English
Alfred the Great • W. Shakespeare • G. Stephenson • D. Albarn Elizabeth I • N. Gwyn • J. Austen • K. Winslet
Total population
c. Alfred the Great (also Ælfred from the Old English Ælfrēd ˈælfreːd (c William Shakespeare ( baptised George Stephenson ( 9 June 1781 &ndash 12 August 1848) was an English Civil engineer and mechanical engineer Damon Albarn, ˈdɛɪmən ˈɔːɫbɑːn (b March 23 1968 in Leytonstone, London) is an English Singer-songwriter who gained fame as the lead Eleanor "Nell" Gwyn (or Gwynn or Gwynne) (1650 - 14 November 1687 was one of the earliest English Actresses to receive prominent recognition Jane Austen (16 Kate Elizabeth Winslet (born 5 October 1975 is a five-time Academy Award -nominated Golden Globe -nominated Emmy Award -nominated 90 million worldwide
Regions with significant populations
England 45. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland 26 million (estimate) [1]  United States 28,410,295 [2]  Australia 6,358,880 [3]  Canada 6,570,015 [4]  New Zealand 44,202 - 281,895 [5]
Languages
English (especially English English)
Religions
Christianity (Anglicanism, Roman Catholicism and other minority denominations), and other faiths. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States English language in England refers to the English language as spoken in England, part of the United Kingdom. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs Increasingly secularised since the late 20th century; with about a fifth claiming no religion. [6]

The English people (from the adjective in Old English: Englisc) are a nation and ethnic group native to England who speak English. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland English language in England refers to the English language as spoken in England, part of the United Kingdom. The English identity as a people is of early origin, when they were known in Old English as the Anglecynn. The largest single population of English people reside in England, a constituent country of the United Kingdom. Constituent country is a phrase used often by official institutions in contexts in which a country makes up a part of a larger entity or grouping The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located As an ethnic group, they are normally presumed to be an admixture of different groups that have settled in England throughout history, such as the Brythons (including Romano-Britons), Anglo-Saxons, Danish Vikings, Bretons ^[7] and Normans. Romano-British culture is that of the Romanized Britons under the Roman Empire and later the Western Roman Empire, and of those exposed to Roman culture in the years For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The Bretons are a distinct Ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France. The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. As a nation, they include a large minority of more recent migrants and their descendants, from a variety of different countries/regions. They are sometimes referred to as Anglos, although this can also refer to other English-speaking whites (such as Germans and Irish in Australia and the US, for more information see Anglo-Celtic Australian and European American). The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate Anglo-Celtic Australian is an Ethnic or cultural category used to describe Australians with British and/or Irish ancestral origins A European American (Euro-American is a person who resides in the United States and is either from Europe or is the descendant of European immigrants

Definitions

Writing about the "English people" is complicated because England has historically been settled by waves of invaders and immigrants at different periods in history, and has also spread its influence, and its populace, worldwide. Hence, some writers use the term to refer to an English ethnic group that shares a belief in their common descent from a mass migration of Germanic peoples (usually referred to as Anglo-Saxons) during the sub-Roman period. For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south Historian Catherine Hills describes what she calls the "national origin myth" of the English:

The arrival of the Anglo-Saxons . See also National mysticism A national myth is an inspiring narrative or Anecdote about a nation's past . . is still perceived as an important and interesting event because it is believed to have been a key factor in the identity of the present inhabitants of the British Isles, involving migration on such a scale as to permanently change the population of south-east Britain, and making the English a distinct and different people from the Celtic Irish, Welsh and Scots. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate The Welsh people ( Welsh: Cymro ("Welshman" Cymraes ("Welsh woman" Cymry ("Welshmen/women" Cymry The Scots people ( Scots Gaelic: Albannaich) are a Nation and an Ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. . . . . this is an example of a national origin myth. . . and shows why there are seldom simple answers to questions about origins. ^[8]

Others use it more broadly to refer to the 'English nation', which can have various meanings but generally comprises anyone who considers themselves English and are considered English by most other people. ^[9]

English nationality

See also: Multiculturalism

Although there is no longer any official definition of English nationality, the term "the English people" can be used to discuss the English as a "nation", using the OED's definition of "nation" as a group united by factors that include "language, culture, history, or occupation of the same territory", rather than ancestral ties alone. The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified ^[10]

The concept of an 'English nation' is older than that of the 'British nation' and the 1990s witnessed a revival in English self-consciousness. ^[11] This is linked to the expressions of national self-awareness of the other British nations of Wales and Scotland — which take their most solid form in the new devolved political arrangements within the United Kingdom — and the waning of a shared British national identity as the British Empire fades into history. Devolution is the statutory granting of powers from the central government of a State to government at subnational level ^[12][13][9]

While there can be an ethnic component to expressions of English national identity, most political English nationalists do not consider Englishness to be a form of kinship. English nationalism is the name given to a nationalist Political movement in England that desires National independence for England Kinship is a relationship between any entities that share a genealogical origin through either biological cultural or historical descent For example, the English Democrats Party states that "We do not claim Englishness to be purely ethnic or purely cultural, but it is a complex mix of the two. The English Democrats Party ( EngDem) is an English Nationalist political party, committed to the formation of a devolved English Parliament We firmly believe Englishness is a state of mind",^[14] while the Campaign for an English Parliament says, "The people of England includes everyone who considers this ancient land to be their home and future regardless of ethnicity, race, religion or culture". A devolved English Parliament, giving separate decision-making powers to representatives for voters in England similar to the representation given by the National Assembly ^[15] In an article for The Guardian, novelist Andrea Levy (born in London to Jamaican parents) calls England a separate country "without any doubt" and asserts that she is "English. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Andrea Levy is a Black British Author, born in 1956 Born in London to Jamaican parents Levy's four Novels explore the experiences Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. Born and bred, as the saying goes. (As far as I can remember, it is born and bred and not born-and-bred-with-a-very-long-line-of-white-ancestors-directly-descended-from-Anglo-Saxons. )" Arguing that "England has never been an exclusive club, but rather a hybrid nation", she writes that "Englishness must never be allowed to attach itself to ethnicity. The majority of English people are white, but some are not . . . Let England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland be nations that are plural and inclusive. "^[16]

However, this use of the word "English" is complicated by the fact that most non-white people in England identify as British rather than English. In their 2004 Annual Population Survey, the Office of National Statistics compared the ethnic identities of British people with their perceived national identity. The Office for National Statistics (ONS is the executive office of the UK Statistics Authority, a non-ministerial department which reports directly They found that while 58% of white people described their nationality as "English", the vast majority of non-white people called themselves "British". For example, "78 per cent of Bangladeshis said they were British, while only 5 per cent said they were English, Scottish or Welsh", and the largest percentage of non-whites to identify as English were the people who described their ethnicity as "Mixed" (37%). ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially The terms multiracial and mixed-race describe people whose ancestries come from different races. ^[17]

English ethnicity

It may be difficult to clearly define English ethnicity, owing to the close interactions between the English and their neighbours in the British Isles, and the waves of immigration that have added to England's gene pool at different periods. The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) states that the earliest recorded sense of the word 'English' is "Of or belonging to the group of Teutonic peoples collectively known as the Angelcynn [. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English . . ] comprising the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, who settled in Britain during the 5th c. The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in The Saxons or Saxon people were a Confederation of Old Germanic tribes. The Jutes, Iuti, or Iutae were a Germanic people who according to Bede were one of the three most powerful Germanic peoples of the time The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in Anno Domini / Common Era. ". However, the OED continues that "With the incorporation of the Celtic and Scandinavian elements of the population into the ‘English’ people, the adj. came in the 11th c. to be applied to all natives of ‘England’, whatever their ancestry. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the " The only exception was the period following the Norman Conquest, when "English" was "for a time restricted to those whose ancestors were settled in England before the Conquest". ^[18]

Thus, according to the OED's definition, "English" today simply means anyone born in England. However, this inclusive definition contrasts with the views of those who see important ethnic differences between people with long-standing English ancestry and people whose ancestors arrived much more recently, an attitude expressed succinctly by a character in Sarah Kane's play Blasted who boasts "I'm not an import", contrasting himself with the children of immigrants: "they have their kids, call them English, they're not English, born in England don't make you English". Sarah Kane ( February 3, 1971 &ndash February 20, 1999) was an English Playwright. Blasted is the first play by British author Sarah Kane. It was first performed in 1995 at the Royal Court Theatre Upstairs in London ^[19]

It is unclear how many people in the UK consider themselves ethnically English. In the 2001 UK census, respondents were invited to state their ethnicity, but while there were tick boxes for 'Irish' and for 'Scottish', there were none for 'English' or 'Welsh', who were subsumed into the general heading 'White British'. A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 A tick (known as a checkmark or check in American English) is a mark (✓ ✔ ☑, etc The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate The Scots people ( Scots Gaelic: Albannaich) are a Nation and an Ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. The Welsh people ( Welsh: Cymro ("Welshman" Cymraes ("Welsh woman" Cymry ("Welshmen/women" Cymry ^[20] Following complaints about this, the 2011 census will "allow respondents to record their English, Welsh, Scottish, Northern Irish, Irish or other identity. "^[21]

A further complication is England's dominant position within the United Kingdom, which has resulted in the terms 'English' and 'British' often being used interchangeably. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located ^[22] Relatedly, studies of people with English ancestry have shown that they tend not to regard themselves as an ethnic group, even when they live in other countries. Patricia Greenhill studied people in Canada with English heritage, and found that they did not think of themselves as "ethnic", but rather as "normal" or "mainstream", an attitude Greenhill attributes to the cultural dominance of the English in Canada. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page ^[23] Writer Paul Johnson has suggested that like most dominant groups, the English have only demonstrated interest in their self-definition when they were feeling oppressed. Paul Johnson (born Paul Bede Johnson on 2 November 1928 in Manchester, England) is a British Roman Catholic ^[24]

Scientists and sociologists have investigated the ethnic distinctiveness of the English, but their complex results have often been simplified in newspaper reports. In 2002, the BBC used the headline "English and Welsh are races apart" to report a genetic survey of test subjects from market towns in England and Wales,^[25] while in September 2006, The Sunday Times reported that a survey of first names and surnames in the UK had identified Ripley as "the 'most English' place in England with 88. Market town or market right is a legal term originating in the Medieval period for a European settlement that has the right to hold Markets The Sunday Times is a Sunday Broadsheet Newspaper distributed in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Ripley is a small town in the Amber Valley area of Derbyshire in England. 58% of residents having an English ethnic background". ^[26] The Daily Mail printed an article with the headline "We're all Germans! (and we have been for 1,600 years)". The Daily Mail is a British newspaper currently published in a tabloid format ^[27] In all these cases, the conclusions of these studies have been exaggerated or misinterpreted, and the language of race and ethnicity used only by the journalists. ^[28]

History of English identity

Further information: History of England

English people

Culture

Music

Language

Cuisine

Dance

Religion

People

Distribution

(United States • Canada • Africa • Australia)

Overview

Further information: Genetic history of the British Isles and Prehistoric settlement of Great Britain and Ireland

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term "English" was not originally used to refer to the earliest inhabitants of England - Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers, Celtic Britons, and Roman colonists. The history of England is similar to the history of Britain until the arrival of the Saxons The culture of England is sometimes difficult to separate clearly from the cultures of its neighbouring countries and to understand how these cultures intermingled and influenced English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States English Cuisine is shaped by the country's temperate climate its island geography and its history English Country Dance, sometimes abbreviated ECD is a form of Folk dance. This article is about the development of religion in the United Kingdom (UK since its formation in 1707 This is a partial list of English people of note and of some notable individuals born in England, alphabetically within categories English Americans (occasionally known as Anglo -Americans although this may have a wider cultural meaning are Citizens of the United States whose ancestry English Canada|Canadians of English descentAn English Canadian is a Canadian whose principal language is English or who is of English ancestry; it is used Anglo-Africans are people of primarily Sub-Saharan Africa whose first language is English. English Australians are Australians of English descent, the largest Ethnic group in Australia after "Australian" (which contains an unknown Population research using DNA is initiating research into the genetic history of the British Isles The British Isles have a long history of migration from across Europe, starting in the Palaeolithic period The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone" A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild Foraging and Hunting Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Instead, it referred to a heritage that began with the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons in the 5th century, who settled lands already inhabited by Romano-British tribes. For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south Romano-British culture is that of the Romanized Britons under the Roman Empire and later the Western Roman Empire, and of those exposed to Roman culture in the years That heritage then comes to include later arrivals, including Scandinavians, Normans, as well as those Romano-Britons who still lived in England. The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. ^[29]

Romano-Britons and Anglo-Saxons

Further information: Anglo-Saxons, Roman Britain, Sub-Roman Britain, Ancient Britons, Romano-Britons

Further information: Genetic history of the British Isles

The first people to be called 'English' were the Anglo-Saxons, a group of closely related Germanic tribes that migrated to England from southern Denmark and northern Germany in the 5th century AD after the Romans retreated from Britain. For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 Sub-Roman Britain is a term derived from an Archaeologists ' label for the material culture of Britain in Late Antiquity. Romano-British culture is that of the Romanized Britons under the Roman Empire and later the Western Roman Empire, and of those exposed to Roman culture in the years Population research using DNA is initiating research into the genetic history of the British Isles For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Anglo-Saxons gave their name to England (Angle-land) and to the English people.

However, the Anglo-Saxons arrived in a land that was already populated by people commonly referred to as the 'Romano-British', the descendants of the native Brythonic-speaking Celtic population that lived in the area of Britain under Roman rule during the 1st-5th centuries AD. Romano-British culture is that of the Romanized Britons under the Roman Empire and later the Western Roman Empire, and of those exposed to Roman culture in the years Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Furthermore, the multi-ethnic nature of the Roman Empire meant that other peoples were also present in England before the Anglo-Saxons arrived: for example, archaeological discoveries suggest that North Africans may have had a limited presence. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos ^[30][31]

The exact nature of the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons and their relationship with the Romano-British is a matter of debate. Traditionally, it was believed that a mass invasion by various Anglo-Saxon tribes largely displaced the indigenous British population in southern and eastern Great Britain (modern day England with the exception of Cornwall). See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar This was supported by the writings of Gildas, the only contemporary historical account of the period, describing slaughter and starvation of native Britons by invading peoples (adventus Saxonum). Saint Gildas (c 494 or 516 – c 570 was one of the best-documented figures of the Christian church in the British Isles during the sixth century The History of Anglo-Saxon England covers the history of Early medieval England from the end of Roman Britain and the establishment of Anglo-Saxon ^[32] Added to this was the fact that the English language contains no more than a handful of words borrowed from Brythonic sources (although the names of some towns, cities, rivers etc do have Brythonic or pre-Brythonic origins, becoming more frequent towards the west of Britain). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Brythonic languages (or Brittonic languages or British languages) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family the other being ^[33] However, this view has been re-evaluated in recent times with archaeologists and historians finding minimal evidence for mass displacement: archaeologist Francis Pryor has stated that he "can't see any evidence for bona fide mass migrations after the Neolithic. Francis Pryor is a British archaeologist who is famous for his role in the discovery of Flag Fen, a Bronze Age archeological site near The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos "^[34] Historian Malcolm Todd writes

"It is much more likely that a large proportion of the British population remained in place and was progressively dominated by a Germanic aristocracy, in some cases marrying into it and leaving Celtic names in the, admittedly very dubious, early lists of Anglo-Saxon dynasties. But how we identify the surviving Britons in areas of predominantly Anglo-Saxon settlement, either archaeologically or linguistically, is still one of the deepest problems of early English history. "^[35]

Geneticists have explored the relationship between Anglo-Saxons and Britons by studying the Y-chromosomes of men in present day English towns. The Y chromosome is the sex-determining Chromosome in most Mammals including Humans In mammals it contains the gene SRY, which triggers In 2002, a study by Weale et al found genetic differences between test subjects from market towns in central England and Wales, and that the English subjects were, on average closer genetically to the Frisians of the Netherlands than they were to their Welsh neighbours. Market town or market right is a legal term originating in the Medieval period for a European settlement that has the right to hold Markets The Frisians are an ethnic group of Germanic people living in coastal parts of The Netherlands and Germany. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands This study hypothesised that an Anglo-Saxon invasion had replaced 50-100% of "indigenous" men. A 2006 study led by Mark Thomas used computer simulations to find a possible reason for the divergence between these finds and the archaeological record, which does not show evidence of mass immigration. They postulate that a small Anglo-Saxon elite could have operated an apartheid-like system, preventing intermarriage between male Britons and female Anglo-Saxons (therefore increasing the proportion of "Anglo-Saxon" Y chromosomes in certain regions), depriving indigenous Britons of essential resources (leading to higher population growth rates for the elite), and asserting political dominance. Eventually the dominant group would have grown too large to be an effective elite, and the "indigenous" group would have been assimilated. ^[36]

Reconstruction of an Anglo-Saxon burial chamber at Sutton Hoo, East Anglia

Y chromosome distribution from Capelli et al. Sutton Hoo near Woodbridge, Suffolk, England, is the site of two Anglo-Saxon cemeteries East Anglia is often used as a shorthand for the Kingdom of the East Angles. shows that Y chromosomes display isolation by distance and not a sharp discontinuity between English and Welsh samples.

Other geneticists tell a different story. A more comprehensive follow-up study to Weale et al in 2003 by Christian Capelli et al, which analyzed Y chromosome samples across a wider range of the British Isles, complicated the picture and indicated that different parts of England may have received different levels of intrusion: they theorise that while central and eastern England experienced a high level of intrusion from continental Europe (the study could not significantly distinguish Germans of Schleswig-Holstein from Danes or Frisians although Frisians were slightly closer to the British samples), southern and western England did not, and the population there appears to be largely descended from the indigenous Britons (the scientists acknowledge that this conclusion is "startling"). The Y chromosome is the sex-determining Chromosome in most Mammals including Humans In mammals it contains the gene SRY, which triggers This article is mainly about the English Midlands For other uses see Midlands (disambiguation. The East of England is one of the nine official Regions of England. Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the Continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European is the northernmost of the 16 ''Bundesländer'' in Germany. The former English name was Sleswick-Holsatia the Danish name is The 2003 study also noted that the transition between England and Wales is more gradual than the earlier study suggested. ^[37]

In The Origins of the British, Stephen Oppenheimer suggests, based on a meta-analysis of the data collected during both the 2002 and 2003 studies, and data from other sources, that the majority of English people, much like the other populations within the British Isles, have some genetic relationship to the original hunter-gatherers who settled Britain between 15,000 and 7,500 years ago, after the last Ice Age. Stephen Oppenheimer (born 1947 a British physician a member of Green College Oxford and an honorary fellow of Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, performs and In Statistics, a meta-analysis combines the results of several studies that address a set of related research hypotheses The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan "Last glacial" redirects here For the period of maximum glacier extent during this time see Last Glacial Maximum The last glacial period ^[38] He also suggests that the relatively high levels of northern European Y chromosomes (mainly I1a and R1a, "Anglo-Saxon" and "Viking" markers) detected in eastern Great Britain (both Scotland and England) have a far older signature than they would have if they had been introduced during an "Anglo-Saxon" invasion, they appear to have been in Great Britain much longer. In Human genetics, Haplogroup I1 is a Y-chromosome Haplogroup occurring at greatest frequency in Scandinavia associated with the mutations identified as A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits He concludes that there may have been ongoing migrations between North Sea regions (eastern Great Britain, Norway, Denmark, Northern Germany) as far back as the palaeolithic, and that it is not conclusive that all Y chromosome types usually associated with Anglo-Saxon invasions actually derive from colonisation during this period, since many may have come to Great Britain during the initial colonisation of the land after the Last Glacial Maximum. Thus he theorises that there is no necessity to postulate either a mass "Anglo-Saxon" migration or an "apartheid-like" system to explain the differences between the far east and far west of Great Britain, the differences in Y chromosome frequencies vary gradually and are not clearly defined, he concludes that they have always been there. Oppenheimer also postulates that the arrival of Germanic languages in England may be considerably earlier than previously thought, and that both mainland and English Belgae (from Gaul) may have been Germanic-speaking peoples and represented closely related ethnic groups (or a single cross channel ethnic group). The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. The Belgae were a group of tribes living in northern Gaul in the 1st century BC and later also attested in Britain. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western ^[39] Oxford geneticist Bryan Sykes has argued from DNA evidence that English genetic heritage is derived mainly from the Iberian Peninsula; according to him, the Anglo-Saxons played a rather insignificant role in English genetic composition. Bryan Sykes is Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Wolfson College. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south ^[40]

Danish Vikings

Further information: Vikings, Danelaw

From about AD 800 waves of Danish Viking assaults on the coastlines of the British Isles were gradually followed by a succession of Danish settlers in England. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The Danelaw, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (also known as the Danelagh; Old English: Dena lagu; Danish: Events By Place Europe September 15 - Oldest known mention of Monkey. The term Dane may refer to People with a Danish ancestral or ethnic identity whether living in Denmark, emigrants or the descendants of emigrants A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan At first, the Vikings were very much considered a separate people from the English. This separation was enshrined when Alfred the Great signed the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum to establish the Danelaw, a division of England between English and Danish rule, with the Danes occupying northern and eastern England. Alfred the Great (also Ælfred from the Old English Ælfrēd ˈælfreːd (c The Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum is an agreement between Alfred of Wessex and Guthrum, the Viking ruler of East Anglia. The Danelaw, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (also known as the Danelagh; Old English: Dena lagu; Danish: ^[41] However, Alfred's successors subsequently won military victories against the Danes, incorporating much of the Danelaw into the nascent kingdom of England. Danish invasions continued into the 11th century, and there were both English and Danish kings in the period following the unification of England (for example, Ethelred the Unready was English but Canute the Great was Danish). Ethelred II ( c. 968 – 23 April 1016 also known as Æthelred II, Aethelred II, Ethelred the Unready, Æthelred the Unready } Canute the Great, also known as Cnut in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, or Knut ( Old Norse: Knútr inn ríki, Norwegian

Gradually, the Danes in England came to be seen as 'English'. They had a noticeable impact on the English language: many English words, such as dream are of Old Norse origin,^[42] and place names that end in -thwaite and -by are Scandinavian in origin. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Old Norse is the North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age ^[43]

The unification of England

Further information: Danelaw, Treaty of Wedmore, Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum

Southern Great Britain in AD 600 after the Anglo-Saxon settlement, showing England's division into multiple petty kingdoms. The Danelaw, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (also known as the Danelagh; Old English: Dena lagu; Danish: The Peace of Wedmore is a term used by Historians for an event referred to by the monk Asser in his Life of Alfred outlining how in 878 the Viking leader The Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum is an agreement between Alfred of Wessex and Guthrum, the Viking ruler of East Anglia. A petty kingdom is an independent realm recognizing no suzerain and controlling only a portion of the territory held by a particular ethnic group or nation

The English population was not politically unified until the 10th century. Before then, it consisted of a number of petty kingdoms which gradually coalesced into a Heptarchy of seven powerful states, the most powerful of which were Mercia and Wessex. A petty kingdom is an independent realm recognizing no suzerain and controlling only a portion of the territory held by a particular ethnic group or nation Heptarchy ( Greek: seven + realm) is a collective name applied to the Anglo-Saxon ancient kingdoms of south east and central Mercia (ˈmɝsiə was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. West Saxon redirects here For other meanings of Wessex or West Saxon see Wessex (disambiguation. The English nation state began to form when the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms united against Danish Viking invasions, which began around 800 AD. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy Over the following century and a half England was for the most part a politically unified entity, and remained permanently so after 959.

The nation of England was formed in 937 by Athelstan of Wessex after the Battle of Brunanburh,^[44][45] as Wessex grew from a relatively small kingdom in the South West to become the founder of the Kingdom of the English, incorporating all Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and the Danelaw. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered West Saxon redirects here For other meanings of Wessex or West Saxon see Wessex (disambiguation. The Battle of Brunanburh was a West Saxon victory in 937 by the army of Athelstan, King of England, and his brother Edmund, For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south The Danelaw, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (also known as the Danelagh; Old English: Dena lagu; Danish: ^[46]

Normans and Angevins

King Harold II of England (right) at the Norman court, from the Bayeux Tapestry

Further information: Normans

The Norman Conquest of 1066 brought Anglo-Saxon and Danish rule of England to an end, as the new Norman elite almost universally replaced the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy and church leaders. Harold Godwinson, (c 1022 &ndash 14 October 1066 also known as Harold II, is widely regarded as the last Anglo-Saxon King of England before the The Bayeux Tapestry (Tapisserie de Bayeux is a 50 cm by 70 m (20 in by 230 ft long embroidered cloth which explains the events leading up to the 1066 Norman invasion of The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. After the conquest, the term "English people" normally included all natives of England, whether they were of Anglo-Saxon, Scandinavian or Celtic ancestry, to distinguish them from the Norman invaders, who were regarded as "French" even if born in England, for a generation or two after the Conquest. ^[47] The Norman dynasty ruled England for 87 years until the death of King Stephen in 1154, when the succession passed to Henry II, of the French House of Plantagenet, and England became part of the Angevin Empire until 1399. Stephen often referred to in history as Stephen of Blois (c 1096 &ndash 25 October, 1154) was the last Norman King of England The House of Plantagenet (planˈtadʒɪnɪt also called the House of Anjou, or the First Angevin dynasty, was originally a noble The term Angevin Empire describes a collection of states ruled by the Angevin Plantagenet dynasty

The Norman aristocracy used Anglo-Norman as the language of the court, law and administration. The Anglo-Norman language is a term traditionally used to refer to the variety of French used in England and to some extent elsewhere in the British Isles following the It continued to be used by the Plantagenet kings until Edward I came to the throne. ^[48] Over time the English language became more important even in the court, and the French were gradually assimilated into the English people, until, by the 14th Century, both rulers and subjects regarded themselves as English and spoke the English language. ^[49]

Despite the assimilation of the French, the distinction between 'English' and 'French' survived in official documents long after it had fallen out of common use, in particular in the legal phrase Presentment of Englishry (a rule by which a hundred had to prove an unidentified murdered body found on their soil to be that of an Englishman, rather than a Norman, if they wanted to avoid a fine). Englishry, or Englescherie, is a legal name given in the reign of William the Conqueror, to the presentment of the fact that a person slain was an Englishman This law was abolished in 1340. ^[50]

The English and Britain

Main articles: United Kingdom and English nationalism

Since the 16th century, England has been one part of a wider political entity covering all or part of the British Isles, which is today called the United Kingdom. The Flag of England is the St George's Cross. The red cross appeared as an emblem of England during the Middle Ages and the Crusades and The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally The Flag of Scotland is a white Saltire, a crux decussate (X-shaped cross representing the Cross of the Christian Martyr The Kingdom of Scotland ( Gaelic: Rìoghachd na h-Alba, Scots: Kinrick o Scotland) was a State in northwest Europe The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 Saint Patrick's Flag (Cros Phádraig is a flag of Ireland that features in the Flag of the United Kingdom. The Kingdom of Ireland (Ríocht na hÉireann was the name given to the Irish state from 1541 by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 of the Parliament of Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located English nationalism is the name given to a nationalist Political movement in England that desires National independence for England The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Wales was annexed by England by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, which incorporated Wales into the English state. Annexation ( Latin ad, to and nexus, joining is the legal incorporation of some territory into another geo-political entity (either adjacent or non-contiguous The Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 (Y Deddfau Uno 1535 a 1542 were a series of parliamentary measures by which the legal system of Wales was annexed to England and ^[51] A new British identity was subsequently developed when James VI of Scotland became James I of England as well and expressed the desire to be known as the monarch of Britain. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James ^[52] In 1707, England formed a union with Scotland by the passage of the Acts of Union 1707 in both the Scottish and English parliaments, creating the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Kingdom of Scotland ( Gaelic: Rìoghachd na h-Alba, Scots: Kinrick o Scotland) was a State in northwest Europe The Acts of Union were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into This article is about the pre-1707 parliament The article on the devolved legislative body established in 1999 is at Scottish Parliament. The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 In 1801 another Act of Union formed a union between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The phrase Act of Union 1800 (or sometimes Act of Union 1801) (Acht an Aontais 1800 is used to describe two complementary Acts whose official United Kingdom titles are The Kingdom of Ireland (Ríocht na hÉireann was the name given to the Irish state from 1541 by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 of the Parliament of Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 About two thirds of Irish population, (those who lived in 26 of the 34 counties of Ireland) left the United Kingdom in 1922 to form the Irish Free State, and the remainder became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann (1922&ndash1937 was the state established as a Dominion on 6 December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

Throughout the history of the UK, the English have been dominant in terms of population and political weight. As a consequence, notions of 'Englishness' and 'Britishness' are often very similar. At the same time, after the 1707 Union, the English, along with the other peoples of the British Isles, have been encouraged to think of themselves as British rather than identifying themselves by the smaller constituent nations. ^[53]

Later migrants

See also: Historical immigration to Great Britain, Immigration to the United Kingdom (1922-present day), Demographics of England, British Asian, Black British. Historical immigration to Great Britain concerns the inward movement of people cultural and Ethnic groups into Great Britain before 1922 when the Irish Since the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1922 there has been substantial Immigration from other parts of The world. This article discusses the demography of England. Due to the lack of authoritative contemporary sources estimates of the population of England for dates prior to British Asians are British citizens who are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka See also British African-Caribbean community, Caribbean British Black British is a term which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political

Although England has not been successfully conquered since the Norman conquest or extensively settled since prior to that, it has been the destination of varied numbers of migrants at different periods from the seventeenth century. While some members of these groups maintain a separate ethnic identity, others have assimilated and intermarried with the English. A region or society where several different groups are spontaneously assimilated is sometimes referred to as a Melting pot. Interracial marriage occurs when two people of differing racial groups marry, often creating Multiracial children Since Oliver Cromwell's resettlement of the Jews in 1656, there have been waves of Jewish immigration from persecution in Russia in the nineteenth century and from Germany in the twentieth. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known The Resettlement of the Jews in England was a historic commercial policy dealing with Jews in England in the 17th century and forms a prominent part of the PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ ^[54] After the French king Louis XIV declared Protestantism illegal in 1685 with the Edict of Fontainebleau, an estimated 50,000 Protestant Huguenots fled to England. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The Edict of Fontainebleau (October 1685 was an Edict issued by Louis XIV of France, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes of The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth ^[55] Due to sustained and sometimes mass emigration from Ireland, current estimates indicate that around 6 million people in the UK have at least one grandparent born in the Republic of Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. ^[56]

There has been a black presence in England since at least the 16th century due to the slave trade and an Indian presence since the mid 19th century because of the British Raj. The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British ^[57] Black and Asian proportions have grown in England as immigration from the British Empire and the subsequent Commonwealth of Nations was encouraged due to labour shortages during post-war rebuilding. See also British African-Caribbean community, Caribbean British Black British is a term which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political British Asians are British citizens who are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka ^[58] While one result of this immigration has been incidents of racial tension and/or hatred, such as the Brixton and Bradford riots, there has also been considerable intermarriage; the 2001 census recorded that 1. The article describes the state of Race relations and Racism in a number of countries. The Bradford Riots were a short but intense period of Rioting which began on July 7, 2001, in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England Interracial marriage occurs when two people of differing racial groups marry, often creating Multiracial children 31% of England's population call themselves "Mixed",^[59] and The Sunday Times reported in 2007 that mixed race people are likely to be the largest ethnic minority in the UK by 2020. The Sunday Times is a Sunday Broadsheet Newspaper distributed in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. The terms multiracial and mixed-race describe people whose ancestries come from different races. ^[60]

Resurgent English nationalism

The late 1990s saw a resurgence of English national identity, spurred by devolution in the 1990s of some powers to the Scottish Parliament, National Assembly for Wales, Northern Ireland Assembly and the Mayor of London and London Assembly. Devolution is the statutory granting of powers from the central government of a State to government at subnational level The Scottish Parliament ( Scottish Gaelic: Pàrlamaid na h-Alba; Scots: Scottish Pairlament) is the devlolved national unicameral The National Assembly for Wales (Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru is a devolved assembly with power to make legislation in Wales. The Northern Ireland Assembly ( Irish: Tionól Thuaisceart Éireann, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann Semmlie) is the devolved The Mayor of London is an elected politician who along with the London Assembly of 25 members is accountable for the strategic government of Greater London (see The London Assembly is an elected body part of the Greater London Authority, that scrutinises the activities of the Mayor of London and has the power with a two-thirds As England lacks its own devolved parliament, its laws are created only in the UK parliament, giving rise to the "West Lothian question", a hypothetical situation in which a law affecting only England could be voted for or against by a Scottish MP. The West Lothian Question was first posed on 14 November 1977 by Tam Dalyell, Labour Member of Parliament (MP for the Scottish constituency ^[61] Consequently, groups such as the Campaign for an English Parliament are calling for the creation of a devolved English Parliament, claiming that there is now a discriminative democratic deficit against the English. A devolved English Parliament, giving separate decision-making powers to representatives for voters in England similar to the representation given by the National Assembly A devolved English Parliament, giving separate decision-making powers to representatives for voters in England similar to the representation given by the National Assembly A rise in English self-consciousness has resulted, with increased use of the English flag. The Flag of England is the St George's Cross. The red cross appeared as an emblem of England during the Middle Ages and the Crusades and ^[62]

The English nationalist movement has had mixed results. When given a referendum on devolution in Northern England the electorate overwhelmingly rejected it. The Northern England devolution referendums were Referendums starting with the North East region of England, in the United Kingdom, ^[63] However, opinion polls show support for a devolved English parliament from about two thirds of the residents of England as well as support from both Welsh and Scottish nationalists. ^[64][65][66] Conversely, the English Democrats gained just 14,506 votes in the 2005 UK general election. The English Democrats Party ( EngDem) is an English Nationalist political party, committed to the formation of a devolved English Parliament Results of the United Kingdom general election 2005. Overall results See also United Kingdom general election 2005#Total seats for each party Speaker

Geographic distribution

Further information: English American, English Canadian, Anglo-African, English Australian, and New Zealand European

From the earliest times English people have left England to settle in other parts of the British Isles, but it is not possible to identify their numbers, as British censuses have historically not invited respondents to identify themselves as English. English Americans (occasionally known as Anglo -Americans although this may have a wider cultural meaning are Citizens of the United States whose ancestry English Canada|Canadians of English descentAn English Canadian is a Canadian whose principal language is English or who is of English ancestry; it is used Anglo-Africans are people of primarily Sub-Saharan Africa whose first language is English. English Australians are Australians of English descent, the largest Ethnic group in Australia after "Australian" (which contains an unknown The term New Zealand European refers to New Zealand residents of European descent who identify as New Zealand Europeans rather than some more specific European The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan ^[67] However, the census does record place of birth, revealing that 8. 08% of Scotland's population,^[68] 3. 66% of the population of Northern Ireland^[69] and 20% of the Welsh population were born in England. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of ^[70] Similarly, the census of the Republic of Ireland does not collect information on ethnicity, but it does record that there are over 200,000 people living in Ireland who were born in England and Wales. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. History The Roman occupation of Britain was the first period in which the area of present-day England and Wales was administered as a single unit (with the exception [3]

Map showing the population density of United States citizens who claim some English ancestry in the census. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Dark red and brown colours indicate a higher density: highest in the northeast as well as Utah and surrounding areas. (see also Maps of American ancestries). The ancestry of the people of the United States is widely varied and includes descendants of Populations from around the World, some presumably extinct

English emigrant and descent communities are found across the world, and in some places, settled in significant numbers. In the 2000 United States Census, 24,509,692 Americans described their ancestry as wholly or partly English. An ancestor is a Parent or ( recursively) the parent of an ancestor (i In addition, the 1,035,133 who recorded British ancestry and the 20,188,305 who simply called themselves 'American' doubtless contain many people with English ancestry. ^[71]

In the 2006 Canadian Census, 'English' was the commonest ancestry recorded by respondents; 5,202,890 people described themselves as wholly or partly English, 16% of the population. The Canada 2006 Census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population ^[72]

In Australia, the 2006 Australian Census recorded 6,298,945 people who described their ancestry as 'English'. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Australian census is administered by the Australian Bureau of Statistics every five years 1,425,559 of these people recorded that both their parents were born overseas.

Other countries with significant numbers of people of English ancestry or ethnic origin include South Africa and New Zealand. An ancestor is a Parent or ( recursively) the parent of an ancestor (i The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island

Since the 1980s there have been increasingly large numbers of English people, estimated at over 3 million, permanently or semi-permanently living in Spain and France, drawn there by the climate and cheaper house prices. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. ^{[73][74][75][76]}

Culture

Further information: Culture of England

The culture of England is sometimes difficult to separate clearly from the culture of the United Kingdom, so influential has English culture been on the cultures of the British Isles and, on the other hand, given the extent to which other cultures have influenced life in England. The culture of England is sometimes difficult to separate clearly from the cultures of its neighbouring countries and to understand how these cultures intermingled and influenced

See also

References

Bibliography

• Kate Fox (2004). Watching the English. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN-10 0340818867.  
• Krishan Kumar (2003). The Making of English National Identity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521777364.  
• Jeremy Paxman (1999). The English. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN-10 0140267239.  

External links

• The Steadfast Trust The Steadfast Trust is the first and only registered charity that undertakes work specifically on behalf of the Ethnic English community.
• Steadfast Online Steadfast - a journal for the English community.
• BBC Nations Articles on England and the English
• The British Isles Information on England
• Mercator's Atlas Map of England ("Anglia") circa 1564.
• Viking blood still flowing; BBC; 3 December 2001. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.
• UK 2001 Census showing 49,138,831 people from all ethnic groups living in England.
• Tory MP leads English protest over census; The Telegraph; 23 April 2001. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.
• On St. George's Day, What's Become Of England?; CNSNews. com; 23 April 2001. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.
• Watching the English — an anthropologist's look at the hidden rules of English behaviour.
• The True-Born Englishman, by Daniel Defoe. Daniel Defoe (1659/1661 — April 24, 1731 was an English Writer, Journalist, and Pamphleteer, who gained enduring fame for
• The Effect of 1066 on the English Language Geoff Boxell
• BBC "English and Welsh are races apart"
• New York Times, When English Eyes Are Smiling Article on the common English and Irish ethnicity
• Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration
• Origins of Britons - Brian Sykes