every nitrox cylinder should also have a sticker stating whether or not the cylinder is oxygen clean and suitable for partial pressure blending. Any oxygen clean cylinder may have any mix up to 100% oxygen inside. If by some accident an oxygen clean cylinder is filled at a station which does not supply gas to oxygen-clean standards it is then considered contaminated and must be re-cleaned before a gas containing more than 40% oxygen may again be added. Cylinders marked as not-oxygen clean may only be filled with enriched oxygen mixtures from membrane or stick blending systems where the gas is mixed before being added to the cylinder.

Finally, all nitrox cylinders should have a tag that, at minimum, states the oxygen content of the cylinder, the date it was blended, the gas blender's name, and the maximum operating depth along with the partial pressure this depth was calculated with. In Technical diving, the maximum operating depth (MOD of a Breathing gas is the depth at which the Partial pressure of Oxygen (ppO2 Other requirements may be made as to what is marked on the cylinder, but these markings are considered standard and safe by the diving community, and any cylinders lacking these markings should be considered possibly unsafe. Training for Nitrox certification suggests this tag be verified by the diver himself by using an oxygen analyzer.

Dangers

Oxygen toxicity

Diving and handling nitrox raises a number of potentially fatal dangers due to the high partial pressure of oxygen (ppO2). In a mixture of Ideal gases each gas has a partial pressure which is the pressure which the gas would have if it alone occupied the volume [2][3] Nitrox is not a deep-diving gas mixture due to the increased proportion of oxygen in Nitrox: oxygen becomes toxic when breathed at high pressure. Oxygen toxicity or oxygen toxicity syndrome (also known as the " Paul Bert effect" or the "Lorrain Smith effect" describes harmful effects caused For example, the maximum operating depth of nitrox with 36% oxygen, a popular recreational diving mix, is generally around 29 metres/95 feet. Recreational diving or sport diving is a type of diving that uses SCUBA equipment for the purpose of leisure and enjoyment The exact value of the maximum allowed ppO2 and maximum operating depth varies depending on factors such as the training agency, the type of dive, the breathing equipment and the level of surface support, with professional divers sometimes being allowed to breath higher ppO2s than those recommended to recreational divers. Hardhat diving redirects here Often "hardhat diving" is used to specifically mean diving in the old-type Standard diving dress. Recreational diving or sport diving is a type of diving that uses SCUBA equipment for the purpose of leisure and enjoyment See the main articles: oxygen toxicity and maximum operating depth. Oxygen toxicity or oxygen toxicity syndrome (also known as the " Paul Bert effect" or the "Lorrain Smith effect" describes harmful effects caused In Technical diving, the maximum operating depth (MOD of a Breathing gas is the depth at which the Partial pressure of Oxygen (ppO2

To dive safely with nitrox, the diver must learn good buoyancy control, a vital part of scuba diving in its own right, and a disciplined approach to preparing, planning and executing a dive to ensure that the ppO2 is known, and the maximum operating depth is not exceeded. Reputable dive operators and gas blenders insist on the diver having recognised nitrox training (which appears as an extra notation on a certification card) before selling nitrox to divers.

Some training agencies teach the use of two depth limits to protect against oxygen toxicity. The shallower depth is called the "maximum operating depth" and is reached when the partial pressure of oxygen in the breathing gas reaches 1. 4 bar. The second deeper depth, called the "contingency depth", is reached when the partial pressure reaches 1. 6 bar. Diving at or beyond this level exposes the diver to the risk of central nervous system (CNS) oxygen toxicity. This can be extremely dangerous since its onset is often without warning and can lead to drowning, as the regulator is spat out during convulsions which occur in conjunction with sudden unconsciousness (general seizure induced by oxygen toxicity).

Precautionary procedures at the fill station

Many training agencies such as PADI[9], CMAS, SSI and NAUI train their divers to personally check the oxygen percentage content of each nitrox cylinder before every dive. The Professional Association of Diving Instructors ( PADI) is the world's largest Recreational diving membership and diver training organization founded The Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS is the World Underwater Federation Scuba Schools International or SSI is an organization that teaches the skills involved in Scuba diving and supports Dive Businesses and Dive Resorts The National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI is a United States -based SCUBA diver training organization concerned with promoting dive If the oxygen percentage is 1% or more higher than the value written on the cylinder by the gas blender, the scuba diver must either recalculate his or her bottom times with the new mix, or else abort the dive to remain safe and avoid oxygen toxicity or decompression sickness. Under IANTD and ANDI [1] rules for use of nitrox, which are followed by most dive resorts around the world, filled nitrox cylinders are signed out personally in a gas blender log book, which contains, for each cylinder and fill, the cylinder number, the measured oxygen percent composition, the signature of the receiving diver (who should have personally measured the oxygen percent with an instrument at the fill-shop), and finally a calculation of the maximum operating depth for that fill/cylinder. International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD is a SCUBA diving organization concerned with certification and training in Enriched Air Nitrox In Technical diving, the maximum operating depth (MOD of a Breathing gas is the depth at which the Partial pressure of Oxygen (ppO2 All of these steps minimize danger but increase complexity of operations (for example, personalized cylinders for each diver must generally be kept track of on dive boats with nitrox, which is not the case with generic compressed air cylinders).

Fire and or toxic cylinder contamination from oxygen reactions

Diving cylinders are usually filled with nitrox by a gas blending technique such as partial pressure blending or premix decanting (in which a nitrox mix is supplied to the filler in pressurized larger cylinders). A diving cylinder, scuba tank or diving tank is used to store and transport high Pressure Breathing gas as a component of SCUBA (Self-Contained Gas blending or gas mixing is the filling of Diving cylinders with non- Air Breathing gases such as Nitrox, Trimix and A few facilities have begun to fill cylinders with air which has been enriched with oxygen by a pre-mixing process, so that it is pressurized as nitrox for the first time in the diving cylinder. A diving cylinder, scuba tank or diving tank is used to store and transport high Pressure Breathing gas as a component of SCUBA (Self-Contained The pre-mixing is accomplished either by a membrane system which removes nitrogen from the air during compression or by a 'stick' blending technique where pure oxygen is mixed with air in a baffled chamber attached to the compressor intake.

With the use of pure oxygen during "partial pressure blending" (where pure oxygen is added to the nearly empty dive cylinder to 300-500 p. s. i. (20-35 bar), from a large pure oxygen cylinder before air is added, by compressor) there is an especially increased risk of fire. Partial blending using pure oxygen is often used to provide nitrox for multiple dives on live-aboard dive boats, but it is also used in some smaller diver shops.

However, any gas which contains a significantly larger percentage of oxygen than air is a fire hazard. Furthermore, such gases can also react with hydrocarbons or incorrect lubricants inside a dive cylinder to produce carbon monoxide, even if a recognized fire does not happen. At present, there is some discussion over whether or not mixtures of gas which contain less than 40% oxygen may sometimes be exempt from oxygen clean standards. [10] Some of the controversy comes from a single U. S. regulation intended for commercial divers (not recreational divers) years ago. [3] However, the U. S. Compressed Gas Association (CGA) and two international nitrox teaching agencies (IANTD and ANDI) now support the standard that any gas containing more than 23. The Compressed Gas Association (CGA is the oldest major industrial and medical gas association in the world International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD is a SCUBA diving organization concerned with certification and training in Enriched Air Nitrox 5% oxygen should be treated as nitrox (which is to say, no differently from pure oxygen) for purposes of oxygen cleanliness and oxygen compatibility (i. e. , oxygen "servicability"). However, the largest training agency - PADI - is still teaching that pre-mixed nitrox (i. e. nitrox which is mixed before being put into the cylinder) below 40% oxygen does not require a specially cleaned cylinder or other equipment. [2][3][9] Most nitrox fill stations which supply pre-mixed nitrox will fill non-oxygen clean cylinders with mixtures below 40%. For a history of this controversy[3] see Luxfer cylinders.

History

In the 1920s or 1930's Draeger of Germany made a nitrox backpack independent air supply for a standard diving suit. The Drägerwerk AG is a German company based in Lübeck with a focus on breathing and protection equipment as well as gas detection and analysis systems A standard diving dress consists of a metallic ( Copper, Brass or Bronze) Diving helmet, an airline or hose from a Surface supplied

In World War II or soon after, British commando frogmen and work divers started sometimes diving with oxygen rebreathers adapted for semi-closed-circuit nitrox (which they called "mixture") diving by fitting larger cylinders and carefully setting the gas flow rate using a flow meter. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A frogman is someone who is trained to dive or swim in a military capacity often in combat A Clearance Diver was originally a specialist naval diver who used Explosives Underwater to remove obstructions to make harbours and shipping channels safe These developments were kept secret until independently duplicated by civilians in the 1960s.

In the 1950s the United States Navy (USN) documented enriched oxygen gas procedures for military use of what we today call nitrox, in the USN Diving Manual. [11]

In 1970, Dr. Morgan Wells, who was the first director of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Diving Center, began instituting diving procedures for oxygen-enriched air. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA) is a scientific agency within the United States Department of Commerce focused on the conditions of the He also developed a process for mixing oxygen and air which he called a continuous blending system. For many years Dr. Wells' invention was the only practical alternative to partial pressure blending. In 1979 NOAA published Wells' procedures for the scientific use of Nitrox in the NOAA Diving Manual. [2][3]

In 1985 Dick Rutkowski, a former NOAA diving safety officer, formed IAND (International Association of Nitrox Divers) and began teaching nitrox use for recreational diving. This was considered dangerous by some, and met with heavy skepticism by the diving community. In 1992 the name was changed to the International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD), the T being added when the European Association of Technical Divers (EATD) merged with IAND. International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD is a SCUBA diving organization concerned with certification and training in Enriched Air Nitrox In the early 1990s, the agencies teaching nitrox were not the main scuba agencies. New organizations, including Ed Betts' ANDI (American Nitrox Divers International), which invented the term "Safe Air" for marketing purposes, and Bret Gilliam's TDI (Technical Divers International) gave scientific credence to nitrox.

Meanwhile, diving stores were finding a purely economic reason to offer nitrox: not only was an entire new course and certification needed to use it, but instead of cheap or free tank fills with compressed air, dive shops found they could charge premium amounts of money for custom-gas blending of nitrox to their ordinary moderately experienced divers. With the new dive computers which could be programmed to allow for the longer bottom-times and shorter residual nitrogen times which nitrox gave, the incentive for the sport diver to use the gas increased. An intersection of economics and scientific validity had occurred.

In 1996, the Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) announced full educational support for nitrox. The Professional Association of Diving Instructors ( PADI) is the world's largest Recreational diving membership and diver training organization founded [9] While other main line scuba organizations had announced their support of nitrox earlier[12], it was PADI's endorsement that put nitrox over the top as a standard sport diving "option. " [2]

Nitrox in nature

Sometimes in the geologic past the Earth's atmosphere contained much more than 20% oxygen: e. g. up to 35% in the Upper Carboniferous. The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period about 359 This let animals absorb oxygen much easier and influenced evolution.

References

  1. ^ a b Brubakk, A. O. ; T. S. Neuman (2003). Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving, 5th Rev ed. . United States: Saunders Ltd. , 800. ISBN 0702025712.  
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Joiner, J. T. (2001). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. NOAA Diving Manual: Diving for Science and Technology, Fourth Edition. United States: Best Publishing, 660. ISBN 0941332705.  
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lang, M. A. (2001). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. DAN Nitrox Workshop Proceedings. Durham, NC: Divers Alert Network, 197. Retrieved on 2008-05-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.  
  4. ^ Harris RJ, Doolette DJ, Wilkinson DC, Williams DJ (2003). "Measurement of fatigue following 18 msw dry chamber dives breathing air or enriched air nitrox". Undersea Hyperb Med 30 (4): 285–91. PMID 14756231.  
  5. ^ Ergogenic Aids
  6. ^ Elliott, D (1996). Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) "Nitrox". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal 26 (3). ISSN 0813-1988. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication. OCLC 16986801. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
  7. ^ Logan, JA (1961). Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "An evaluation of the equivalent air depth theory". US Naval Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report NEDU-RR-01-61.  
  8. ^ Berghage TE, McCraken TM (December 1979). Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) "Equivalent air depth: fact or fiction". Undersea Biomed Res 6 (4): 379–84. PMID 538866.  
  9. ^ a b c Richardson, D and Shreeves, K (1996). Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) "The PADI Enriched Air Diver course and DSAT oxygen exposure limits.". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal 26 (3). ISSN 0813-1988. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication. OCLC 16986801. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
  10. ^ "Guide for Oxygen Compatibility Assessments on Oxygen Components and Systems." (2007). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. NASA Johnson Space Center Technical Report NASA/TM-2007-213740.  
  11. ^ (2006) US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to  
  12. ^ Allen, C (1996). Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) "BSAC gives the OK to nitrox.". Diver 1995; 40(5) May: 35-36. reprinted in South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal 26 (3). ISSN 0813-1988. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication. OCLC 16986801. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  

See also

External links

Air is the most common and only natural breathing gas. Other artificial gases either pure gases or mixtures of gases are used in breathing equipment and enclosed habitats such A diving cylinder, scuba tank or diving tank is used to store and transport high Pressure Breathing gas as a component of SCUBA (Self-Contained In Technical diving, the equivalent air depth (EAD is a way of expressing the narcotic effect of specific Breathing gas mixtures that contain Nitrogen Gas blending or gas mixing is the filling of Diving cylinders with non- Air Breathing gases such as Nitrox, Trimix and In Technical diving, the maximum operating depth (MOD of a Breathing gas is the depth at which the Partial pressure of Oxygen (ppO2 Nitrogen narcosis or inert gas narcosis is a reversible alteration in Consciousness in scuba divers at depth Oxygen toxicity or oxygen toxicity syndrome (also known as the " Paul Bert effect" or the "Lorrain Smith effect" describes harmful effects caused In a mixture of Ideal gases each gas has a partial pressure which is the pressure which the gas would have if it alone occupied the volume The Membrane method is the safest method of producing Nitrox.
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