Citizendia
Your Ad Here

St Jerome by Albrecht Dürer 1514
St Jerome by Albrecht Dürer 1514

Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard, usually flat surface, by cutting grooves into it. Albrecht Dürer (ˈalbʀɛçt ˈdyʀɐ ( May 21, 1471 &ndash April 6, 1528) was a German painter, Printmaker The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel or glass are engraved, or may provide an intaglio printing plate, of copper or another metal, for printing images on paper, which are called engravings. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many Intaglio (pronounced in-TAL-yo ɪn'tælɪəʊ is a family of Printmaking techniques in which the image is incised into a surface known as the matrix or plate Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Engraving was a historically important method of producing images on paper, both in artistic printmaking, and also for commercial reproductions and illustrations for books and magazines. Printmaking is the Process of making artworks by Printing, normally on Paper. It has long been replaced by photography in its commercial applications and, partly because of the difficulty of learning the technique, is much less common in printmaking, where it has been largely replaced by etching and other techniques. Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing For other uses of etch or etching, see Etching (disambiguation, for the history of the method see Old master prints. Other terms often used for engravings are copper-plate engraving and Line engraving. This article currently covers the history of line engraving until ca These should all mean exactly the same, but especially in the past were often used very loosely to cover several printmaking techniques, so that many so-called engravings were in fact produced by totally different techniques, such as etching. For other uses of etch or etching, see Etching (disambiguation, for the history of the method see Old master prints.

Hercules fighting the Centaurs , engraving by Sebald Beham
Hercules fighting the Centaurs , engraving by Sebald Beham

Contents

Process

An assortment of hand engraving tools
An assortment of hand engraving tools

Engravers use a hardened steel tool called a burin to cut the design into the surface, most traditionally a copper plate. Hercules is the Roman name for the Mythical Greek hero Heracles, son of Zeus and the mortal Alcmena. In Greek mythology, the centaurs (from Ancient Greek: Κένταυροι - Kéntauroi are a race of creatures composed of part Human Hans Sebald Beham (1500 &ndash 1550 was a German printmaker who did his best work as an engraver, and was also a designer of Woodcuts and Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Burin from the French burin meaning "cold Chisel " has two specialised meanings for types of tools in English one meaning a Steel [1] Gravers come in a variety of shapes and sizes that yield different line types. The burin produces a unique and recognizable quality of line that is characterized by its steady, deliberate appearance and clean edges. The angle tint tool has a slightly curved tip that is commonly used in printmaking. Florentine liners are flat-bottomed tools with multiple lines incised into them, used to do fill work on larger areas. Flat gravers are used for doing fill work on letters, as well as most musical instrument engraving work. Round gravers are commonly used on silver to create bright cuts (also called bright-cut engraving), as well as other hard-to-cut metals such as nickel and steel. Burins are either square or elongated diamond-shaped and used for cutting straight lines. Other tools such as mezzotint rockers, roulets and burnishers are used for texturing effects. Mezzotint is a Printmaking process of the intaglio family technically a Drypoint method

History and usage

(a) etching needle, (b) scraper, (c) and (d) burnishers, (e) graver, (f) scooper, (g) scraper for mezzotints, (h) stipple graver, (i) roulette for mezzotints, (j) shading tool for mezzotints, (k) roulette for mezzotints, (l) dry-point graver, (m) hammer, (n) dabber for applying the 'ground', (o) brushes for applying varnish (p) calliper compasses
(a) etching needle, (b) scraper, (c) and (d) burnishers, (e) graver, (f) scooper, (g) scraper for mezzotints, (h) stipple graver, (i) roulette for mezzotints, (j) shading tool for mezzotints, (k) roulette for mezzotints, (l) dry-point graver, (m) hammer, (n) dabber for applying the 'ground', (o) brushes for applying varnish (p) calliper compasses

For the printing process, see printmaking. Printmaking is the Process of making artworks by Printing, normally on Paper. For the Western art history of engraving prints, see old master print and line engraving

In antiquity, the only engraving on metal that could be carried out is evident in the shallow grooves found in some jewellery after the beginning of the 1st Millennium B. An old master print is a work of art produced by a Printing process within the Western tradition (European or New World This article currently covers the history of line engraving until ca "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation. C. The majority of so-called engraved designs on ancient gold rings or other items were produced by chasing or sometimes a combination of lost-wax casting and chasing. Repoussé (ʀəpuse)or repoussage ʀəpusaʒ is a Metalworking technique in which a Malleable Metal Lost-wax casting, sometimes called by the French name of cire perdue, is the process by which a bronze is cast from an artist's sculpture in industrial uses the modern process

However the use of engraving to cut decorative scenes or figures into glass vessels appears as early as the first century AD[1], continuing into the fourth century CE at urban centres such as Cologne and Rome[2], and appears to have ceased sometime in the fifth century. Decoration was first based on Greek mythology, before hunting and circus scenes became popular, as well as imagery drawn from the Old and New Testament[2]. It appears to have been used to mimic the appearance of precious metal wares during the same period, including the application of gold leaf, and could be cut free-hand or with lathes. As many as twenty separate stylistic workshops have been identified, and it seems likely that the engraver and vessel producer were separate craftsmen[1].

In the European Middle Ages goldsmiths used engraving to decorate and inscribe metalwork. It is thought that they began to print impressions of their designs to record them. From this grew the engraving of copper printing plates to produce artistic images on paper, known as old master prints in Germany in the 1430s. An old master print is a work of art produced by a Printing process within the Western tradition (European or New World Italy soon followed. Many early engravers came from a goldsmithing background. The first and greatest period of the engraving was from about 1470 to 1530, with such masters as Martin Schongauer , Albrecht Dürer , and Lucas van Leiden. Martin Schongauer (c 1448 &ndash February 2, 1491) was a German Engraver and painter. Albrecht Dürer (ˈalbʀɛçt ˈdyʀɐ ( May 21, 1471 &ndash April 6, 1528) was a German painter, Printmaker Lucas van Leyden ( Leiden, 1494 &ndash August 8 1533 in Leiden also named either Lucas Hugensz or Lucas Jacobsz, was a

Thereafter engraving tended to lose ground to etching, which was a much easier technique for the artist to learn. For other uses of etch or etching, see Etching (disambiguation, for the history of the method see Old master prints. But many prints combined the two techniques - although Rembrandt's prints are generally all called etchings for convenience, many of them have some burin or drypoint work, and some have nothing else. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (July 15 1606 &ndash October 4 1669 was a Dutch painter and etcher. By the nineteenth century, most engraving was for commercial illustration.

Before the advent of photography, engraving was used to reproduce other forms of art, for example paintings. Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Engravings continued to be common in newspapers and many books into the early 20th century, as they were cheaper to use in printing than photographic images. Engraving has also always been used as a method of original artistic expression.

Modern process

Because of the high level of microscopic detail that can be achieved by a master engraver, counterfeiting of engraved designs is well-nigh impossible, and modern banknotes are almost always engraved, as are plates for printing money, checks, bonds and other security sensitive papers. A counterfeit is an imitation that is made usually with the intent to deceptively represent its content or origins A banknote (often known as a bill, paper money or simply a note) is a kind of Negotiable instrument, a Promissory note made by a The engraving is so fine that a normal printer can not recreate the detail of hand engraved images, nor can it be scanned. In the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing, more than one hand engraver will work on the same plate, making it nearly impossible for one person to duplicate all the engraving on a particular banknote or document. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP is a government agency within the United States Department of the Treasury that designs and produces a variety

Many classic postage stamps were engraved, although the practice is now mostly confined to particular countries, or used when a more "elegant" design is desired and a limited color range is acceptable. A postage stamp is an adhesive paper evidence of pre-paying a fee for postal services

The modern discipline of hand engraving, as it is called in a metalworking context, survives largely in a few specialized fields. Hand Engraving in Metalworking is the act of carving decorative or functional grooves into a substrate usually a metal plate using hand tools such as small chisels called Metalworking is craft and practice of working with Metals to create individual parts assemblies or large scale structures The highest levels of the art are found on firearms and other metal weaponry, jewelry and musical instruments. In most industrial uses like production of intaglio plates for commercial applications hand engraving has been replaced with milling using CNC engraving or milling machines. The abbreviation CNC stands for computer numerical control, and refers specifically to a computer "controller" that reads G-code A milling machine is a Machine tool used for the shaping of Metal and other Solid Materials.

Another application of modern engraving is found in the printing industry. Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press There, every day thousands of pages are mechanically engraved onto rotogravure cylinders, typically a steel base with a copper layer of about 0. Gravure may also refer to Gravure idol. Rotogravure ( roto or gravure for short is a type of intaglio Printing 1 mm in which the image is transferred. After engraving the image is protected with an approximately 6 µm chrome layer. Using this process the image will survive for over a million copies in high speed printing presses. A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image

Typically the image is created in some PDF like format and enters a work flow where it is processed and automatically imposed to the huge printing cylinders. Today up to 192 pages can be engraved on the same cylinder. Since the cylinder serves to print one color, four cylinders are typically used to print one side of the substrate. Rotogravure has a major share in publication, packaging and decorative printing. Gravure may also refer to Gravure idol. Rotogravure ( roto or gravure for short is a type of intaglio Printing

Engraving machines such as the K500 (packaging) or K6 (publication) by Hell Gravure Systems use a diamond stylus to cut cells. Each cell creates one printing dot later in the process. A K6 can have up to 18 engraving heads each cutting 8. 000 cells per second to an accuracy of . 1 µm and below. They are of course fully computer controlled and the whole process of cylinder making is fully automated.

The engraving process with diamonds is state of the art since the 1960s.

Today laser engraving machines are in development but as per today still the mechanical cutting has proven its strength in economical terms and quality. More than 4,000 engravers make approx. 8 Mio printing cylinders worldwide per year.

Biblical references

Sudarium of Saint Veronica by Claude Mellan (1649)
Sudarium of Saint Veronica by Claude Mellan (1649)

Traditionally, engravers created darker areas by making an area of many very thin parallel lines (called hatching). When two sets of parallel line hatchings intersected each other for higher density, the resulting pattern was known as cross-hatching. Claude Mellan is well-known for his technique of using parallel lines of varying thickness. Claude Mellan ( 23 May 1598 in Abbeville – 9 March 1688 in Paris) was a French engraver and One notable example is his Sudarium of Saint Veronica (1649), an engraving of the face of Jesus from a single spiraling line that starts at the tip of Jesus's nose. The Veil of Veronica, or Sudarium (Latin for sweat-cloth often called simply "The Veronica" and known in Italian as the Volto Santo or Holy Face

The earliest allusion to engraving in the Bible may be the reference to Judah’s seal ring. Judah / Yehuda ( Hebrew: יְהוּדָה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh) was according (Ge 38:18), followed by (Ex 39. 30). Engraving was commonly done with pointed tools of iron or even with diamond points. (Jer 17:1).

Each of the two onyx stones on the shoulder pieces of the high priest’s ephod was engraved with the names of six different tribes of Israel, and each of the 12 precious stones that adorned his breastpiece was engraved with the name of one of the tribes. An ephod (pronounced either \ē´fod\ or \ef´od\ was a type of object in ancient Israelite culture and was closely connected with oracular practices For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The holy sign of dedication, the shining gold plate on the high priest’s turban, was engraved with the words: “Holiness belongs to Adonai. In Judaism, the name of God is more than a distinguishing title ” Bezalel, along with Oholiab, was qualified to do this specialized engraving work as well as to train others. In Exodus 311-6 Bezalel ( Hebrew: בְּצַלְאֵל also transcribed as Betzalel and most accurately as B'tzalel) is the chief —Ex 35:30-35; 28:9-12; 39:6-14, 30.

Noted engravers

The Farnese Hercules by Hendrik Goltzius 1591
The Farnese Hercules by Hendrik Goltzius 1591

Prints (see also List of Printmakers):

Of gems:

Of guns:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Caron, B. Geoffroy Gournet is a European-trained master engraver He was born France and moved the United States in 1985 Harry Morris may refer to Harry Morris (footballer (1897&ndash1985 Brirish football player Harry Morris 1st Baron Morris of Kenwood Toreutics is the art of working metal by hammering Gold or Silver (or other materials engraving Embossing and chasing to form minute detailed reliefs Laser engraving is the practice of using Lasers to engrave or mark an object Drypoint is a Printmaking technique of the intaglio family in which an image is incised into a plate (or "matrix" with a hard-pointed "needle" Music engraving is the Art of drawing Music notation at high quality for the purpose of mechanical reproduction Photogravure is an intaglio Printmaking process initially developed in the 1830s by Henry Fox Talbot in England and Nicéphore Niépce in Photoengraving also known as photo-chemical Milling is a process of Engraving using Photographic techniques The most common type of photoengraving involves Laser engraving is the practice of using Lasers to engrave or mark an object Printmaking is the Process of making artworks by Printing, normally on Paper. Steel engraving, is a commercial Engraving technique for printing Illustrations based on steel instead of copper This article currently covers the history of line engraving until ca Wood engraving is a Relief printing technique where the end grain of Wood is used as a medium for Engraving, thus differing from the older technique of For other uses of etch or etching, see Etching (disambiguation, for the history of the method see Old master prints. , A Roman Figure-Engraved Glass Bowl. Metropolitan Museum Journal, 1993. 28: p. 47-55.
  2. ^ a b Fleming, S. J. , Roman Glass; reflections on cultural change. 1999, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.

References

External links

Dictionary

engraving

-noun

  1. the practice of incising a design onto a hard, flat surface, by cutting grooves into it
  2. an engraved image
  3. (music) the art of drawing music notation at high quality, see Engraving
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic