The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored under King Charles II after the Interregnum that followed the English Civil War. The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. The designation King of Ireland (Rí na hÉireann and Queen (regnant of Ireland was used during three periods of Irish history. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The English Interregnum was the period of Parliamentary and Military rule in the land occupied by modern-day England and Wales after the The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The term Restoration may apply both to the actual event by which the monarchy was restored, and to the period immediately following the event.
The Protectorate, which had preceded the Restoration and followed the Commonwealth, might have continued if Oliver Cromwell's son Richard, who was made Lord Protector on his father's death, had been capable of carrying on his father's policies. In British history, the Protectorate was the period 1653&ndash1659 during which the Commonwealth of England Scotland and Ireland was governed by a Lord The Commonwealth of England was the Republican government which ruled first England (including Wales) and then Ireland and Scotland Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known Richard Cromwell ( 4 October 1626 &ndash 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and the second Lord Protector Lord Protector is a particular British title for Heads of State with two meanings (and full styles at different periods of history Richard Cromwell's main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the army. After seven months the army removed him and on 6 May 1659 it reinstalled the Rump Parliament. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. The Rump Parliament was the name of the English Parliament after Colonel Pride on December 6 1648 had purged Long Parliament of those Charles Fleetwood was appointed a member of the Committee of Safety and of the Council of State, and one of the seven commissioners for the army. Charles Fleetwood (died 4 October 1692) English Parliamentary soldier and politician third son of Sir Miles Fleetwood of The Committee of Safety, established by the Parliamentarians in July 1642, was the first of a number of successive committees set up to oversee the English Civil The English Council of State, later also know as the Protector's Privy Council, was first appointed by the Rump Parliament on 14 February 1649 On 9 June 1659 he was nominated lord-general (commander-in-chief) of the army. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits However, his power was undermined in Parliament, which chose to disregard the army's authority in a similar fashion to the post-First Civil War Parliament. The First English Civil War (1642–1646 was the first of three wars known as the English Civil War (or "Wars" The Commons on 12 October 1659, cashiered General John Lambert and other officers, and installed Fleetwood as chief of a military council under the authority of the Speaker of the House of Commons. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. John Lambert (Autumn 1619 - March 1684 served as an English Parliamentary general in the English Civil War. The next day Lambert ordered that the doors of the House be shut and the members kept out. On 26 October a "Committee of Safety" was appointed, of which Fleetwood and Lambert were members. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Lambert was appointed major-general of all the forces in England and Scotland, Fleetwood being general. Lambert was now sent, by the Committee of Safety, with a large force to meet George Monck, who was in command of the English forces in Scotland, and either negotiate with him or force him to come to terms. George Monck 1st Duke of Albemarle, KG ( 6 December 1608 &ndash 3 January 1670) was an English soldier and politician
It was into this atmosphere that Monck, the governor of Scotland under the Cromwells, marched south with his army from Scotland. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Lambert's army began to desert him, and he returned to London almost alone. Monck marched to London unopposed. The Presbyterian members, excluded in Pride's Purge of 1648, were recalled and on 24 December the army restored the Long Parliament. Pride’s Purge took place in December 1648 when troops under the command of Colonel Thomas Pride forcibly removed from the House of Commons all those who were not Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes The Long Parliament is the name of the English Parliament called by Charles I, on 3 November 1640, following the Bishops' Wars. Fleetwood was deprived of his command and ordered to appear before Parliament to answer for his conduct. Lambert was sent to the Tower of London on 3 March 1660, from which he escaped a month later. Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Lambert tried to rekindle the civil war in favour of the Commonwealth by issuing a proclamation calling on all supporters of the "Good Old Cause" to rally on the battlefield of Edgehill. The Commonwealth of England was the Republican government which ruled first England (including Wales) and then Ireland and Scotland The Good Old Cause was the name given by the soldiers of the New Model Army for the reasons they fought for the Parliament of England against King Charles I But he was recaptured by Colonel Richard Ingoldsby, a participant in the regicide of Charles I who hoped to win a pardon by handing Lambert over to the new regime. Colonel Sir Richard Ingoldsby (1617&ndash1685 was an officer in the New Model Army and as a Commissioner (Judge at the trial of King Charles I, signed the king's The broad definition of regicide is the deliberate killing of a Monarch, or the person responsible for it Lambert was incarcerated and died in custody on Drake's Island in 1684; Ingoldsby was pardoned. Drake's Island is a 65 Acre (26 ha island lying in Plymouth Sound, the stretch of water south of the city of Plymouth, Devon, England
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Restoration of Charles II
On April 4, 1660, Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda, which made known the conditions of his acceptance of the crown of England. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. There are also two contemporary treaties known as the Treaty of Breda. Monck organised the Convention Parliament, which met for the first time on April 25. The term Convention Parliament has been applied to three different English Parliaments of 1399 1660 and 1689 Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. On May 8 it proclaimed that King Charles II had been the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I in January 1649. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. [1] Charles returned from exile, leaving The Hague on May 23 and landing at Dover on May 25. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Dover is a town and major ferry port in the county of Kent, England. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. [2] He entered London on May 29, his birthday. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the To celebrate "his Majesty's Return to his Parliament" May 29 was made a public holiday, popularly known as Oak Apple Day. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Oak Apple Day was a holiday celebrated in England on 29 May to commemorate the restoration of the Monarchy in Great Britain and [3] He was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at [2]
The Cavalier Parliament convened for the first time on May 8, 1661, and it would endure for over 17 years until its dissolution on January 24, 1679. The Cavalier Parliament of England lasted from May 8, 1661 until January 24, 1679. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Like its predecessor, it was overwhelmingly Royalist and is also known as the Pensionary Parliament for the many pensions it granted to adherents of the King. Cavalier was the name used by Parliamentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War ( 1642 &ndash 1651
Many Royalist exiles returned and were rewarded. Prince Rupert of the Rhine returned to the service of England, became a member of the privy council, and was provided with an annuity. Rupert Count Palatine of the Rhine Duke of Bavaria (German Ruprecht Pfalzgraf bei Rhein Herzog von Bayern) commonly called Prince Rupert of the Rhine, (17 A privy council is a body that advises the Head of state of a nation on how to exercise their executive authority, typically but not always in the context of a George Goring, 1st Earl of Norwich, returned to be the Captain of the King's guard and received a pension. George Goring 1st Earl of Norwich ( 28 April, 1585 &ndash 6 January, 1663) was an English soldier Marmaduke Langdale returned and was made "Baron Langdale. Marmaduke Langdale (1598 at Pighall &ndash August 5, 1661 at Holme-on-Spalding-Moor) was married to Ann Howard a granddaughter of Baron Langdale was a title created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom on 4 February 1658 by Charles II of England, awarded to a prominent " William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, returned and was able to regain the greater part of his estates, was invested in 1661 with the Order of the Garter (which had been bestowed upon him in 1650), and was advanced to a dukedom on 16 March 1665. William Cavendish 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne KG KB PC (6 December 1592 &ndash 25 December 1676 was an English Polymath and The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an Order of chivalry, or Knighthood, originating in Medieval England, and presently bestowed on recipients Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king
Regicides and rebels
The Indemnity and Oblivion Act, which became law on 29 August 1660, pardoned all past treason against the crown, but specifically excluded those involved in the trial and execution of Charles I. The Indemnity and Oblivion Act is an Act of the Parliament of England (16 Cha Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Regicides of Charles I are considered to be the fifty-nine Commissioners (Judges who sat in judgement at the trial of King Charles I of England and signed his death Thirty-one of the fifty-nine Commissioners who had signed the death warrant were living.
In the ensuing trials, twelve were condemned to death, the full penalty for Fifth Monarchy Men. The Fifth Monarchists or Fifth Monarchy Men were active from 1649 to 1661 during the Interregnum, following the English Civil Wars of the 17th century Thomas Harrison was the first person found guilty of the regicide, the seventeenth of fifty-nine commissioners (Judges) to sign the death warrant in 1649. Regicides of Charles I are considered to be the fifty-nine Commissioners (Judges who sat in judgement at the trial of King Charles I of England and signed his death He was the first regicide to be hanged, drawn and quartered because he was considered by the new government to still represent a real threat to the re-established order. To be hanged drawn and quartered was the penalty once ordained in England for the crime of High treason.
In October 1660, at Charing Cross or Tyburn, London, ten were publicly hanged, drawn and quartered: Thomas Harrison, John Jones, Adrian Scroope, John Carew, Thomas Scot, and Gregory Clement, who had signed the King's death warrant; the preacher Hugh Peters; Francis Hacker and Daniel Axtel, who commanded the guards at the King's trial and execution; and John Cooke, the solicitor who directed the prosecution. Charing Cross is located at the junction of the Strand, Whitehall and Cockspur Street in Central London, England. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. To be hanged drawn and quartered was the penalty once ordained in England for the crime of High treason. Thomas Harrison (1606&ndash October 13, 1660) was a Puritan soldier and later a leader of the Fifth Monarchists. There have been several notable people named John Jones. In many cases this combination of first and last name comes from the Welsh tradition of naming sons after their fathers Colonel Adrian Scrope (c 1601 - 17 October 1660) was the twenty seventh of the fifty nine Commissioners who signed the Death Warrant John Alieu Carew (born September 5, 1979 in Lørenskog, Akershus) is a Norwegian footballer partly of Gambian descent who Thomas Scot (died 17 October 1660) was an English Member of Parliament and one of the Regicides of King Charles I. Gregory Clement (1594&ndash1660 was an English Member of Parliament (MP and one of the Regicides of King Charles I. Hugh Peters '''Peter''' (June 1598 - October 16, 1660) English preacher was the son of Thomas Dyckwoode alias Peters descended from a family Francis Hacker was an English soldier and one of the Regicides of King Charles I of England. Colonel Daniel Axtell (1622-1660 was Captain of the Parliamentary Guard at the trial of King Charles I at Westminster Hall in 1649 John Cooke (1608&thinsp&ndash&thinsp16 October 1660) (sometimes spelt John Cook) was the first
On January 6, 1661, 50 Fifth Monarchy Men, headed by a wine-cooper named Thomas Venner, made an effort to attain possession of London in the name of "King Jesus. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Thomas Venner (died 19 January 1661) was a cooper who became the last leader of the Fifth Monarchy Men, who tried unsuccessfully to overthrow " Most of the 50 were either killed or taken prisoner, and on January 19 and 21, Venner and 10 others were hanged, drawn and quartered for high treason. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation.
John Okey, one of the regicides who signed the death warrant of Charles I, was brought back from Holland along with Miles Corbet, friend and lawyer to Cromwell and John Barkstead, former constable of the Tower of London. John Okey (1606&ndash1662 was an English soldier Member of Parliament, and one of the Regicides of King Charles I. Miles Corbet (1595 &ndash 1662 was a politician and Regicide. John Barkstead (d1662 was an English Major-General and Regicide. Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London They were all imprisoned in the Tower. From there they were taken to Tyburn to be hanged, drawn, and quartered. To be hanged drawn and quartered was the penalty once ordained in England for the crime of High treason. A further 19 were imprisoned for life.
Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton, Judge Thomas Pride, and Judge John Bradshaw were posthumously attainted for high treason. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known Henry Ireton ( 1611 - November 26, 1651) was an English general in the army of Parliament during the English Civil War Thomas Pride (died October 23, 1658) was a parliamentarian general in the English Civil War, and best known as the instigator of " Pride's John Bradshaw may refer to John Bradshaw (judge (1602-1659 British judge John Bradshaw (author (born 1933 American educator Because Parliament is a court, and the highest in the land, a bill of attainder is a legislative act declaring a person guilty of treason or felony rather than using a regular judicial process of trial and conviction. In English Criminal law, attainder or attinctura is the metaphorical 'stain' or 'corruption of blood' which arises from being condemned for a serious Capital In January 1661, the corpses of Cromwell, Ireton and Bradshaw were exhumed and hung in chains at Tyburn.
Restoration Britain
Theatres reopened after having been closed during the protectorship of Oliver Cromwell, Puritanism lost its momentum, and the bawdy 'Restoration comedy' became a recognizable genre. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, Restoration comedy is the name given to English comedies written and performed in the Restoration period from 1660 to 1710 In addition, women were allowed to perform on stage for the first time.
The republican new nobility
The Commonwealth's written constitutions gave to the Lord Protector the King's power to grant titles of honour. Cromwell created over thirty new knights. Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. These were all declared invalid upon the Restoration of Charles II. Many were regranted by the restored King, but being non-hereditary, these titles have long since become extinct.
Of the twelve Cromwellian baronetcies, Charles II regranted half of them. A baronet (traditional abbreviation Bart, modern abbreviation Bt) or the rare female equivalent a baronetess (abbreviation Btss) is the holder Only two now continue: Sir George Howland Francis Beaumont, 12th baronet, and Sir Richard Thomas Williams-Bulkeley, 14th baronet, are the direct successors of Sir Thomas Beaumont and Sir Griffith Williams.
Edmund Dunch was created Baron Burnell of East Wittenham in April 1658, but it was not regranted. Baron is a specific Title of nobility. The word baron comes from Old French baron, itself from Old High German and Latin (liber The male line failed in 1719 with the death of his grandson, also Edmund Dunch, so no one can lay claim to the title. Edmund Dunch (or Dunche) ( 14 December 1657 Westminster &ndash 31 May 1719 Little Wittenham) was Master
The one hereditary viscountcy Cromwell created (making Charles Howard Viscount Howard of Morpeth and Baron Gilsland) continues to this day. A viscount ( VAI-count is a member of the European Nobility whose comital title ranks usually as in the British peerage, above a In April 1661 Howard was created Earl of Carlisle, Viscount Howard of Morpeth, and Baron Dacre of Gillesland. Earl of Carlisle is a title that has been created three times in the Peerage of England. The present Earl is a direct descendant of this Cromwellian creation and Restoration recreation.
Notes and references
See also
- Restoration comedy
- Restoration literature
- Royal Society
- Restoration spectacular
- Restoration style
- Restoration, the film of Rose Tremain's novel
- Samuel Pepys, whose diary is one of the primary historical sources for this period
- 17th century Britain
External links
- http://www.debretts.co.uk/royal_connections/sovereigns_england_17_century.html
- Review of 'Revolution and Counter-Revolution in England, Ireland and Scotland 1658-60', by Brian Manning
- Chapter V. The Stewart Restoration By Sir Charles Harding Firth
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