English folklore is the folk tradition which has developed in England over a number of centuries. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Some stories can be traced back to their roots, even predating the Roman invasion of Britain, while the origin of others is uncertain or disputed. This page refers to the conquest begun in AD 43 For other Roman invasions see Caesar's invasions of Britain and Carausian Revolt. England abounds with folklore, in all forms, from such obvious manifestations as the traditional Arthurian legends (which were originally strictly Britonic) and Robin Hood tales, to contemporary urban legends and facets of cryptozoology such as the Beast of Bodmin Moor. King Arthur is a legendary British leader who according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against the Saxon invaders Welsh mythology, the remnants of the Mythology of the pre Christian Britons, has come down to us in much altered form in medieval Welsh manuscripts Robin Hood is an archetypal figure in English folklore, whose story originates from medieval times but who remains significant in popular culture where An urban legend or urban myth is a form of modern Folklore consisting of stories thought to be factual by those circulating them Cryptozoology (from Greek κρυπτός kruptos, "hidden" + Zoology; literally "study of hidden animals" is the study of and search The Beast of Bodmin, like The Beast of Exmoor, is a phantom wild cat which ranges in Cornwall in the United Kingdom.
English folklore could be considered a brief look at the not well known mythology of the Anglo-Saxons, though it also has Welsh influences, perhaps evidence of a predominantly non-hostile Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain or it could be because of the Norman's replacement of a great deal of English legends with Britonic ones. Anglo-Saxon paganism refers to the Migration Period religion practiced by the English in 5th to 7th century England. Welsh mythology, the remnants of the Mythology of the pre Christian Britons, has come down to us in much altered form in medieval Welsh manuscripts See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands
Morris dance and related practices such as the Abbots Bromley Horn Dance preserve old English folk traditions, as do Mummers Plays. A morris dance is a form of English Folk dance usually accompanied by music The Abbots Bromley Horn Dance is an English Folk dance involving Antlers that takes place each year in Abbots Bromley, a small village in Staffordshire Pub names may preserve folk traditions. The names of public houses have a story behind them As many Public houses are centuries old many of their early customers were unable to read, and pictorial
Most folklore traditions are no longer widely believed. Whereas some traditions were once believed across the whole of England, most belong to specific regions:
Folklore of England
- Black dog
- Brownie
- Chime hours
- Corn dolly
- Cunning folk
- Drake's Drum
- Dwarves
- Elves
- Ettin
- English Country Dance
- Flibbertigibbet
- Green Man
- Hag Stone
- Lob
- May Queen
- Maypole dance
- Maypole
- Oak Apple Day
- Ogres (or Trolls)
- Parish Ale
- Petrifying well
- Robin Goodfellow is a troublesome elf or hobgoblin
- Saint Swithun - English weather lore
- Standing stones and chalk figures in the United Kingdom are the focus for folktales and beliefs. A black dog is a spectral being found primarily in the folklores of the British Isles. According to English folklore those born at certain hours could see Ghosts. Corn dollies are a form of Straw work made for and associated with Harvest customs of Europe before mechanisation In English history, the cunning man or cunning woman is a professional or semi-professional folk magic user up until the 20th century and to a lesser degree DWARF is a widely used standardized Debugging data format. DWARF was originally designed along with ELF, although it is independent of Object file An elf is a creature of Norse mythology. The elves were originally imagined as a race of minor nature and fertility gods, who are often pictured as youthful-seeming English Country Dance, sometimes abbreviated ECD is a form of Folk dance. Flibbertigibbet is an Old English word referring to a flighty or whimsical person usually a young female A Green Man is a Sculpture, Drawing, or other representation of a face surrounded by or made from leaves. Adder stone is a type of stone usually glassy with a naturally-occurring hole through it The lubber fiend, Lob, lubberkin, lurdane or Lob Lie-By-The-Fire was a Legendary creature of English folklore that was The May Queen or Queen of May is a term which has two distinct but related meanings as a mythical figure and as a holiday Personification. Maypole dancing is a form of Folk dance from Western Europe, especially England, Sweden and Germany, with two distinctive traditions The maypole is a tall wooden pole (traditionally of Maple ( Acer) hawthorn or Birch) sometimes erected with several long coloured Oak Apple Day was a holiday celebrated in England on 29 May to commemorate the restoration of the Monarchy in Great Britain and An ogre (feminine ogress) is a large cruel and hideous Humanoid Monster, featured in mythology folklore and fiction The Parish ale was a Festival in an English Parish at which Ale made and donated for the event was the chief drink A petrifying well is a well with the mythical ability to turn everyday objects into stone Puck is a mythological Fairy or mischievous Nature Spirit. Puck is also a generalised personification of land spirits Hobgoblin is a term typically applied in folktales to describe a friendly or amusing Goblin. Saint Swithun (or Swithin) (died 2 July, 862) was an early English Bishop of Winchester, now best known for the popular British Weather lore is the body of informal Folklore related to the Prediction of the Weather. Standing stones, orthostats, liths or more commonly Megaliths ' because of their large and cumbersome size are solitary stones set vertically in the A hill figure is a large visual representation created by cutting into a steep hillside and revealing the underlying geology
- Well dressing
- Wild Hunt
- Wyrms
Folklore of East Anglia
Folklore of London and the South East
Folklore of the Midlands
Folklore of Yorkshire and the North East
Folklore of the North West
Folklore of the South West
Folklore in song
English folklore in other media
English folklore crops up in books, films and comic books and these appearances include:
- Some of the characters such as Jenny Greenteeth, The Black Shuck and Black Annis have all made an appearance in comic 2000 AD, in the short story London Falling by Simon Spurrier and Lee Garbett. Well Dressing is a custom practised in rural England in which wells springs or other water sources are decorated with designs created from The Wild Hunt was a folk myth prevalent in former times across Northern Western and Central Europe WYRM (1110 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Religious music format Traditional tale The traditional children's tale is of two children abandoned in a wood who die and are covered with leaves by robins. Black Shuck or Old Shuck is the name given to a Ghostly black dog which is said to roam the Norfolk, Essex and Suffolk coastline For the 13th century Archbishop see St Edmund of Abingdon. Edmund the Martyr (841&ndash 20 November 869) was a Molly dancing is a form of English Morris dance, traditionally done by out of work ploughboys in midwinter in the 19th century A legendary king of Celtic Britain, about all that can be said about Old King Cole with any certainty is that Old King Cole was a merry Saint Helena (Flavia Iulia Helena Augusta also known as Saint Helen, Helena Augusta or Helena of Constantinople (c Caxton Gibbet is a small knoll on Ermine Street (now the A1198) in England, from London to Huntingdon, near its crossing with The Green Children of Woolpit were two strange children who reportedly appeared in the village of Woolpit in Suffolk, United Kingdom, in the 12th century Bevis of Hampton (Old French Beuve(s or Bueve or Beufves de Hanton(ne; Anglo-Norman Boeve de Haumtone; Italian Buovo d'Antona Bran the Blessed ( Welsh: Bendigeidfran, literally "Blessed Crow" is a giant and king of Britain in Welsh mythology. Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London Brutus ( Brut, Brute, Welsh Bryttys) a legendary descendant of the Trojan hero Aeneas, was known in medieval British legend London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The tradition of Gog and Magog ( Hebrew גוג ומגוג Arabic يأجوج و مأجوج begins in the Hebrew Bible with the reference to For London as a whole see the main article London. The City of London is a geographically In English mythology, Herne the Hunter is an equestrian Ghost associated with Windsor Forest and Great Park in the English Hoodening, also called Hodening, is an East Kent tradition vaguely related to Mumming and the Morris dance, and dating back at least to the mid-18th " London Bridge Is Falling Down " (Round 502 is a well-known traditional Nursery rhyme which is found in different versions all over the world Lud, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth 's legendary History of the Kings of Britain and related medieval texts was a king of Britain in pre- For London as a whole see the main article London. The City of London is a geographically The Mallard Song is an ancient tradition of All Souls College Oxford. The Legend of the Mistletoe Bough is a ghost story which has been associated with many Mansions and Stately homes in England. Oranges and Lemons is an English Nursery rhyme which refers to the bells of several churches all within or close to the City of London. The Rollright Stones is the name of a complex of Megalithic monuments near the village of Long Compton in England, lying across the border between the counties British English --> Spring Heeled Jack (also Springheel Jack, Spring-heel Jack, etc is a character from English folklore Swan Upping is an annual ceremonial and practical activity in England in which Mute swans on the River Thames are rounded up caught marked Saint Swithun (or Swithin) (died 2 July, 862) was an early English Bishop of Winchester, now best known for the popular British Weather lore is the body of informal Folklore related to the Prediction of the Weather. The Uffington White Horse is a highly stylised Prehistoric Hill figure, 374 feet (110 m long cut into the turf of the upper slopes of White Wayland (also spelled Weyland, Wieland, Weland, Welent and Watlende) is a smith of Germanic legend Black Annis is a Bogeyman figure in English folklore. She is imagined as a blue-faced crone or Witch with iron claws and a taste for human (especially Alkborough is a village of about 455 people in North Lincolnshire, England, located near the northern end of the cliff range of hills overlooking The term Border Morris refers to a collection of individual local dances from villages along the English side of the Wales - England border in the counties of Herefordshire Bottle-kicking is an old Leicestershire custom that takes place in the village of Hallaton each Easter Monday. The dun cow is a common motif in English folklore. " Dun " is a dull shade of brownish grey Saint Frideswide (c 650 – October 19, 735; Friðuswīþ also known as Fritheswithe, Frevisse, or simply Fris) was a Fulk FitzWarin (also called Fulke or Fouke FitzWaryn or FitzWarren was a medieval landed gentleman turned Outlaw, from Whittington Castle in the English Godiva (or Godgifu) (c 980-1067 was an Anglo-Saxon noblewoman who according to Legend, rode naked through the streets of Coventry Guy of Warwick is a legendary English hero of Romance popular in England and France from the 13th to the 17th century The Haxey Hood is a traditional event in at the village of Haxey in North Lincolnshire, England on the afternoon of January 6 or Twelfth The Lincoln Imp is the symbol of the City of Lincoln, the county town of Lincolnshire, England. The Major Oak is a huge Oak tree near the Village of Edwinstowe in the heart of Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire, England Robin Hood is an archetypal figure in English folklore, whose story originates from medieval times but who remains significant in popular culture where The Royal Shrovetide Football Match occurs annually on Shrove Tuesday and Ash Wednesday in the town of Ashbourne in Derbyshire, England Wise Men of Gotham, the early name given to the people of the village of Gotham Nottinghamshire, in allusion to their reputed simplicity Wrekin' redirects here for the borough see Telford and Wrekin. Yallery Brown is a mischievous Fairy -like nature spirit in an old Lincolnshire folk tale from England, which itself is usually named Tiddy Mun was a Bog Spirit worshipped in Lincolnshire, England which supposedly had the ability to control Floods. Barghest, Bargtjest, Bo-guest or Bargest is the name often given in the north of England, especially in Yorkshire, to a legendary The Ruins of Hylton Castle (in Sunderland, Northern England) are reputed to be Haunted by the Ghost of a Murdered stable For the Dungeons & Dragons deity see Saint Cuthbert (Dungeons & Dragons St Cuthbert of Lindisfarne (c The Devil's Arrows are three naturally-shaped stones or Menhirs in an alignment erected near where the A1 road now crosses the River Ure at Boroughbridge Dvergar or Norse dwarves ( Old Norse dvergar, sing dvergr) are highly significant entities in Norse mythology, who associate Jack-In-Irons is a giant of Yorkshire lore who haunts lonely roads Jenny Greenteeth is a figure in English folklore. A river Hag, similar to Peg Powler, she would pull children or the elderly into the water and drown Jingling Geordie's Hole is cave that has inspired a Legend in Tynemouth, England. The Laidly Worm of Spindleston Heugh also known as The Laidly Worm of Bamborough, is a Northumbrian folktale about a princess who is turned into a worm which means The Kilburn white horse,, is a hill figure formed in the hillside near the village of Kilburn, in North Yorkshire, England. Lambton Worm is a Legend from the North East of England. The story is one of the region's most famous pieces of Mythology, having been adapted from written The Long Sword dance is a hilt-and-point Sword dance recorded mainly in Yorkshire, England. My Own Self is an English Fairy tale collected by Joseph Jacobs. The Peg Powler is a Hag from English folklore with a green skin long hair and sharp teeth who is said to inhabit the River Tees. History The rapper sword tradition was traditionally performed in the mining villages of the Northumberland and Durham coalfield in North East England, A Red Cap or Redcap also known as a powrie or dunter, is a type of malevolent murderous Dwarf, Goblin, Elf or Robin Hood is an archetypal figure in English folklore, whose story originates from medieval times but who remains significant in popular culture where Ursula Southeil (c 1488 - 1561 (possibly Ursula Sonthiel better known as Mother Shipton, was an English Soothsayer and prophetess who The Wibbly Woo is a Legendary creature said to live in Peat bogs in the North Of England. Alderley Edge is a village and Civil parish in Cheshire, England. An Eachy is a name given to a species of Lake monster from a variety of locations in northern England and Scotland. Folklore of Lancashire is the Folklore of Lancashire which like all other counties of England, has historically had its own peculiar Superstitions Long Meg and Her Daughters, also known as Maughanby Circle is the name of a Bronze Age Stone circle near Penrith in the English county The Pendle witch trials of 1612 are among the most famous witch trials in English history and some of the best recorded of the 17th century The Wild Boar of Westmorland is a legend concerning Richard de Gilpin and the villagers and pilgrims visiting the ruins of the Holy Cross at Plumgarths, and the Chapel Held on 13 May each year the Abbotsbury Garland Day celebrations have taken place in the Dorset village of Abbotsbury since about the early 19th century The story of the Barber surgeon of Avebury is one that most visitors to the prehistoric site of Avebury Henge in the English county of Wiltshire will have Bladud or Blaiddyd was a mythical king of the Britons, for whose existence there is little historical evidence Bath is a city in Somerset in the south west of England It is situated west of London and south-east of Bristol. Bowerman's Nose is a stack of weathered Granite on Dartmoor, Devon, England The Cerne Abbas giant, also referred to as the Rude Man or the Rude Giant, is a Hill figure of a giant naked man on a hillside near the village of The Cooper's Hill Cheese Rolling and Wake is an annual event held in the month of May at Cooper's Hill,, near Cheltenham and Gloucester in the Childe's Tomb is located on the south-east edge of Foxtor Mires, c Corineus, in medieval British legend, was a prodigious warrior a fighter of giants and the Eponymous founder of Cornwall. Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar Dunstan (c909&ndash 19 May 988) was an Abbot of Glastonbury, a Bishop of Worcester, a Bishop of London, and an Glastonbury is a small town in Somerset, England, situated at a Dry point on the Somerset Levels, south of Bristol. Glastonbury Abbey, founded in the seventh century was a rich and powerful monastery in Glastonbury, Somerset, England. Hunky Punk is Somerset (in the West Country of England) Dialect for Grotesque carvings on the side of buildings (especially Jay's Grave (or Kitty Jay's Grave) is supposedly the last resting place of a suicide victim who is thought to have died in the late 18th century Lyonesse, Lyoness, or Lyonnesse is a country in Arthurian legend, birthplace of the knight Tristan. Padstow (Lannwedhenek is a small town its great Civil parish and cargo port on the north coast of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom Pixies (also Piskies and Pigsies as they are sometimes known in Cornwall) are mythical creatures of Folklore, considered to be particularly concentrated Reynardine is a traditional English Ballad; in versions most commonly sung and recorded today Reynardine is a werefox who attracts beautiful women to him See also Lycanthropy (disambiguation Werewolves, also known as lycanthropes, are mythological or folkloric humans with the ability to Dartmoor is an area of Moorland in the centre of Devon, England. The historical Jan Tregeagle was a Magistrate in the early 17th century a steward under the Duchy of Cornwall, and was known for being particularly harsh darker The Great Thunderstorm of Widecombe-in-the-Moor, Dartmoor, took place on Sunday 21 October 1638, when the church of St Pancras was Widecombe Fair takes place annually on the second Tuesday in September attracting thousands of visitors to the tiny Dartmoor Village of Widecombe-in-the-Moor Wookey Hole Caves is a show cave and tourist attraction in the village of Wookey Hole on the southern edge of the Mendip Hills near Wells in Somerset " Jack the Giant Killer " is a Fairy tale. As a variation on " The Brave Little Tailor " it shares some similarities to what is known today as " Galligantus, or Galligantua, was one of the giants in the Fable of Jack the Giant Killer. “Rabbit rabbit white rabbit” is a common Superstition, held particularly among children " And did those feet in ancient time " is a short Poem by William Blake from the preface to his epic Milton a Poem (1804 Green Grow The Rushes Ho (or O) (aka The Twelve Prophets, or The Carol Of The Twelve Numbers, or The Teaching Song, or "The Vicar of Bray" is a satirical song ( Roud # 4998 recounting the career of The Vicar of Bray and his contortions of principle in order The phrase Uncle Tom Cobley and all is used in British English as a humorous or whimsical way of saying Et al, often to express exasperation Jenny Greenteeth is a figure in English folklore. A river Hag, similar to Peg Powler, she would pull children or the elderly into the water and drown Black Shuck or Old Shuck is the name given to a Ghostly black dog which is said to roam the Norfolk, Essex and Suffolk coastline Black Annis is a Bogeyman figure in English folklore. She is imagined as a blue-faced crone or Witch with iron claws and a taste for human (especially London Falling is a strip in 2000 AD, created by comic book writer Simon Spurrier and Lee Garbett the artist Simon Spurrier is a British Comics Writer, who has previously worked as a cook a bookseller and an Art director for the BBC. Lee Garbett is a British Comic book Artist born in the West Midlands.
- Herne the Hunter and other references to English folklore and Arthurian legend can be found in Susan Cooper's books, The Dark Is Rising. In English mythology, Herne the Hunter is an equestrian Ghost associated with Windsor Forest and Great Park in the English King Arthur is a legendary British leader who according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against the Saxon invaders Susan Mary Cooper (born 23 May 1935) is a British Author best known for The Dark Is Rising, an award-winning five-volume The Dark Is Rising is the name of a five-book series of children's novels by Susan Cooper originally published in the 1960s and 1970s
- The name Springheel Jack is used in the Bathesda Softworks game Oblivion in a Thieves Guild Quest Line*
See also
Reference Books
- Hutton, Ronald, The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in England, 1999
- Opie, Iona, and Peter Opie, The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren, 1959
- Opie, Iona, and Peter Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, (2nd edn) 1997
- Opie, Iona, and Moira Tatem, A Dictionary of Superstitions, 1989
- Roud, Steve, The Penguin Guide to the Superstitions of Great Britain and Ireland, 2004
- Simpson, Jacqueline, and Steve Roud, A Dictionary of English Folklore, 2000
- Vickery, Roy, A Dictionary of Plant Lore, 1995
- Westwood, Jennifer, and Jacqueline Simpson, The Lore of the Land: A Guide to England's legends, 2005
External links
- Popular Rhymes and Nursery Tales (1849), by James Halliwell, a discussion on the origin of English folk tales and rhymes. " Merry England " sometimes archaised as " Merrie England " refers to a Utopian conception of English society and culture based on an Idyllic The Reverend Sabine Baring-Gould ( 28 January 1834 &ndash 2 January 1924) was an English Hagiographer, Antiquarian, novelist Cecil James Sharp (22 November 1859 – 23 June 1924 was the founding father of the folklore revival in England in the early twentieth century, and many A nursery rhyme is a traditional Song or Poem taught to young children originally in the nursery. "Once upon a time" is a Stock phrase that has been used in some form since at least 1380 (according to the Oxford English Dictionary) in Anglo-Saxon paganism refers to the Migration Period religion practiced by the English in 5th to 7th century England. Scottish mythology may refer to any of the mythologies of Scotland. The Matter of Britain is a name given collectively to the Legends that concern the Celtic and legendary History of Great Britain, especially those Peter Mason Opie (1918 &ndash 1982 and Iona Archibald Opie (born Iona Archibald, 1923 -) were a husband-and-wife team of Folklorists who applied modern
- Weather and Folk Lore of Peterborough and District, by Charles Dack, 1911, from Project Gutenberg
- Project-IONA a repository of folk tales from England and the islands of the North Atlantic
- Website of the Folklore Society (UK)
- Pretanic World - Folklore and Folkbeliefs
- Dartmoor Legends
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