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English-only movement, called also Official English movement by its supporters, refers to a political movement for the use only of English language in public occasions through the establishing of English as the only official language in the United States. A political movement is a Social movement working in the area of Politics. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory The United States of America —commonly referred to as the There have been various unrelated incarnations of the movement throughout American history.

Contents

English and reasons behind English-only movement

In 1914, President Theodore Roosevelt stated, "We have room for but one language in this country, and that is the English language, for we intend to see that the crucible turns our people out as Americans, of American nationality, and not as dwellers in a polyglot boarding house. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty "[1]

U.S. English, an advocate group for "Official English" summarizes their belief that "the passage of English as the official language will help to expand opportunities for immigrants to learn and speak English, the single greatest empowering tool that immigrants must have to succeed. This article is about the political organization US English For the dialect of English spoken in the United States see American English. "[2]

Earlier English-only movements

In 1803, as a result of the Louisiana Purchase, the United States acquired French-speaking populations in Louisiana. 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a For the film see Louisiana Purchase (film. The Louisiana Purchase (French Vente de la Louisiane "Louisiana Sale" French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America After the Mexican-American War, the United States acquired about 75,000 Spanish speakers in addition to several indigenous language-speaking populations. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States

An 1847 law authorized Anglo-French instruction in public schools in Louisiana. Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America In 1849, the California constitution recognized Spanish language rights. Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean.

French language rights were abolished after the American Civil War. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South In 1868, the Indian Peace Commission recommended English-only schooling for the Native Americans. Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States In 1878–79, the California constitution was rewritten: "All laws of the State of California, and all official writings, and the executive, legislative, and judicial proceedings shall be conducted, preserved, and published in no other than the English language. Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common "

In the late 1880s, Wisconsin and Illinois passed English-only instruction laws for both public and parochial schools. Events and Trends Technology Development and commercial production of Electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union.

In 1896, under the Republic of Hawaii government, English became the sole medium of public schooling for Hawaiian children. Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the After the Spanish-American War, English was declared "the official language of the school room" in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} In the same way, English was declared the official language in the Philippines, after the Philippine-American War. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP

During World War I, there was a widespread campaign against the use of the German language in the U. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. S. , including removing books in the German language from libraries. [3] A related action took place in Australia, where the South Australian state government passed the Nomenclature Act of 1917. South Australia is a state of Australia in the southern central part of the country The legislation renamed 69 towns, suburbs or areas that had German names. [4]

The modern English-only movement

Criticism

The modern English-only movement has met with rejection from the Linguistic Society of America, which passed a resolution in 1986–87 opposing "'English only' measures on the grounds that they are based on misconceptions about the role of a common language in establishing political unity, and that they are inconsistent with basic American traditions of linguistic tolerance. The Linguistic Society of America (LSA is a professional society for linguists "[7]

Linguist Geoffrey Pullum, in an essay entitled "Here come the linguistic fascists" charges English First with "hatred and suspicion of aliens and immigrants" and points out that English is far from under threat in the United States, saying "making English the official language of the United States of America is about as urgently called for as making hotdogs the official food at baseball games. Professor Geoffrey K Pullum (born March 8, 1945 in Irvine, Scotland) is a linguist specialising in the study of English A hot dog is a type of fully-cooked cured and/or smoked moist Sausage of soft even texture and flavor Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each "[8]

Samuel Francis criticized the modern movement on the grounds that official English laws are, in his words, "ineffective symbolic measures". Samuel Todd Francis ( April 29, 1947 &ndash February 15, 2005) was an anti-capitalist paleoconservative Columnist [9]

U. S. English claims that the movement is focused on making English the official language, not necessarily banning the use or education of other languages. [10]

Current law

States where English is the official language
States where English is the official language

Currently, although all the official documents in the U. S. are written in English, the United States federal government does not explicitly specify an official language.

Also, English and Spanish have been official languages in Puerto Rico since 1993; from 1898 to 1952, however, it was a misdemeanor to speak Spanish in public there. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} English and Chamorro are the official languages of Guam and the Northern Marianas Islands. Chamorro ( Chamoru) is the native language of the Chamorro or Chamoru of the Northern Mariana Islands and Guam. Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated The Northern Mariana Islands, officially the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI is a commonwealth in Political union with the United English and Samoan are the official languages of American Samoa. The Sāmoan or Samoan language is the traditional language of Samoa and American Samoa and is an official language &mdash alongside English

See also

References

  1. ^ Roosevelt, Theodore, Works (Memorial ed. Bilingual education involves teaching all subjects in school through two different languages - in the United States instruction occurs in English and a minority language such as The United States does not have an Official language; however the majority of the population speaks English as a native language (about 82% The following is a list of Sovereign states and territories where English is an Official language, in order of Population. The Spanish language is the second most-common language in the United States after English. , 1926), vol. XXIV, p. 554 (New York: Charles Scribner's 11 Sons).
  2. ^ us-english.org "Background of organization"
  3. ^ Martin, James J (1988). James J Martin ( September 18, 1916 &ndash April 4, 2004) was an American Historian. An American Adventure in Bookburning in the Style of 1918. Ralph Myles Publisher.  
  4. ^ Leadbeater, Maureen M. German Place Names in South Australia:.
  5. ^ the Language battle: Speaking the Truth, University of Miami law School: Inter-American law review, February 9, 2007, p. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 2, <http://vega.law.miami.edu/cle/pdf/ialr_symposia_01312007.pdf>. Retrieved on 17 February 2008 
  6. ^ Official English Is Not "English Only", proenglish. org, <http://www.proenglish.org/notenglishonly.html>. Retrieved on 17 February 2008 
  7. ^ Geoff Nunberg (December 28, 1986), Resolution: English Only, Linguistic Society of America, <http://www.lsadc.org/info/lsa-res-english.cfm>. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 17 February 2008 
  8. ^ Pullum, Geoffrey K. (1987). Professor Geoffrey K Pullum (born March 8, 1945 in Irvine, Scotland) is a linguist specialising in the study of English "Here come the linguistic fascists. ". Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 5: 603–9. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory (often abbreviated NLLT is a leading international Peer-reviewed quarterly journal in Theoretical linguistics, founded in 1983   Reprinted in (1991) The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax and Other Irreverent Essays on the Study of Language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 111–19. ISBN 0-226-68534-9.  
  9. ^ Francis, Samuel T. (2002). Samuel Todd Francis ( April 29, 1947 &ndash February 15, 2005) was an anti-capitalist paleoconservative Columnist America Extinguished.  
  10. ^ Misconceptions About Official English
  11. ^ The 50 states at a glance, proenglish. org, <http://www.proenglish.org/issues/offeng/states.html>. Retrieved on 12 April 2008 
  12. ^ Blocked by a state judge pending trial. The case is still pending. See Legal Status of official English in Alaska, proenglish. org, <http://www.proenglish.org/states/alaska.htm>. Retrieved on 12 April 2008 
  13. ^ 5 ILCS 460/20 (from Ch. 1, par. 2901‑20) - Sec. 20. "Official language. The official language of the State of Illinois is English. "
  14. ^ Governor's Signature Makes English the Official Language of Kansas, Business Wire, May 11, 2007, <http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2007_May_11/ai_n19095444>. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 21 May 2008 
  15. ^ Official Language Law of Massachusetts (1975)
  16. ^ Legal Status of official English in Hawai'i, proenglish. org, <http://www.proenglish.org/states/hawaii.htm>. Retrieved on 12 April 2008 
  17. ^ Asserted by Legal Status of official English in Louisiana, proenglish. org, <http://www.proenglish.org/states/louisiana.htm>. Retrieved on 12 April 2008 
      Refuted by Language Legislation in Louisiana, <http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/JWCRAWFORD/can-la.htm>. Retrieved on 21 May 2008 , quoting provisions of the 1974 Louisiana State constitution
  18. ^ Language Laws of New Mexico, proenglish. org, <http://www.proenglish.org/states/newmexico.htm>. Retrieved on 12 April 2008 
  19. ^ Oregon Official English legislation, proenglish. org, <http://www.proenglish.org/states/oregon.htm>. Retrieved on 12 April 2008 
  20. ^ Proposed English legislation, H 5830, proenglish. org, <http://www.proenglish.org/states/rhodeisland.htm>. Retrieved on 12 April 2008 
  21. ^ Washington State Constitutional Amendment for Official English legislation, proenglish. org, <http://www.proenglish.org/states/washington.htm>. Retrieved on 12 April 2008 

External links

James Crawford may refer to James Crawford (basketball (born 1960 American basketball player played in the National Basketball League of Australia Geoffrey Nunberg (born 1945 is an American linguist and a professor at the UC Berkeley School of Information. The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU) consists of two separate Non-profit organizations the ACLU Foundation a 501(c(3 organization which focuses
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