The English Civil War (1642-1649) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. " Roundheads " was the Nickname given to the Puritan supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. Cavalier was the name used by Parliamentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War ( 1642 &ndash 1651 The first (1642–1646) and second (1648–1649) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The First English Civil War (1642–1646 was the first of three wars known as the English Civil War (or "Wars" A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. The Long Parliament is the name of the English Parliament called by Charles I, on 3 November 1640, following the Bishops' Wars. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The Rump Parliament was the name of the English Parliament after Colonel Pride on December 6 1648 had purged Long Parliament of those The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. The Battle of Worcester took place on 3 September 1651 at Worcester England and was the final battle of the English Civil War. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius
The Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son Charles II, and replacement of English monarchy with first, the Commonwealth of England (1649–1653), and then with a Protectorate (1653–1659), under Oliver Cromwell's personal rule. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Charles II may refer to Charles the Bald (823 &ndash 877 king of the West Franks and Holy Roman Emperor Charles II of Naples (1248 The Commonwealth of England was the Republican government which ruled first England (including Wales) and then Ireland and Scotland In British history, the Protectorate was the period 1653&ndash1659 during which the Commonwealth of England Scotland and Ireland was governed by a Lord Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The Protestant Ascendancy is a convenient phrase used when referring to the political economic and social domination of the former Kingdom of Ireland by a minority of great Constitutionally, the wars established the precedent that a British monarch can not govern without Parliament's consent, although this concept was established only with the Glorious Revolution later in the century. The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland in 1688 by a union
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| Prehistoric Britain | (before AD 43) |
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| Roman Britain | (43–410) |
| Anglo-Saxon England | (410–1066) |
| Anglo-Normans |  (1066–1154) |
| House of Plantagenet |  (1154–1485) |
| House of Lancaster |  (1399–1471) |
| House of York |  (1461–1485) |
| House of Tudor |  (1485–1603) |
| House of Stuart |  (1603–1707) |
| Kingdom of Great Britain |  (1707–1800) |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |
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| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
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Terminology
The term English Civil War appears most commonly in the singular form, although historians often divide the conflict into two or three separate wars. The history of England is similar to the history of Britain until the arrival of the Saxons Prehistoric Britain was a period in the human occupation of Great Britain that was the later part of Prehistory, conventionally ending with the Roman invasion Year 43 was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 Year 43 was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Events By place Western Roman Empire Alaric I deposes Priscus Attalus as Emperor. The History of Anglo-Saxon England covers the history of Early medieval England from the end of Roman Britain and the establishment of Anglo-Saxon Events By place Western Roman Empire Alaric I deposes Priscus Attalus as Emperor. The Anglo-Normans were mainly the descendants of the Normans who ruled England following the conquest by William of Normandy in 1066, although The House of Plantagenet (planˈtadʒɪnɪt also called the House of Anjou, or the First Angevin dynasty, was originally a noble The House of Lancaster was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. The House of York was a branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet, three of whom became English kings in the late 15th century The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor was an English royal Dynasty that lasted 118 years from 1485 to 1603 a period known as the Tudor period The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Year 1707 ( MDCCVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 Year 1707 ( MDCCVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year -of the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar until Friday, but 12 days ahead since Saturday. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The present is the Time that is perceived directly not as a recollection or a speculation Although the term describes events as impinging on England, from the outset the conflicts involved wars with and civil wars within both Scotland and Ireland; see Wars of the Three Kingdoms for an overview. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The Wars of the Three Kingdoms (sometimes known as the Wars of the Three Nations) formed an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in Scotland,
Unlike other civil wars in England, which focused on who ruled, this war also concerned itself with the manner of governing Britain and Ireland. Several military conflicts are considered English civil wars: The Anarchy ( 1135 &ndash 1154) See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Historians sometimes refer to the English Civil War as the English Revolution and works such as the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica call it the Great Rebellion. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica Marxist historians such as Christopher Hill (1912–2003) have long favoured the term English Revolution. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. John Edward Christopher Hill, usually known simply as Christopher Hill, February 6, 1912 &ndash February 23, 2003 was an English The term " English Revolution " refers to the period of the English Civil Wars and Commonwealth period 1640-1660 in which Parliament challenged King Charles
Background
The King's Rule
War broke out less than forty years after the death of the popular Elizabeth I in 1603. At the accession of Charles I in 1625, England and Scotland had both experienced relative peace, both internally and in their relations with each other, for as long as anyone could remember. Charles hoped to unite the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland into a new single kingdom, fulfilling the dream of his father, James I of England (James VI of Scotland). James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James Many English Parliamentarians had suspicions regarding such a move, because they feared that setting up a new kingdom might destroy the old English traditions which had bound the English monarchy. As Charles shared his father's position on the power of the crown (James had described kings as "little Gods on Earth", chosen by God to rule in accordance with the doctrine of the "Divine Right of Kings"), the suspicions of the Parliamentarians had some justification. The Divine Right of Kings is a general term that refers to the philosophy and ideas used to justify the authority and legitimacy of Monarchs in Medieval and
Although pious and with little personal ambition, Charles expected outright loyalty in return for "just rule". He considered any questioning of his orders as, at best, insulting. This trait, and a series of events, each seemingly minor on their own, led to a serious break between Charles and his English Parliament, and eventually to war. The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England.
Parliament in the English constitutional framework
Before the fighting, the Parliament of England did not have a large permanent role in the English system of government, instead as a temporary advisory committee — summoned by the monarch whenever the Crown required additional tax revenue, and subject to dissolution by the monarch at any time. The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. Because responsibility for collecting taxes lay in the hands of the gentry, the English kings needed the help of that stratum of society in order to ensure the smooth collection of that revenue. Gentry generally refers to people of high Social class, especially in the past If the gentry refused to collect the King's taxes, the Crown would lack any practical means with which to compel them. Parliaments allowed representatives of the gentry to meet, confer and send policy-proposals to the monarch in the form of Bills. These representatives did not, however, have any means of forcing their will upon the king — except by withholding the financial means required to execute his plans.
Parliamentary concerns and the Petition of Right
One of the first events to cause concern about Charles I came with his marriage to a French Roman Catholic princess, Henrietta-Marie de Bourbon. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Henrietta Maria ( 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was Princess of France and Queen Consort of England, Scotland The marriage occurred in 1625, right after Charles came to the throne. Charles' marriage raised the possibility that his children, including the heir to the throne, could grow up as Catholics, a frightening prospect to Protestant England.
Charles also wanted to take part in the conflicts underway in Europe, then immersed in the Thirty Years' War (1618 - 1648). For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. As ever, foreign wars required heavy expenditure, and the Crown could raise the necessary taxes only with Parliamentary consent (as described above). Charles experienced even more financial difficulty when his first Parliament refused to follow the tradition of giving him the right to collect customs duties for his entire reign, deciding instead to grant it for only a year at a time.
Charles, meanwhile, pressed ahead with his European wars, deciding to send an expeditionary force to relieve the French Huguenots whom Royal French forces held besieged in La Rochelle. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth La Rochelle is a city in western France, and a Seaport on the Bay of Biscay, a part of the Atlantic Ocean. The royal favourite, George Villiers, the Duke of Buckingham, secured the command of the English force. George Villiers 1st Duke of Buckingham ( 28 August 1592 &ndash 23 August 1628) (surname ˈvɪlɚz ("villers" was the Favourite Unfortunately for Charles and Buckingham, the relief expedition proved a fiasco (1627), and Parliament, already hostile to Buckingham for his monopoly on royal patronage, opened impeachment proceedings against him. Patronage is the support encouragement privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization Impeachment is the first of two stages in a specific process for a legislative body to forcibly remove a Government official Charles responded by dissolving Parliament. This move, while saving Buckingham, reinforced the impression that Charles wanted to avoid Parliamentary scrutiny of his ministers.
Having dissolved Parliament, and unable to raise money without it, the king assembled a new one in 1628. (The elected members included Oliver Cromwell. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known ) The new Parliament drew up the Petition of Right, and Charles accepted it as a concession in order to get his subsidy. The Petition of Right 1628 was produced by the English Parliament in the run-up to the English Civil War. Amongst other things, the Petition referred to the Magna Carta. Magna Carta ( Latin for Great Charter, literally " Great Paper " also called Magna Carta Libertatum ( Great Charter of Freedoms
The Personal Rule and the rebellion in Scotland
Charles I avoided calling a Parliament for the next decade, known as the "Eleven Years' Tyranny" or "Charles's Personal Rule". The Personal Rule (also known as the Eleven Years Tyranny) was the period from 1629 to 1640, when King Charles I of England,
During this period , Charles's lack of money determined policies. Unable to raise revenue through Parliament — reluctant to convene it — he resorted to other means. Thus, not observing often long-outdated conventions became, in some cases, a finable offence (for example, a failure to attend and to receive knighthood at Charles's coronation), with the fine paid to the Crown. Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. He tried to raise revenue through the ship money tax, by exploiting a naval war-scare in 1635, demanding that the inland English counties pay the tax for the Royal Navy. Ship money was a Tax, the levy of which by Charles I of England without the consent of Parliament was one of the causes of the English Civil War The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Established law supported this policy, but authorities had ignored it for centuries, many regarded it as yet another extra-Parliamentary (and therefore illegal) tax. Some prominent men refused to pay ship money arguing that the tax was illegal, but they lost in court and the fines imposed on them for refusing to pay ship money (and for standing against the tax's legality) aroused widespread indignation.
During the "Personal Rule," Charles aroused most antagonism through his religious measures: he believed in High Anglicanism, a sacramental version of the Church of England, theologically based upon Arminianism, a creed shared with his main political advisor, Archbishop William Laud. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Arminianism is a school of soteriological thought within Protestant Christianity based on the theological ideas of the Dutch Archbishop William Laud (7 October 1573 - 10 January 1645 was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645 In 1633, Charles appointed Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury and started making the Church more ceremonial, replacing the wooden communion tables with stone altars. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the The Mass is the Eucharistic celebration in the Latin liturgical rites of the Roman Catholic Church. Puritans accused Laud of reintroducing Catholicism; when they complained, he had them arrested. As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described In 1637 John Bastwick, Henry Burton, and William Prynne had their ears cut off for writing pamphlets attacking Laud's views — a rare penalty for gentlemen, and one that aroused anger. John Bastwick was born in Essex in 1593 When he finished his education at Emmanuel College Cambridge, he took a medical degree at Padua. Henry Burton may refer to Henry Burton (puritan (1578-1648 English Puritan Henry Burton (Conservative politician (1876&ndash1947 William Prynne (1600 &ndash 24 October 1669) was a seventeenth-century English author polemicist and political figure The term gentleman (from Latin gentilis, belonging to a race or "gens" and "man" Cognate with the French word gentilhomme Moreover, the Church authorities revived the statutes passed in time of Elizabeth I about church attendance, and fined Puritans for not attending Anglican church services.
The end of Charles's independent governance came when he attempted to apply the same religious policies in Scotland. The Church of Scotland, reluctantly Episcopal in structure, had independent traditions. The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland. Charles, however, wanted one, uniform Church throughout Britain, and introduced a new, High Anglican, version of the English Book of Common Prayer to Scotland in summer of 1637. The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion. This was violently resisted; a riot broke out in Edinburgh, which may have been started in a church by Jenny Geddes; and, in February of 1638, the Scots formulated their objections to royal policy in the National Covenant. Jenny Geddes (c 1600 &ndash c 1660 was a Scottish market-trader in Edinburgh, who is alleged to have thrown her stool at the head of the minister in The Covenanters formed an important movement in the religion and politics of Scotland in the 17th century This document took the form of a "loyal protest", rejecting all innovations not first having been tested by free parliaments and General Assemblies of the Church.
Before long, King Charles withdrew his prayer book, and summoned a General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, in Glasgow, in November of 1638. The General Assembly, affected by the contemporary radical mood, rejected the Prayer Book, then drastically declared unlawful the office of bishop. Charles demanded the acts of the Assembly be withdrawn; the Scots refused; both sides began raising armies.
In spring of 1639, King Charles I accompanied his forces to the Scottish border, to end the rebellion known as the Bishops War, but, after an inconclusive military campaign, he accepted the offered Scottish truce — the Pacification of Berwick. The Treaty of Berwick (also known as the Peace of Berwick or the Pacification of Berwick) was signed on June 18, 1639 between England The truce proved temporary; a second war followed in summer of 1640. This time, a Scots army defeated Charles's forces in the north, then captured Newcastle. Newcastle upon Tyne ( (often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and Metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, England Charles eventually agreed not to interfere with Scotland's religion, and paid the Scots war-expenses.
Recall of the English Parliament
Charles needed to suppress the rebellion in Scotland. He had insufficient funds, however, and had perforce to seek money from a newly-elected English Parliament in 1640. The Short Parliament ( 13 April - 5 May 1640) of King Charles I is so called because it lasted only three weeks The majority faction in the new Parliament, led by John Pym, took this appeal for money as an opportunity to discuss grievances against the Crown, and opposed the idea of an English invasion of Scotland. John Pym (1584 &ndash December 8, 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of Charles took exception to this lèse-majesté (offence against the ruler) and dissolved the Parliament after only a few weeks; hence the name "the Short Parliament". Lèse majesté ( French expression from the Latin Laesa maiestas or Laesae maiestatis (crimen, (crime of injury to the Majesty in English The Short Parliament ( 13 April - 5 May 1640) of King Charles I is so called because it lasted only three weeks
Without Parliament's support, Charles attacked Scotland again, breaking the truce at Berwick, and suffered a comprehensive defeat. The Scots then seized the opportunity and invaded England, occupying Northumberland and Durham. Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west Durham (ˈdʌrəm in RP, locally ˈdʏrəm is a small city and main settlement of the City of Durham district of County Durham, England
Meanwhile, another of Charles' chief advisers, Thomas Wentworth, 1st Viscount Wentworth, had risen to the role of Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1632 and brought in much-needed revenue for Charles by persuading the Irish Catholic gentry to pay new taxes in return for promised religious concessions. Thomas Wentworth 1st Earl of Strafford ( April 13, 1593 &ndash May 12, 1641) was an English statesman and a major figure in
In 1639 Charles recalled Wentworth to England, and in 1640 made him Earl of Strafford, attempting to have him work his magic again in Scotland. This time he proved less successful, and the English forces fled the field in their second encounter with the Scots in 1640. Almost the entirety of Northern England was occupied, and Charles was forced to pay £850 per day to keep the Scots from advancing. If he did not, they would "take" the money by pillaging and burning the cities and towns of Northern England.
All this put Charles in a desperate financial position. As King of Scots, he had to find money to pay the Scottish army in England; as King of England, to find money to pay and equip an English army to defend England. His means of raising English revenue without and English Parliament fell critically short of achieving this. Against this backdrop, and according to advice from the Magnum Concilium (the House of Lords, but without the Commons, so not a Parliament), Charles finally bowed to pressure and summoned another English Parliament in November 1640. The Magnum Concilium, or Great Council was established in the reign of the Normans (William Norman The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords" The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords
The Long Parliament
The new Parliament proved even more hostile to Charles than its predecessor. The Long Parliament is the name of the English Parliament called by Charles I, on 3 November 1640, following the Bishops' Wars. It immediately began to discuss grievances against Charles and his Government, and with Pym and Hampden (of ship money fame) in the lead, took the opportunity presented by the King's troubles to force various reforming measures upon him. John Hampden (c 1595 &ndash 1643 was an English politician the eldest son of William Hampden of Hampden House, Great Hampden in Buckinghamshire Ship money was a Tax, the levy of which by Charles I of England without the consent of Parliament was one of the causes of the English Civil War The legislators passed a law which stated that a new Parliament should convene at least once every three years — without the King's summons, if necessary. Other laws passed by the Parliament made it illegal for the king to impose taxes without Parliamentary consent, and later, gave Parliament control over the king's ministers. Finally, the Parliament passed a law forbidding the King to dissolve it without its consent, even if the three years were up. Ever since, this Parliament has been known as the "Long Parliament". However, Parliament did attempt to avert conflict by requiring all adults to sign the Protestation, an oath of allegiance to Charles. The Protestation was an attempt to avert the English Civil War.
In early 1641 Parliament had Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, arrested and sent to the Tower of London on a charge of treason. Thomas Wentworth 1st Earl of Strafford ( April 13, 1593 &ndash May 12, 1641) was an English statesman and a major figure in Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. John Pym claimed that Wentworth's statements of readiness to campaign against "the kingdom" aimed in fact at England itself. Unable to prove the case in court, the House of Commons, led by Pym and Henry Vane, resorted to a Bill of Attainder. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords A bill of attainder (also known as an act or writ of Attainder) is an act of Legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of Unlike a guilty finding in a court case, attainder did not require a legal burden of proof, but it did require the king's approval. The granting of Royal Assent is the formal method by which a constitutional monarch completes the legislative process of Lawmaking by formally assenting to an Charles, still incensed over the Commons' handling of Buckingham, refused. Wentworth himself, hoping to head off the war he saw looming, wrote to the king and asked him to reconsider. Wentworth's execution took place in May, 1641. [1]
Instead of saving the country from war, Wentworth's sacrifice in fact doomed it to one. Within months, the Irish Catholics, fearing a resurgence of Protestant power, struck first, and all Ireland soon descended into chaos. The Irish Rebellion of 1641 began as an attempted Coup d'état by Irish Catholic gentry but developed into inter communal violence between native Rumours circulated that the King supported the Irish, and Puritan members of the Commons soon started murmuring that this exemplified the fate that Charles had in store for all of them.
In early January 1642, accompanied by 400 soldiers, Charles attempted to arrest five members of the House of Commons on a charge of treason. This attempt failed. When the troops marched into Parliament, Charles inquired of William Lenthall, the Speaker, as to the whereabouts of the five. William Lenthall (1591 – 9 November 1662) was an English Politician of the Civil War period Speaker of the House Lenthall replied "May it please your Majesty, I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as the House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am here. " In other words, the Speaker proclaimed himself a servant of Parliament, rather than of the King.
Local grievances
In the summer of 1642 these national troubles helped to polarize opinion, ending indecision about which side to support or what action to take. Opposition to Charles also arose owing to many local grievances. For example, the imposition of drainage-schemes in The Fens negatively affected the livelihood of thousands of people after the King awarded a number of drainage-contracts. The Fens, also known as the Fenland, is a geographic area in eastern England, in the United Kingdom. Many regarded the King as worse than insensitive, and this played a role in bringing a large part of eastern England into Parliament’s camp. This sentiment brought with it people such as the Earl of Manchester and Oliver Cromwell, each a notable wartime adversary of the King. Edward Montagu 2nd Earl of Manchester KG, KB, FRS (1602 &ndash May 5, 1671) was an important commander of Parliamentary Conversely, one of the leading drainage contractors, the Earl of Lindsey, was to die fighting for the King at the Battle of Edgehill. Robert Bertie 1st Earl of Lindsey ( 17 December 1583 &ndash Edge Hill 24 October 1642) Early life Queen The Battle of Edgehill (or Edge Hill) was the first Pitched battle of the First English Civil War.
The First English Civil War
In early January 1642, a few days after his failure to capture five members of the House of Commons, fearing for his own personal safety and for that of his family and retinue, Charles left the London area. The First English Civil War (1642–1646 was the first of three wars known as the English Civil War (or "Wars" Further negotiations by frequent correspondence between the King and the Long Parliament through to early summer proved fruitless. As the summer progressed, cities and towns declared their sympathies for one faction or the other: for example, the garrison of Portsmouth under the command of Sir George Goring declared for the King, but when Charles tried to acquire arms for his cause from Kingston upon Hull, the depository for the weapons used in the previous Scottish campaigns, Sir John Hotham, the military governor appointed by Parliament in January, initially refused to let Charles enter Hull, and when Charles returned with more men, drove them off. George Goring may refer to George Goring 1st Earl of Norwich (1585-1663 Royalist soldier George Goring Lord Goring (1608-1657 Royalist Kingston upon Hull ( almost invariably referred This article is about John Hotham the elder for his son see John Hotham the younger. The Siege of Hull in 1642 was the first major action of the English Civil War. Charles issued a warrant for Hotham to be arrested as a traitor but was powerless to enforce it. Throughout the summer months, tensions rose and there was brawling in a number of places, with the first death of the conflict taking place in Manchester. [2]
At the outset of the conflict, much of the country remained neutral, though the Royal Navy and most English cities favoured Parliament, while the King found considerable support in rural communities. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Historians estimate that between them, both sides had only about 15,000 men. However, the war quickly spread and eventually involved every level of society. Many areas attempted to remain neutral, some formed bands of Clubmen to protect their localities against the worst excesses of the armies of both sides, but most found it impossible to withstand both the King and Parliament. Clubmen were bands of vigilantes during the English Civil War ( 1642 &ndash 1651) who tried to protect their localities against the worst excesses of the On one side, the King and his supporters thought that they fought for traditional government in Church and state. On the other, most supporters of the Parliamentary cause initially took up arms to defend what they thought of as the traditional balance of government in Church and state, which the bad advice the King had received from his advisers had undermined before and during the "Eleven Years' Tyranny". The views of the Members of Parliament ranged from unquestioning support of the King — at one point during the First Civil War, more members of the Commons and Lords gathered in the King's Oxford Parliament than at Westminster — through to radicals, who wanted major reforms in favour of religious independence and the redistribution of power at the national level. The Oxford Parliament (in Oxford, England) — also known as the King's Oxford Parliament — assembled for the first time 22 January 1644 Nonconformism is the refusal to conform to common standards conventions rules customs traditions norms or laws
After the debacle at Hull, Charles moved on to Nottingham, where on 22 August 1642, he raised the royal standard. Nottingham ( is a city in the Ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire, England. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. When he raised his standard, Charles had with him about 2,000 cavalry and a small number of Yorkshire infantry-men, and using the archaic system of a Commission of Array, Charles' supporters started to build a larger army around the standard. A Commission of Array was a commission given by English royalty to officers or gentry in a given territory to muster and array the inhabitants or see them in a condition Charles moved in a south-westerly direction, first to Stafford, and then on to Shrewsbury, because the support for his cause seemed particularly strong in the Severn valley area and in North Wales. This article is about the town of Stafford England For the larger local government district see Borough of Stafford. Shrewsbury ( /ˈʃruːzbri/ or /ˈʃroʊzbri/ is the County town of Shropshire, in the West Midlands region of England For other rivers named "Severn" see Severn River. The River Severn ( Welsh: Afon Hafren, Latin North Wales (Gogledd Cymru is the northernmost unofficial region of Wales, bordered to the south by Mid Wales and to the east by England. [3] While passing through Wellington, in what became known as the "Wellington Declaration", he declared that he would uphold the "Protestant religion, the laws of England, and the liberty of Parliament". Wellington is a town in the borough of Telford and Wrekin and ceremonial county of Shropshire, England and now forms part of the New town The " Wellington Declaration " (otherwise known as the Declaration of Wellington) was a manifesto by King Charles I near the start of the English Civil
The Parliamentarians who opposed the King had not remained passive during this pre-war period. As in the case of Kingston upon Hull they had taken measures to secure strategic towns and cities, by appointing men sympathetic to their cause, and on 9 June they had voted to raise an army of 10,000 volunteers, appointing Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex commander three days later. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Robert Devereux 3rd Earl of Essex ( January 11 1591 – 14 September 1646) was the son and heir of Robert Devereux 2nd Earl He received orders "to rescue His Majesty's person, and the persons of the Prince [of Wales] and the Duke of York out of the hands of those desperate persons who were about them". Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James The Lords Lieutenant, whom Parliament appointed, used the Militia Ordinance to order the militia to join Essex's army. The title Lord Lieutenant is given to the British Monarch 's personal representatives in the United Kingdom, usually in a county or similar circumscription with varying The Militia Ordinance was a piece of legislation passed by the Long Parliament of England in March 1642, which was a major step towards the [4]
Two weeks after the King had raised his standard at Nottingham, Essex led his army north towards Northampton, picking up support along the way (including a detachment of Cambridgeshire cavalry raised and commanded by Oliver Cromwell). This article is about Northampton in England for other places of the same name see Northampton (disambiguation Northampton ( is a large Market History Cambridgeshire is noted as the site of some of the earliest known Neolithic permanent settlement in the United Kingdom, along with sites at Fengate Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known By the middle of September Essex's forces had grown to 21,000 infantry and 4200 cavalry and dragoons. On 14 September he moved his army to Coventry and then to the north of the Cotswolds, a strategy which placed his army between the Royalists and London. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Coventry ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in the County of West Midlands in England. See also Cotswold The Cotswolds is a range of Hills in west-central England, sometimes called the "Heart of England" With the size of both armies now in the tens of thousands, and only Worcestershire between them, it was inevitable that cavalry reconnaissance units would sooner or later meet. This happened in the first major skirmish of the Civil War, when a cavalry troop of about 1,000 Royalists commanded by Prince Rupert, a German nephew of the King and one of the outstanding cavalry commanders of the war, defeated a Parliamentary cavalry detachment under the command of Colonel John Brown in the Battle of Powick Bridge, at a bridge across the River Teme close to Worcester. Rupert Count Palatine of the Rhine Duke of Bavaria (German Ruprecht Pfalzgraf bei Rhein Herzog von Bayern) commonly called Prince Rupert of the Rhine, (17 The Battle of Powick Bridge, fought on 23 September 1642, was the first major Cavalry engagement of the English Civil War and it was a victory The River Teme ( Welsh Afon Tefeidiad) rises in Mid Wales, south of Newtown in Powys, and flows through Ludlow in Shropshire Worcester (ˈwʊstə is a city and County town of Worcestershire, in the West Midlands of England. [5]
Rupert withdrew to Shrewsbury, where, a council-of-war discussed two courses of action: whether to advance towards Essex's new position near Worcester, or to march along the now opened road towards London. Rupert Count Palatine of the Rhine Duke of Bavaria (German Ruprecht Pfalzgraf bei Rhein Herzog von Bayern) commonly called Prince Rupert of the Rhine, (17 The Council decided to take the London route, but not to avoid a battle, for the Royalist generals wanted to fight Essex before he grew too strong, and the temper of both sides made it impossible to postpone the decision. In the Earl of Clarendon's words: "it was considered more counsellable to march towards London, it being morally sure that Essex would put himself in their way". Edward Hyde 1st Earl of Clarendon ( 18 February 1609 &ndash 9 December 1674) was an English Historian and statesman and [6] Accordingly, the army left Shrewsbury on 12 October, gaining two days' start on the enemy, and moved south-east. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. This had the desired effect, as it forced Essex to move to intercept them. [6]
The first pitched battle of the war, fought at Edgehill on 23 October 1642, proved inconclusive, and both the Royalists and Parliamentarians claimed it as a victory. A pitched battle is a Combat fought on a Battlefield expected to be site of engagement by both sides The Battle of Edgehill (or Edge Hill) was the first Pitched battle of the First English Civil War. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - The second field action of the war, the stand-off at Turnham Green, saw Charles forced to withdraw to Oxford. The Battle of Turnham Green occurred 13 November 1642 near the village of Turnham Green, at the end the first campaigning season of the First Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, This city would serve as his base for the remainder of the war.
In 1643 the Royalist forces won at Adwalton Moor, and gained control of most of Yorkshire. The Battle of Adwalton Moor was a battle in the English Civil War on 30 June 1643. Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. In the Midlands, a Parliamentary force under Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet besieged and captured the cathedral city of Lichfield, after the death of the original commander, Lord Brooke. Sir John Gell 1st Baronet ( 22 June 1593 &ndash 26 October 1671) was a Parliamentarian Politician and military figure Lichfield is a city and Civil parish in Staffordshire, England. This group subsequently joined forces with Sir John Brereton to fight the inconclusive Battle of Hopton Heath (19 March 1643), where the Royalist commander, the Earl of Northampton, was killed. The Battle of Hopton Heath, in Staffordshire, was a battle of the First English Civil War, fought on Sunday 19 March 1643 between Parliamentarian Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Earl of Northampton is a title that has been created five times Subsequent battles in the west of England at Lansdowne and at Roundway Down also went to the Royalists. The English Civil War battle of Lansdowne (or Lansdown) was fought on July 5, 1643, near Bath. The Battle of Roundway Down was fought on July 13, 1643, during the English Civil War. Prince Rupert could then take Bristol. Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London In the same year, Oliver Cromwell formed his troop of "Ironsides", a disciplined unit that demonstrated his military leadership-ability. Ironside was the name given to a trooper in the Parliamentarian cavalry formed by English political leader Oliver Cromwell in the 17th century during With their assistance, he won a victory at the Battle of Gainsborough in July. The Battle of Gainsborough was a battle in the English Civil War.
In general, the early part of the war went well for the Royalists. The turning-point came in the late summer and early autumn of 1643, when the Earl of Essex's army forced the king to raise the siege of Gloucester and then brushed the Royalist army aside at the First Battle of Newbury (20 September 1643), in order to return triumphantly to London. The Siege of Gloucester was an engagement in the First English Civil War. The First Battle of Newbury took place on 20 September 1643, in Enborne and Wash Common adjoining Newbury, England between Parliamentary Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Other Parliamentarian forces won the Battle of Winceby, giving them control of Lincoln. The Battle of Winceby took place on 11 October, 1643 during the English Civil War near the village of Winceby, Lincolnshire about Lincoln (ˈlɪŋkən is a Cathedral city and County town of Lincolnshire, England. Political manoeuvering to gain an advantage in numbers led Charles to negotiate a ceasefire in Ireland, freeing up English troops to fight on the Royalist side in England, while Parliament offered concessions to the Scots in return for aid and assistance. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world
With the help of the Scots, Parliament won at Marston Moor (2 July 1644), gaining York and the north of England. The Battle of Marston Moor was fought on July 2 1644 during the First English Civil War of 1642&ndash1646 Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival York ( is an historic Walled city sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. Cromwell's conduct in this battle proved decisive, and demonstrated his potential as both a political and an important military leader. The defeat at the Battle of Lostwithiel in Cornwall, however, marked a serious reverse for Parliament in the south-west of England. There were two Battles of Lostwithiel, both in the First English Civil War in the 1640s Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar Subsequent fighting around Newbury (27 October 1644), though tactically indecisive, strategically gave another check to Parliament. The Second Battle of Newbury was a Battle of the English Civil War fought on October 27, 1644, in Speen, adjoining Newbury Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross.
In 1645 Parliament reaffirmed its determination to fight the war to a finish. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known It passed the Self-denying Ordinance, by which all members of either House of Parliament laid down their commands, and re-organized its main forces into the New Model Army ("Army"), under the command of Sir Thomas Fairfax, with Cromwell as his second-in-command and Lieutenant-General of Horse. The first Self-denying Ordinance was a bill moved on December 9, 1644 to deprive members of the Parliament of England from holding command in the army or The New Model Army was formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War. Thomas Fairfax 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron (17 January 1612 &ndash 12 November 1671 was a general and parliamentary commander-in-chief during the English Civil War. Lieutenant General is a Military rank used in many countries The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages where the title of Lieutenant General was held by the In two decisive engagements — the Battle of Naseby on 14 June and the Battle of Langport on 10 July — the Parliamentarians effectively destroyed Charles' armies. The Battle of Naseby was the key battle of the first English Civil War. The Battle of Langport was a Parliamentarian victory late in the English Civil War, which destroyed the last Royalist field army and ultimately gave Parliament
In the remains of his English realm Charles attempted to recover a stable base of support by consolidating the Midlands. This article is mainly about the English Midlands For other uses see Midlands (disambiguation. He began to form an axis between Oxford and Newark on Trent in Nottinghamshire. Newark-on-Trent (generally shortened to Newark) is a Market town in Nottinghamshire in the East Midlands region of England. Those towns had become fortresses and showed more reliable loyalty to him than to others. He took Leicester, which lies between them, but found his resources exhausted. Leicester (ˈlɛstə is the largest city and Unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England, and is the traditional Having little opportunity to replenish them, in May 1646 he sought shelter with a Scottish army at Southwell in Nottinghamshire. Southwell is a small Town in Nottinghamshire, England. It is best known as the site of Southwell Minster, the seat of the Church This marked the end of the First English Civil War.
The Second English Civil War
Charles I took advantage of the deflection of attention away from himself to negotiate a new agreement with the Scots, again promising church reform, on 28 December 1647. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Although Charles himself remained a prisoner, this agreement led inexorably to the Second Civil War.
A series of Royalist uprisings throughout England and a Scottish invasion occurred in the summer of 1648. Forces loyal to Parliament[7] put down most of the uprisings in England after little more than skirmishes, but uprisings in Kent, Essex and Cumberland, the rebellion in Wales, and the Scottish invasion involved the fighting of pitched battles and prolonged sieges.
In the spring of 1648 unpaid Parliamentarian troops in Wales changed sides. Colonel Thomas Horton defeated the Royalist rebels at the Battle of St Fagans (8 May) and the rebel leaders surrendered to Cromwell on 11 July after the protracted two-month siege of Pembroke. Thomas Horton may refer to Thomas Horton (soldier (1603&ndash1649 English soldier Thomas R The Battle of St Fagans was a Pitched battle in the Second English Civil War in 1648. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. The Siege of Pembroke took place in 1648 during the Second English Civil War. Sir Thomas Fairfax defeated a Royalist uprising in Kent at the Battle of Maidstone on 24 June. Thomas Fairfax 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron (17 January 1612 &ndash 12 November 1671 was a general and parliamentary commander-in-chief during the English Civil War. The Battle of Maidstone was a Battle in the Second English Civil War ( 1648) Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Fairfax, after his success at Maidstone and the pacification of Kent, turned northward to reduce Essex, where, under their ardent, experienced and popular leader Sir Charles Lucas, the Royalists had taken up arms in great numbers. Maidstone is the County town of Kent, England, south-east of London. KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format Essex is a county in the East of England. The County town is Chelmsford, and the highest point of the county is Chrishall Common Sir Charles Lucas (1613&ndash 28 August 1648) was an English soldier a Royalist commander in the English Civil War. Fairfax soon drove the enemy into Colchester, but his first attack on the town met with a repulse and he had to settle down to a long siege. Colchester ( /ˈkəʊltʃɛstə/ is a town and the largest settlement within the borough of Colchester, in Essex, England. The Siege of Colchester occurred in the summer on 1648 when the English Civil War reignited in several areas of Britain
In the North of England, Major-General John Lambert fought a very successful campaign against a number of Royalist uprisings — the largest that of Sir Marmaduke Langdale in Cumberland. John Lambert (Autumn 1619 - March 1684 served as an English Parliamentary general in the English Civil War. Marmaduke Langdale (1598 at Pighall &ndash August 5, 1661 at Holme-on-Spalding-Moor) was married to Ann Howard a granddaughter of Cumberland is one of the 39 Historic counties of England. It formed an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 (excluding Carlisle from 1915 and now forms part of Thanks to Lambert's successes, the Scottish commander, the Duke of Hamilton, had perforce to take the western route through Carlisle in his pro-Royalist Scottish invasion of England. James Hamilton 1st Duke of Hamilton ( June 19, 1606 &ndash March 9, 1649) Scottish nobleman and Civil war General Carlisle (pronounced CARLYLE(emphasis on the first syllable is a City in northern England the largest settlement in Cumbria. The Parliamentarians under Cromwell engaged the Scots at the Battle of Preston (17 August – 19 August). See Battle of Preston (1715 for the battle of the Jacobite Rising. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. The battle took place largely at Walton-le-Dale near Preston in Lancashire, and resulted in a victory by the troops of Cromwell over the Royalists and Scots commanded by Hamilton. Walton-le-Dale is a primarily residential area to the south-east of the city of Preston, Lancashire, England. Preston ( ˈprɛstən is a city and local government district in Lancashire, England, located on the River Ribble. Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea This Parliamentarian victory marked the end of the Second English Civil War.
Nearly all the Royalists who had fought in the First Civil War had given their parole not to bear arms against the Parliament, and many honourable Royalists, like Lord Astley, refused to break their word by taking any part in the second war. Jacob Astley 1st Baron Astley of Reading (1579&ndashFebruary 1652 was a Royalist commander in the English Civil War. So the victors in the Second Civil War showed little mercy to those who had brought war into the land again. On the evening of the surrender of Colchester, Parliamentarians had Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle shot. Sir George Lisle (c 1610 - August 29, 1648) was a Royalist leader in the English Civil War. Parliamentary authorities sentenced the leaders of the Welsh rebels, Major-General Rowland Laugharne, Colonel John Poyer and Colonel Rice Powel to death, but executed Poyer alone (25 April 1649), having selected him by lot. Major General Rowland Laugharne (c 1607 &ndash 1675 in London) was a soldier in the English Civil War. John Poyer (died April 25 1649) was a soldier in the Parliamentary army during the English Civil War in South Wales. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Of five prominent Royalist peers who had fallen into the hands of Parliament, three, the Duke of Hamilton, the Earl of Holland, and Lord Capel, one of the Colchester prisoners and a man of high character, were beheaded at Westminster on 9 March. Henry Rich 1st Earl of Holland (baptized August 19, 1590 &ndash March 9, 1649) was the son of Robert Rich 1st Earl of Warwick and Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia.
Trial of Charles I for treason
The betrayal by Charles caused Parliament to debate whether to return the King to power at all. Those who still supported Charles' place on the throne tried once more to negotiate with him.
Furious that Parliament continued to countenance Charles as a ruler, the Army marched on Parliament and conducted "Pride's Purge" (named after the commanding officer of the operation, Thomas Pride) in December 1648. Pride’s Purge took place in December 1648 when troops under the command of Colonel Thomas Pride forcibly removed from the House of Commons all those who were not Thomas Pride (died October 23, 1658) was a parliamentarian general in the English Civil War, and best known as the instigator of " Pride's Troops arrested 45 Members of Parliament (MPs) and kept 146 out of the chamber. They allowed only 75 Members in, and then only at the Army's bidding. This Rump Parliament received orders to set up, in the name of the people of England, a High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I for treason. The Rump Parliament was the name of the English Parliament after Colonel Pride on December 6 1648 had purged Long Parliament of those The High Court of Justice is the name given to the court established by the Rump Parliament to try King Charles I of England.
At the end of the trial the 59 Commissioners (judges) found Charles I guilty of high treason, as a "tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy". Regicides of Charles I are considered to be the fifty-nine Commissioners (Judges who sat in judgement at the trial of King Charles I of England and signed his death See also Treason, High treason in the United Kingdom High treason is criminal disloyalty to one's country [8][9] His beheading took place on a scaffold in front of the Banqueting House of the Palace of Whitehall on 30 January 1649. Decapitation (from Latin, caput, capitis, meaning head or beheading, is the cutting off of the head of a person or animal The Banqueting House is the only remaining component of Whitehall Palace, and is found at the Trafalgar Square end of Whitehall, London. The Palace of Whitehall was the main residence of the English monarchs in London from 1530 until 1698 when all except Inigo Jones 's 1622 Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain (After the Restoration in 1660, Charles II executed the surviving regicides not living in exile or sentenced them to life imprisonment. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored The broad definition of regicide is the deliberate killing of a Monarch, or the person responsible for it )
The Third English Civil War
Ireland
- See also: Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
Ireland had known continuous war since the rebellion of 1641, with most of the island controlled by the Irish Confederates. The Third English Civil War ( 1649 &ndash 1651) was the last of the English Civil War ( 1642 &ndash 1652) a series of armed conflicts The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649-53 refers to the re-conquest of Ireland by the forces of the English Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell The Irish Rebellion of 1641 began as an attempted Coup d'état by Irish Catholic gentry but developed into inter communal violence between native Confederate Ireland refers to the period of Irish self-government between the Rebellion of 1641 and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649 Increasingly threatened by the armies of the English Parliament after Charles I's arrest in 1648, the Confederates signed a treaty of alliance with the English Royalists. The joint Royalist and Confederate forces under the Duke of Ormonde attempted to eliminate the Parliamentary army holding Dublin, but their opponents routed them at the Battle of Rathmines (2 August 1649). James Butler 1st Duke of Ormonde ( October 19, 1610 &ndash July 21 1688) was an Anglo-Irish statesman and soldier Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. The Battle of Rathmines was fought in and around what is now the Dublin suburb of Rathmines in August 1649, during the Irish Confederate Wars Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the As the former Member of Parliament Admiral Robert Blake blockaded Prince Rupert's fleet in Kinsale, Oliver Cromwell could land at Dublin on 15 August 1649 with an army to quell the Royalist alliance in Ireland. Robert Blake (1599 — August 17, 1657) was one of the most important military commanders of the Commonwealth of England, and one of the most famous Kinsale (Cionn tSáile is a town in County Cork, Ireland. Located some 25 km south of Cork City on the coast near the Old Head of Kinsale Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world
Cromwell's suppression of the Royalists in Ireland during 1649 still has a strong resonance for many Irish people. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world After the siege of Drogheda, the massacre of nearly 3,500 people — comprising around 2,700 Royalist soldiers and all the men in the town carrying arms, including civilians, prisoners, and Catholic priests — became one of the historical memories that has driven Irish-English and Catholic-Protestant strife during the last three centuries. a town in eastern Ireland, was besieged twice in the 1640s during the Irish Confederate Wars and the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. However, the massacre has significance mainly as a symbol of the Irish perception of Cromwellian cruelty, as far more people died in the subsequent guerrilla and scorched-earth fighting in the country than at infamous massacres such as Drogheda and Wexford. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Wexford (derived from Old Norse Veisafjǫrðr (in some sources spelled "Waes Fiord" – veisa meaning "mudflat stagnant pool" The Parliamentarian conquest of Ireland ground on for another four years until 1653, when the last Irish Confederate and Royalist troops surrendered. The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. Confederate Ireland refers to the period of Irish self-government between the Rebellion of 1641 and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649 Historians have estimated that up to 30% of Ireland's population either died or had gone into exile by the end of the wars. The victors confiscated almost all Irish Catholic-owned land in the wake of the conquest and distributed it to the Parliament's creditors, to the Parliamentary soldiers who served in Ireland, and to English people who had settled there before the war.
Scotland
- See also: Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms#Montrose's defeat and death and Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms#Third Civil War
The execution of Charles I altered the dynamics of the the Civil War in Scotland, which had raged between Royalists and Covenanters since 1644. Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms covers Scotland 's involvement in the wider conflict known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms between 1644 and 1650 Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms covers Scotland 's involvement in the wider conflict known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms between 1644 and 1650 Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms covers Scotland 's involvement in the wider conflict known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms between 1644 and 1650 The Covenanters formed an important movement in the religion and politics of Scotland in the 17th century By 1649, the struggle had left the Royalists there in disarray and their erstwhile leader, the Marquess of Montrose, had gone into exile. James Graham 1st Marquess of Montrose (October 1612 - 21 May 1650) was a Scottish nobleman and soldier who initially joined the At first, Charles II encouraged Montrose to raise a Highland army to fight on the Royalist side. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. However, when the Scottish Covenanters (who did not agree with the execution of Charles I and who feared for the future of Presbyterianism and Scottish independence under the new Commonwealth) offered him the crown of Scotland, Charles abandoned Montrose to his enemies. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity The Commonwealth of England was the Republican government which ruled first England (including Wales) and then Ireland and Scotland However, Montrose, who had raised a mercenary force in Norway, had already landed and could not abandon the fight. A mercenary is a person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is "motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional He did not succeed in raising many Highland clans and the Covenanters defeated his army at the Battle of Carbisdale in Ross-shire on 27 April 1650. The Battle of Carbisdale took place close to the Village of Culrain on 27 April 1650 and was part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Ross-shire, or the County of Ross, ( Siorrachd Rois in Scottish Gaelic) is a former county of Scotland. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated The victors captured Montrose shortly afterwards and took him to Edinburgh. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. On 20 May the Scottish Parliament sentenced him to death and had him hanged the next day. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
Charles II landed in Scotland at Garmouth in Morayshire on 23 June 1650 and signed the 1638 National Covenant and the 1643 Solemn League and Covenant immediately after coming ashore. Garmouth is a village in Moray, north east Scotland. It is situated close to the mouth of the River Spey, and the coast of the Moray Firth at Moray ( Moireibh in Gaelic) is one of the Registration counties of Scotland, bordering Nairnshire to the west Inverness-shire Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish The Covenanters formed an important movement in the religion and politics of Scotland in the 17th century The Solemn League and Covenant was an agreement between the Scottish Covenanters and the leaders of the English Parliamentarians. With his original Scottish Royalist followers and his new Covenanter allies, King Charles II became the greatest threat facing the new English republic. In response to the threat, Cromwell left some of his lieutenants in Ireland to continue the suppression of the Irish Royalists and returned to England.
He arrived in Scotland on 22 July 1650 and proceeded to lay siege to Edinburgh. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of By the end of August disease and a shortage of supplies had reduced his army, and he had to order a retreat towards his base at Dunbar. Dunbar is a town in East Lothian on the southeast coast of Scotland, approximately 30 miles east of Edinburgh and 28 miles from the English Border A Scottish army, assembled under the command of David Leslie, tried to block the retreat, but Cromwell defeated them at the Battle of Dunbar on September 3. David Leslie Lord Newark (c 1600-1682 was a cavalry officer and General in the English Civil War and Scottish Civil Wars The son of the 1st Earl of Lindores The Battle of Dunbar ( 3 September, 1650) was a battle of the Third English Civil War. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Cromwell's army then took Edinburgh, and by the end of the year his army had occupied much of southern Scotland.
In July 1651, Cromwell's forces crossed the Firth of Forth into Fife and defeated the Scots at the Battle of Inverkeithing (20 July 1651). The Firth of Forth ( Scottish Gaelic: Linne Foirthe) is the Estuary or Firth of Scotland's River Forth, where it flows Fife ( Gaelic: Fìobha) is a Council area of Scotland, situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland The Battle of Inverkeithing ( 20 July 1651) was a battle in the Third English Civil War. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold The New Model Army advanced towards Perth, which allowed Charles, at the head of the Scottish army, to move south into England. Perth (Peairt is a town and former Royal burgh in central Scotland. Cromwell followed Charles into England, leaving George Monck to finish the campaign in Scotland. George Monck 1st Duke of Albemarle, KG ( 6 December 1608 &ndash 3 January 1670) was an English soldier and politician Monck took Stirling on 14 August and Dundee on 1 September. Stirling ( Gaelic: Sruighlea, Scots: Stirlin) is a city and former ancient Burgh in Scotland, and is at Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Dundee (Dùn Dèagh is the fourth-largest city in Scotland and fully named as Dundee City, one of Scotland's 32 local government council Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. The next year, 1652, saw the mopping up of the remnants of Royalist resistance, and under the terms of the "Tender of Union", the Scots received 30 seats in a united Parliament in London, with General Monck appointed as the military governor of Scotland. The Tender of Union or the Act of Union was passed by the English Rump Parliament on 2 February 1652.
England
Although Cromwell's New Model Army had defeated a Scottish army at Dunbar, Cromwell could not prevent Charles II from marching from Scotland deep into England at the head of another Royalist army. The Royalists marched to the west of England because English Royalist sympathies were strongest in that area, but although some English Royalists joined the army, they came in far fewer numbers than Charles and his Scottish supporters had hoped. Cromwell finally engaged the new king at Worcester on 3 September 1651, and defeated him. The Battle of Worcester took place on 3 September 1651 at Worcester England and was the final battle of the English Civil War. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Charles II escaped, via safe houses and a famous oak tree, to France, ending the civil wars. The Escape of Charles II from England in 1651 is a key episode in his life The Royal Oak is the name given to the Oak tree within which King Charles II of England hid to escape the Roundheads following the
Political control
During the course of the Wars the Parliamentarians established a number of successive committees to oversee the war-effort. The first of these, the Committee of Safety, set up in July 1642, comprised 15 Members of Parliament. The Committee of Safety, established by the Parliamentarians in July 1642, was the first of a number of successive committees set up to oversee the English Civil
Following the Anglo-Scottish alliance against the Royalists, the Committee of Both Kingdoms replaced the Committee of Safety between 1644 and 1648. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Committee of Both Kingdoms was a committee set up during the English Civil War by the Parliamentarian faction to oversee the conduct of the War Parliament dissolved the Committee of Both Kingdoms when the alliance ended, but its English members continued to meet and became known as the Derby House Committee. A second Committee of Safety then replaced that committee.
Casualties
As usual in wars of this era, disease caused more deaths than combat. There are no accurate figures for these periods, and it is not possible to give a precise overall figure for those killed in battle, from those who died from disease, or even from a natural decline in population.
Figures for casualties during this period are unreliable, but some attempt has been made to provide rough estimates. [10][11] In England, a conservative estimate is that roughly 100,000 people died from war-related disease during the three civil wars. Historic records count 84,830 casualties of the wars themselves. Counting in accidents and the two Bisops' wars, an estimate of 190,000 people is achieved. [12]
Figures for Scotland are more unreliable and should be treated with greater caution. Casualties include the deaths of prisoners of war in conditions that accelerated their deaths, with estimates of 10,000 prisoners not surviving or not returning home. There are no figures to calculate how many dies from war-related diseases, but if the same ratio of disease to battle deaths from English figures is applied to the Scottish figures, a not unreasonable estimate of 60,000 people is achieved. [13]
Figures for Ireland are described as "miracles of conjecture". Certainly the devastation inflicted on Ireland was unbelievable, with the best estimate provided by Sir William Petty, the father of English demography. Although Petty's figures are the best available, they are still acknowledged as being tentative. The do not include the estimate of 40,000 driven into exile, or those sold as indentured servants, or sold as slave to the West Indies where most were worked to death. Petty estimates that 112,000 Protestants were killed through plague, war, and famine, and that 504,000 catholics were killed, giving an estimated total of 618,000. [14]
These estimate indicate that England suffered a 3. 7% loss of population, Scotland a loss of 6%, while Ireland suffered a loss of 41% of its population. Putting these numbers into the context of other catastrophes helps to understand the devastation to Ireland in particular. The Great Hunger of 1845-1852 resulted in a loss of 16% of the population, while during the second world war, the population of the Soviet Union fell by 16%. [15]
Popular gains
Ordinary people took advantage of the dislocation of civil society during the 1640s to derive advantages for themselves. The contemporary guild democracy movement won its greatest successes among London's transport workers, notably the Thames watermen. Watermen are river workers who transfer passengers across and along city centre rivers and estuaries in Britain and its colonies [16]
Rural communities seized timber and other resources on the sequestrated estates of royalists and catholics, and on the estates of the royal family and the church hierarchy. Some communities improved their conditions of tenure on such estates. [17]
The old status quo began a retrenchment after the end of the main civil war in 1646, and more especially after the restoration of monarchy in 1660. But some gains were long-term. The democratic element introduced in the watermen's company in 1642, for example, survived, with vicissitudes, until 1827.
Aftermath
The wars left England, Scotland, and Ireland among the few countries in Europe without a monarch. In the wake of victory, many of the ideals (and many of the idealists) became sidelined. The republican government of the Commonwealth of England ruled England (and later all of Scotland and Ireland) from 1649 to 1653 and from 1659 to 1660. The Commonwealth of England was the Republican government which ruled first England (including Wales) and then Ireland and Scotland Between the two periods, and due to in-fighting amongst various factions in Parliament, Oliver Cromwell ruled over the Protectorate as Lord Protector (effectively a military dictator) until his death in 1658. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known In British history, the Protectorate was the period 1653&ndash1659 during which the Commonwealth of England Scotland and Ireland was governed by a Lord Lord Protector is a particular British title for Heads of State with two meanings (and full styles at different periods of history A dictator is an Authoritarian ruler (eg Absolutist or autocratic) who assumes sole and absolute power without hereditary ascension such as an Absolute
Upon his death, Oliver Cromwell's son Richard became Lord Protector, but the Army had little confidence in him. Richard Cromwell ( 4 October 1626 &ndash 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and the second Lord Protector After seven months the Army removed Richard, and in May 1659 it re-installed the Rump. However, since the Rump Parliament acted as though nothing had changed since 1653 and as though it could treat the Army as it liked, military force shortly afterwards dissolved this, as well. After the second dissolution of the Rump, in October 1659, the prospect of a total descent into anarchy loomed as the Army's pretence of unity finally dissolved into factions.
Into this atmosphere General George Monck, Governor of Scotland under the Cromwells, marched south with his army from Scotland. George Monck 1st Duke of Albemarle, KG ( 6 December 1608 &ndash 3 January 1670) was an English soldier and politician On 4 April 1660, in the Declaration of Breda, Charles II made known the conditions of his acceptance of the Crown of England. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. There are also two contemporary treaties known as the Treaty of Breda. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Monck organised the Convention Parliament, which met for the first time on 25 April 1660. The term Convention Parliament has been applied to three different English Parliaments of 1399 1660 and 1689 Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. On 8 May 1660, it declared that King Charles II had reigned as the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I in January 1649. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Charles returned from exile on 23 May 1660. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne On 29 May 1660, the populace in London acclaimed him as king. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the His coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at These events became known as the English Restoration. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored
Although the monarchy was restored, it was still only with the consent of Parliament; therefore, the civil wars effectively set England and Scotland on course to adopt a parliamentary monarchy form of government. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is This system would result in the outcome that the future Kingdom of Great Britain, formed in 1707 under the Acts of Union, would manage to forestall the kind of often-bloody revolution, typical of European republican movements that followed the Jacobin revolution in 18th century France and the later success of Napoleon, which generally resulted in the total abolition of monarchy. The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 The Acts of Union were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into This page describes the political term "Jacobin" For discussion of the political organization of the French Revolution era see Jacobin Club. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Specifically, future monarchs became wary of pushing Parliament too hard, and Parliament effectively chose the line of royal succession in 1688 with the Glorious Revolution and in the 1701 Act of Settlement. The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland in 1688 by a union The Act of Settlement is an act of the Parliament of England, originally filed in 1700 and passed in 1701 to settle the succession to the English throne After the Restoration, Parliament's factions became political parties (later becoming the Tories and Whigs) with competing views and varying abilities to influence the decisions of their monarchs. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral In the political tradition of some English-speaking countries, the term Tory has referred to a variety of political parties and Creeds since it was The Whigs (with the Tories) are often described as one of two political parties in England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to
Theories relating to the English Civil War
In the early decades of the 20th century the Whig school was the dominant theoretical view. They explained the Civil War as resulting from a centuries-long struggle between Parliament (especially the House of Commons) and the Monarchy, with Parliament defending the traditional rights of Englishmen, while the Stuart monarchy continually attempted to expand its right to arbitrarily dictate law. The most important Whig historian, S.R. Gardiner, popularized the English Civil War as a 'Puritan Revolution': challenging the repressive Stuart Church, and preparing the way for religious toleration in the Restoration. Samuel Rawson Gardiner ( 4 March 1829 - 24 February 1902) was an English Historian. Religious toleration is the condition of accepting or permitting others' religious beliefs and practices which disagree with one's own Thus, Puritanism was the natural ally of a people preserving their traditional rights against arbitrary monarchical power.
The Whig view was challenged and largely superseded by the Marxist school, which became popular in the 1940s, and which interpreted the English Civil War as a bourgeois revolution. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949 Events and trends The 1940s was a period between the radical 1930s and the conservative 1950s which also leads the period to be A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively According to Marxist historian Christopher Hill:
"The Civil War was a class war, wherein on the side of reaction stood the landed aristocracy and its ally, the established Church, and on the other side stood the trading and industrial classes in town and countryside . John Edward Christopher Hill, usually known simply as Christopher Hill, February 6, 1912 &ndash February 23, 2003 was an English Landed nobility is a category of Nobility in various countries over the history for which Landownership was part of their noble privileges An established church is a church officially sanctioned and supported by the government of a country e . . the yeomen and progressive gentry, and . . . wider masses of the population whenever they were able by free discussion to understand what the struggle was really about . . . In English history, the Civil War occurred when the wealthy middle class, already socially powerful, had eliminated the outmoded medieval system of English government. The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. Moreover, like the Whigs, the Marxists found a role for religion: as a moral system, Puritanism ideally suited the bourgeois class, so Marxists identified Puritans as inherently bourgeois. "
In the 1970s, a new generation of historians, who would become known as Revisionists challenged both the Whig and the Marxist theories. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. For the denial and distortion of well-established historical facts see Historical revisionism (negationism. In 1973, a group of revisionist historians published the anthology The Origins of the English Civil War (Conrad Russell ed. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Conrad Sebastian Robert Russell 5th Earl Russell ( 15 April 1937 &ndash 14 October 2004) was a British historian ). These historians disliked both Whig and Marxist explanations of the Civil War as long-term socio-economic trends in English society, producing work focused on the minutiae of the years immediately preceding the civil war, thereby returning to the contingency-based historiography of Clarendon's famous contemporary history History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, which demonstrated that factional war-allegiance patterns did not fit either Whig or Marxist history. Edward Hyde 1st Earl of Clarendon ( 18 February 1609 &ndash 9 December 1674) was an English Historian and statesman and Puritans, for example, did not necessarily ally themselves with Parliamentarians, nor did they identify as bourgeois. On the other hand, many bourgeois fought for the King, whereas many landed aristocrats supported Parliament.
Revisionist historians have discredited much of Whig and Marxist English Civil War interpretation. For example, Jane Ohlmeyer discarded and replaced the historical title "English Civil War" with the titles the "Wars of the Three " and the "British Civil Wars", positing that the civil war in England cannot be understood isolated from events in other parts of Great Britain and Ireland; King Charles I remains crucial, not just as King of England, but also because of his relationship with the peoples of his other realms. For example, the wars began when King Charles I tried imposing an Anglican Prayer Book upon Scotland, and when this was met with resistance from the Covenanters, he needed an army to impose his will. The Covenanters formed an important movement in the religion and politics of Scotland in the 17th century However, this forced him to call an English Parliament to raise new taxes to pay for the army. The English Parliaments were not willing to grant Charles the revenue he needed to pay for the Scottish expeditionary army unless he addressed their grievances. By the early 1640s, Charles was left in a state of near permanent crisis management; often he was not willing to concede enough ground to any one faction to neutralise the threat, and in some circumstances to do so would only antagonise another faction. For example, Charles finally agreed upon terms with the Covenanters in August 1641, but although this might have weakened the position of the English Parliament, the Irish Rebellion of 1641 broke out in October 1641, largely negating the political advantage he had obtained by relieving himself of the cost of the Scottish invasion. The Irish Rebellion of 1641 began as an attempted Coup d'état by Irish Catholic gentry but developed into inter communal violence between native [18]
Re-enactments
Two large historical societies exist, The Sealed Knot and The English Civil War Society, which regularly re-enact events and battles of the Civil War in full period costume. The Sealed Knot is a British historical association dedicated to costumed reenactment of Battles and events surrounding The English Civil War Society is the umbrella organisation for the King's Army and the Roundhead Association "Reenactment" redirects here For the 1968 Romanian film see The Reenactment.
See also
- English Civil War timeline
- English Dissenters
- The Thirty Years' War for a defining event in European history during the reign of Charles I. This is a timeline of events leading up to culminating in and resulting from the English Civil Wars Events prior to the English Civil War See also English Dissenters were Christians who separated from the Church of England. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War.
Footnotes
- ^ Jacob Abbott Charles I Chapter Downfall of Strafford and Laud
- ^ Trevor Royle References pp. 158-166
- ^ Trevor Royle References pp 170, 183
- ^ Trevor Royle References pp 165, 161
- ^ Trevor Royle References pp 171-188
- ^ a b Encyclopaedia Britannica Eleventh Edition Great Rebellion
- ^ House of Lords Journal Volume 10 19 May 1648: Letter from L. Fairfax, about the Disposal of the Forces, to suppress the Insurrections in Suffolk, Lancashire, and S. Wales; and for Belvoir Castle to be secured and the House of Lords Journal Volume 10 19 May 1648: Disposition of the Remainder of the Forces in England and Wales not mentioned in the Fairfax letter
- ^ Sean Kelsey, Sean. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica "The Trial of Charles I" English Historical Review 2003, Volume 118, Number 477 Pp. The English Historical Review is an Academic journal published by Oxford University Press. 583-616
- ^ Michael Kirby. Michael Kirby may refer to Michael Kirby (judge, Australian judge Michael J The trial of King Charles I – defining moment for our constitutional liberties speech to the Anglo-Australasian Lawyers' association, on January 22, 1999. Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar)
- ^ Matthew White Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th century: British Isles, 1641-52
- ^ Charles Carlton (1992). The Experience of the British Civil Wars, Routledge, ISBN 0415103916. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals Pages 211 - 214
- ^ Carlton, Page 211
- ^ Carlton, page 212
- ^ Carlton, Page 213
- ^ Carlton, Page 214
- ^ "Christopher O'Riordan, Self-determination and the London Transport Workers in the Century of Revolution" (1992).
- ^ Christopher O'Riordan, "Popular Exploitation of Enemy Estates in the English Revolution", History, vol. History is a historical journal published on behalf of the Historical Association (by Blackwell 78 (1993), pp. 184-200.
- ^ Civil Wars of the Three Kingdoms
References
- Carlton, Charles (1992). The Experience of the British Civil Wars, Routledge, ISBN 0415103916.
- Royal, Trevor, Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638-1660. Pub Abacus 2006, (first published 2004). ISBN 978-0-349-11564-1
External links
- The Revolution Over the Revolution
- Jack Goldstone’s Model and the English Civil WarPDF (103 KiB) by Brandon W Duke
- This page has links to some transcriptions of contemporary documents concerning eastern England
- A national Civil War chronology
- Civil War chronology for Lincolnshire and its environs
- David Plant's Civil war site.
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