An excavator. An excavator is an Engineering vehicle consisting of an articulated arm (boom stick bucket and Cab mounted on a Pivot (a rotating platform like a The bucket is raked toward the machine to create a trench or pit. The lower jaw "thumb" enables large objects to be moved and 'grabbing' building components during demolition. Most excavators have the bucket fitted without the thumb attachment

Front loader

Grader (plowing snow here)

Military scraper

Landfill compactor (tamping tip)

Combat engineering vehicle

A wheeled front loader at work. A loader is a type of construction equipment (engineering vehicle machinery that is primarily used to "load" material (asphalt demolition debris A grader, also commonly referred to as a road grader, a blade, a maintainer or a motor grader, is an Engineering vehicle with a large In Civil engineering, a wheel tractor-scraper is a piece of Heavy equipment used for earthmoving. A compactor is a Machine or mechanism used to reduce the size of Waste material or soil through compaction. Combat engineering vehicles (CEVs are armoured vehicles built for Engineering work on the battlefield or for the transportation of Sappers Types of combat This wheeled tractor is equipped with a large bucket, which can be raised or lowered by hydraulic arms. A tractor is a Vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high Tractive effort at slow speeds for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used

Engineering vehicles, known by the other terms: construction equipment, earth movers, heavy equipment or just plain equipment, are machines, specifically designed to execute civil engineering and construction engineering tasks. A broader definition of a tool is an entity used to interface between two or more domains that facilitates more effective action of one domain upon the other Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built Construction engineering concerns the planning and management of the Construction of structures such as Highways Bridges Airports Railroads The scope of the specialized manufacturing industries covered by the previously mentioned engineering fields is broad, encompassing in no order: construction, logging, mining, waste management, military engineering and agriculture. In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body Waste management is the collection Transport, processing, Recycling or disposal of Waste materials A military engineer is primarily responsible for the design and construction of offensive defensive and logistical structures for Warfare Other duties include the Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture These machines are most often associated with earthworks (engineering). Earthworks are engineering works created through the moving of massive quantities of Soil or unformed rock. These engineering vehicle machines, in the most basic form, are compound machines composed of simple machines. A machine is any device that uses Energy to perform some activity Simple Machines was a record label that operated out of Arlington, Virginia. Through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, the ratio between input force applied and force exerted is multiplied. In Physics and Engineering, mechanical advantage (MA is the factor by which a mechanism multiplies the force put into it In Physics, especially Mechanics, a simple machine is a mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a Force. A ratio is an expression which compares quantities relative to each other ^[1] Currently most equipment use hydraulics as a primary source of transfering power. Hydraulic machinery are machines and tools which use Fluid power to do work The use of heavy equipment has a long history. Vitruvius a 1st century B. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c 80–70 BC died after c 15 BC was a Roman Writer, Architect and Engineer (possibly praefectus fabrum C. engineer gives detailed descriptions of Roman heavy equipment and Roman cranes in his treatise De Architectura. Roman technology is the engineering practice which supported Roman civilization and made the expansion of Roman commerce and Roman military possible over nearly a thousand years A crane is a lifting machine equipped with a Winder, Wire ropes or Chains and sheaves that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to De architectura ( Latin: "On architecture" is a treatise on Architecture written by the Roman Architect Vitruvius ^[2]

Types

Attachments and Hydromechanical Work Tools

Off-the-road tires

Caterpillar D9 armoured bulldozer. An aerial work platform (AWP or elevated work platform ( EWP) is a mechanical device used to provide temporary access for people or equipment to inaccessible An aerial work platform (AWP or elevated work platform ( EWP) is a mechanical device used to provide temporary access for people or equipment to inaccessible A tractor is a Vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high Tractive effort at slow speeds for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used An articulated hauler is an Engineering vehicle used to transport loads over rough Terrain. A dump truck or production truck is a Truck used for transporting loose material (such as Sand, Gravel, or dirt) for Construction A paver ( paver finisher, asphalt finisher) is an Engineering vehicle used to lay Asphalt on roadways An asphalt plant is a plant used for the manufacture of Asphalt, Macadam and other forms of coated roadstone sometimes collectively known as Blacktop. Backhoe loader, also called a loader backhoe, and commonly shortened to backhoe, is an Engineering vehicle, which consists of a Tractor, fitted A backhoe, also called a rear actor or back actor, is a piece of excavating equipment consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm ----A bulldozer is a crawler ( Caterpillar tracked Tractor) equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities This article is about a Vehicle. For the historical British Regiment, see 11th Hussars. A cold planer (also known as a pavement planer pavement recycler milling machine or rotomill is an Engineering vehicle used to remove bituminous or Asphalt concrete Combat engineering vehicles (CEVs are armoured vehicles built for Engineering work on the battlefield or for the transportation of Sappers Types of combat A compact hydraulic excavator or mini excavator is a tracked or wheeled vehicle with an approximate operating weight from 0 Ready-mix concrete is a type of Concrete that is manufactured in a factory or batching plant according to a set recipe and then delivered to a worksite by truck mounted transit A tractor is a Vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high Tractive effort at slow speeds for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used A dump truck or production truck is a Truck used for transporting loose material (such as Sand, Gravel, or dirt) for Construction A crane is a lifting machine equipped with a Winder, Wire ropes or Chains and sheaves that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag Dragline excavation systems are Heavy equipment used in Civil engineering and surface Mining. Dredging is an Excavation activity or operation usually carried out at least partly underwater in shallow seas or Fresh water areas with the purpose of For a detailed diagram of a Petroleum drilling rig, See Drilling rig (petroleum A drilling rig is a machine which creates holes (usually called Bucket-wheel excavators are Heavy equipment used in Surface mining and Civil engineering. An excavator is an Engineering vehicle consisting of an articulated arm (boom stick bucket and Cab mounted on a Pivot (a rotating platform like a A feller buncher is a large Logging machine with an attachment that cuts Trees in place The Fresno Scraper was invented in 1883 by the Scottish Immigrant and entrepreneur James Porteous who having worked with farmers in Fresno California An excavator is an Engineering vehicle consisting of an articulated arm (boom stick bucket and Cab mounted on a Pivot (a rotating platform like a The harvester is a type of heavy vehicle employed in Cut-to-length logging operations for felling, Delimbing and bucking Trees A dump truck or production truck is a Truck used for transporting loose material (such as Sand, Gravel, or dirt) for Construction A dump truck or production truck is a Truck used for transporting loose material (such as Sand, Gravel, or dirt) for Construction A dump truck or production truck is a Truck used for transporting loose material (such as Sand, Gravel, or dirt) for Construction A dump truck or production truck is a Truck used for transporting loose material (such as Sand, Gravel, or dirt) for Construction A dump truck or production truck is a Truck used for transporting loose material (such as Sand, Gravel, or dirt) for Construction A dump truck or production truck is a Truck used for transporting loose material (such as Sand, Gravel, or dirt) for Construction A dump truck or production truck is a Truck used for transporting loose material (such as Sand, Gravel, or dirt) for Construction A dump truck or production truck is a Truck used for transporting loose material (such as Sand, Gravel, or dirt) for Construction A concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer) is a device that homogeneously combines Cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel and Water Grapple truck is a term used to described a truck that has a grapple loader mounted to its frame which is used for loading and sometimes hauling Bulky waste. A crane is a lifting machine equipped with a Winder, Wire ropes or Chains and sheaves that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to A grader, also commonly referred to as a road grader, a blade, a maintainer or a motor grader, is an Engineering vehicle with a large A pile driver is a mechanical device used to drive Piles into soil to provide foundation support for buildings or other structures A road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just roller) is a Compactor type Engineering vehicle used to compact soil A reclaimer is a large machine used in bulk material handling applications Soil cement is a Construction material, a mix of pulverized natural Soil with small amount of Portland cement and Water, usually processed in A roadheader, also called a boom-type roadheader, road header machine, road header or just header machine, is a piece of excavating equipment A road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just roller) is a Compactor type Engineering vehicle used to compact soil A rotary tiller, also known as a rototiller, rotavator, rotary hoe, power tiller, or rotary plough (in US plow is a motorised In Civil engineering, a wheel tractor-scraper is a piece of Heavy equipment used for earthmoving. A skid loader or skid steer loader is a rigid frame engine-powered machine with lift arms used to attach a wide variety of labor-saving tools or attachments A skidder is any type of heavy vehicle used in a Logging operation for pulling cut trees out of a forest in a process called "skidding" in which the logs A loader is a type of construction equipment (engineering vehicle machinery that is primarily used to "load" material (asphalt demolition debris Slipform construction is a method for building large towers or bridges from Concrete. A steam shovel is a large steam-powered excavating machine designed for lifting and moving material such as rock and Soil. For the Semi-automatic shotgun known as the Street Sweeper, see Armsel Striker. A telescopic handler, or telehandler, is a machine widely used in Agriculture and Industry. The harvester is a type of heavy vehicle employed in Cut-to-length logging operations for felling, Delimbing and bucking Trees A track loader is an Engineering vehicle consisting of a tracked Chassis with a loader for digging and loading material A skidder is any type of heavy vehicle used in a Logging operation for pulling cut trees out of a forest in a process called "skidding" in which the logs A tracked vehicle (also called track-type tractor tractor crawler or track-laying vehicle is a vehicle that runs on tracks instead of Wheels Typically used ----A bulldozer is a crawler ( Caterpillar tracked Tractor) equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities A tractor is a Vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high Tractive effort at slow speeds for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used A trencher is piece of Construction equipment used to dig Trenches typically for laying pipes or Cable, or for Drainage. A tunnel boring machine ( TBM) is a machine used to excavate Tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. A road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just roller) is a Compactor type Engineering vehicle used to compact soil Waste compaction is the process of compacting Waste. It is often used to reduce the size of waste material A road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just roller) is a Compactor type Engineering vehicle used to compact soil A forwarder is a vehicle that carries logs from the stump to a roadside landing A loader is a type of construction equipment (engineering vehicle machinery that is primarily used to "load" material (asphalt demolition debris A skidder is any type of heavy vehicle used in a Logging operation for pulling cut trees out of a forest in a process called "skidding" in which the logs In Civil engineering, a wheel tractor-scraper is a piece of Heavy equipment used for earthmoving. A yarder is piece of Logging equipment which uses a system of cables to pull or fly logs from the stump to the landing An auger is a device for moving material or liquid (see Archimedes' screw) by means of a rotating Helical flighting A backhoe, also called a rear actor or back actor, is a piece of excavating equipment consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm A broom is a Cleaning Tool consisting of stiff fibres attached to and roughly parallel to a cylindrical handle, the broomstick. ----A bulldozer is a crawler ( Caterpillar tracked Tractor) equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities Continuous tracks are large (modular tracks used on the so-called caterpillar Tanks construction equipment and certain other off-road vehicles A grapple is a Hook or claw used to catch or hold something A ship's Anchor is a type of grapple especially the "grapnel" anchor A breaker is a powerful percussion hammer fitted to an excavator for demolishing concrete structures or rocks A hoe ram, hydraulic hammer, or demolition hammer is a hydraulic hammer used in demolition and excavation For the mechanical technology see Hydraulic machinery and Hydraulic cylinder Hydraulics is a topic of science and Engineering A crane is a lifting machine equipped with a Winder, Wire ropes or Chains and sheaves that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to A pile driver is a mechanical device used to drive Piles into soil to provide foundation support for buildings or other structures A power take-off ( PTO) is a splined Driveshaft, usually on a Tractor or that can be used to provide power to an attachment or separate machine ----A bulldozer is a crawler ( Caterpillar tracked Tractor) equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities A road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just roller) is a Compactor type Engineering vehicle used to compact soil Demolition is the opposite of Construction: the tearing-down of Buildings and other Structures It contrasts with deconstruction A snow blower, snowblower, or snow thrower is a machine for removing Snow from an area where it is not wanted such as a Driveway, Sidewalk A stump grinder is a stand-alone power tool or equipment attachment that removes Tree stumps by means of a rotating cutting disk that chips away the wood The thumb is the medial -most digit of the hand The English adjective for thumb is pollical tiltrotator (known under a number of trade names particularly Rototilt) is an Hydraulic attachment/tool used on most Excavators and Backhoes A trencher is piece of Construction equipment used to dig Trenches typically for laying pipes or Cable, or for Drainage. A vibrator is a mechanical device that is designed to generate vibrations The vibration is often generated by an Electric motor with an unbalanced The armored Bulldozer is a basic tool of Combat engineering. These Combat engineering vehicles combine the earth moving capabilities of the bulldozer Heavy bulldozers are powerful tools, equipped with a hollow steel blade, making them highly suitable for military applications and large earthmoving projects. Earthworks are engineering works created through the moving of massive quantities of Soil or unformed rock.

Heavy equipment requires specialized tires for various construction applications. This article is about tires used on road Vehicles including pneumatic tires and solid tires. While many types of equipment have continuous tracks applicable to more severe service requirements, tires are used where greater speed or mobility is required. Continuous tracks are large (modular tracks used on the so-called caterpillar Tanks construction equipment and certain other off-road vehicles An understanding of what equipment will be used for during the life of the tires is required for proper selection. Tire selection can have a significant impact on production and unit cost. There are three types of off-the-road tires, transport for earthmoving machines, work for slow moving earth moving machines, and load and carry for transporting as well as digging. Off-highway tires have six categories of service C compactor, E earthmover, G grader, L loader, LS log-skidder and ML mining and logging. Within these service categories are various tread types designed for use on hard-packed surface, soft surface and rock. Tires are a large expense on any construction project, careful consideration should be given to prevent excessive wear or damage.

Equipment Cost

On any project using equipment it is important to maintain accurate records concerning utilization, repairs and maintenance. The two main categories of equipment cost is ownership cost and operating cost. operating cost are the recurring expenses which are related to the operation of a business or to the operation of a device component piece of equipment or facility

Ownership Cost

For an expense to be classified as an ownership cost it must be incurred regardless of if the equipment is used or not. These costs are as follows:

Depreciation can be calculated several ways, the simplest is the straight-line method. Price in Economics and Business is the result of an exchange and from that trade we assign a numerical Monetary value to a good, The Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS is the current method of accelerated Asset Depreciation required by the United States income tax code Property tax, or millage tax, is an Ad valorem tax that an owner pays on the value of the property being taxed Insurance, in Law and Economics, is a form of Risk management primarily used to hedge against the Risk of a contingent loss Depreciation is a term used in Accounting, Economics and Finance to spread the cost of an Asset over the span of several years The annual depreciation is constant, reducing the equipment value annually. The following are simple equations paraphrased from the Peurifoy & Schexnayder text:

Operating Cost

For an expense to be classified as an operating cost it must be incurred through use of the equipment. In accounting, book value or carrying value is the value of an asset or according to its Balance sheet account balance These costs are as follows:

The biggest distinction from a cost standpoint is if a repair is classified as a major repair or a minor repair. Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy A lubricant (sometimes referred to as a "Lube" is a substance (often a liquid introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce the Friction between them improving Mineral oil or liquid Petroleum is a By-product in the Distillation of Petroleum to produce Gasoline and other petroleum Maintenance repair and operations or maintenance repair and overhaul (MRO is fixing any sort of mechanical or Electrical device should it This article is about tires used on road Vehicles including pneumatic tires and solid tires. A major repair can change the depreciable equipment value due to an extension in service life while a minor repair is normal maintenance. A product's service life is its expected lifetime or the acceptable period of use in service Maintenance repair and operations or maintenance repair and overhaul (MRO is fixing any sort of mechanical or Electrical device should it Major repairs are charged to the equipment and minor repairs are charged to the job. It is advantageous for projects to classify all repairs as major while the equipment department will desire to classify all repairs as "minor" and charge the work to a job.

A drilling machine at a construction site with a concrete pump and a barely visible concrete mixer-truck. Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag The tops of foundation piles with re-inforcing iron rods sticking out, are visible at the bottom of the photo. This is an image of a very specialized auger which has a pipe all the way down its axis, permitting concrete to be pumped down while the auger is withdrawn.

Models

Main article: Model construction vehicle

Die-cast metal promotional scale models of heavy equipment are often produced for each vehicle to give to prospective customers. A Model construction vehicle (or Engineering vehicle) is a Scale model or Die-cast toy that represents a construction vehicle such as an excavator The term die-cast toy here refers to any toy or collectible model produced by using the Die casting method A scale model is a representation or copy of an object that is larger or smaller than the actual size of the object. These are typically in 1:50 scale. 150 scale is a popular size for Diecast models from European manufacturers such as Conrad, Tekno and NZG. The popular manufacturers of these models are Conrad and NZG in Germany, even for US vehicles. Conrad GmbH is a German manufacturer of Diecast Scale models primarily in 150 scale for use both as toys and promotional models by heavy equipment manufacturers NZG (Nürnberger Zinkdruckguß-Modelle GmbH is a German manufacturer of Diecast Scale models primarily in 150 scale for use both as toys and promotional

Manufacturers

The leading global manufacturers of construction equipment (in order):

1. Caterpillar Inc.
2. Komatsu
3. Terex
4. CNH Global (CASE, New Holland, Kobelco)
5. Volvo Construction Equipment
6. Deere & Company
7. Doosan Group (Bobcat Company)
8. Hitachi Construction Machinery
      (a subsidiary of Hitachi, Ltd.; inc: Euclid Trucks)
9. Bell Equipment
10. Hitachi Construction Machinery (Europe)

Other manufacturers:

Operator training

United States

The Association of Equipment Manufacturers provides effective safety training materials for operators of rough terrain forklifts and operators of industrial and agricultural mowers. Caterpillar Inc ( is a United States -based Corporation headquartered in Peoria Illinois. For the city called Komatsu in Ishikawa prefecture Japan see Komatsu Ishikawa. Terex Corporation is a diversified global manufacturer of a broad range of Heavy equipment for a variety of industries including construction infrastructure quarrying CNH Global NV (short for Case-New Holland) is the second largest Manufacturer of Agricultural equipment and the third largest maker of Construction equipment Volvo Construction Equipment (originally Volvo BM) is a Subsidiary and business area of AB Volvo. Deere & Company (usually known by its brand name John Deere) ( is an American Corporation based in Moline Illinois, and the leading manufacturer Doosan Group is a South Korean conglomerate quoted on the Korea Stock Exchange. () is a Multinational corporation specializing in high-technology and services headquartered in Marunouchi Itchome Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. The Euclid Company of Ohio was a company specialized in Heavy equipment for earthmoving, namely Dump trucks and Wheel tractor-scrapers that operated Hitachi Construction Machinery (Europe NV is a subsidiary of Hitachi Construction Machinery Group Atlas Copco is a Swedish industrial company that was founded in 1873. Demag is a German Heavy equipment manufacturer Its business began in 1906 as a Dock Cranes manufacturer under the name Deutsche Maschinenfabrik Doosan Group is a South Korean conglomerate quoted on the Korea Stock Exchange. Fiat-Allis is a firm that makes Engineering vehicles It was born in 1974 as a joint venture between Italian Fiat and American Allis-Chalmers. Hyundai Heavy Industries Co Ltd (HHI is the world's largest shipbuilder company headquartered in Ulsan, South Korea. JCB, or J C Bamford (Excavators Ltd as it is more properly known is a family business named after its founder J Navistar International Corporation ( (formerly International Harvester Company) is a manufacturer of International brand commercial trucks MaxxForce brand diesel Ingersoll Rand ( is a $17 billion global diversified industrial company founded in 1871 () is a tractor and heavy equipment manufacturer based in Osaka, Japan The Liebherr Group is a German manufacturer established in 1949 by Hans Liebherr headquartered in Biberach an der Riss, Baden-Württemberg. Orenstein & Koppel (normally abbreviated to " O&K " is a major German Engineering company and was founded on April 1, 1876 Poclain is a family company founded by Georges Bataille in France in the 1930s then developed by his sons Pierre and Claude Bataille with help from Jacques and Bernard Bataille tiltrotator (known under a number of trade names particularly Rototilt) is an Hydraulic attachment/tool used on most Excavators and Backhoes ST Kinetics ( is the land systems and specialty vehicles arm of ST Engineering. The Association of Equipment Manufacturers (AEM is the international trade and business development resource for companies that manufacture equipment products and services used worldwide The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA has written voluminous workplace safety standards and regulations that affect employers and employees in the United States A mower is a machine for cutting crops or plants that grow on the ground

The National Association of Heavy Equipment Training Schools provides American national certification for heavy equipment operator

The International Union of Operating Engineers has equipment schools where apprentice operators are trained. The National Association of Heavy Equipment Training Schools (NAHETS founded 2005 is an association of heavy equipment operator training schools in the United States. A heavy equipment operator drives and operates Engineering vehicles used in Engineering and Construction projects The International Union of Operating Engineers (IUOE is a labor union within the AFL-CIO representing primarily construction workers who work as Heavy Apprenticeship is a system of Training a new generation of practitioners of a skill

International

Currently there is not an international association of heavy equipment schools.

The International Union of Operating Engineers has equipment schools where apprentice operators are trained. The International Union of Operating Engineers (IUOE is a labor union within the AFL-CIO representing primarily construction workers who work as Heavy Apprenticeship is a system of Training a new generation of practitioners of a skill

References

• Caterpillar Performance Handbook. Peoria, Illinois: Caterpillar Tractor Company. Serial Publication.
• Peurifoy & Schexnayder "Construction Planning Equipment, and Methods" McGraw Hill 6th edition ISBN 0-07-232176-8