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The term energy superpower has several potential definitions that might be used relating to different contexts. A superpower is a State with a leading position in the international system and the ability to Influence events and project power on a worldwide scale [1] In recent years, however, it has come to be used to refer to a nation that supplies large amounts of energy resources (oil, natural gas, coal, uranium, etc) to a significant number of other states, and which therefore has the potential to influence world markets to gain a political or economic advantage. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified ( natural) form An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the This might be exercised, for example, by significantly influencing the price on global markets, or by withholding supplies. [2][3] The status of "energy superpower" should not be confused with that of "superpower", as the nature of an energy superpower is defined very differently due to the non-military nature of an energy superpower's power base. A superpower is a State with a leading position in the international system and the ability to Influence events and project power on a worldwide scale

Energy superpowers project greater power than would be otherwise possible due to their lock on the exportable energy markets, and are becoming increasingly valuable to the global economy. In the global commodities' boom of recent years many of these states have benefited massively from increased production and prices.

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Energy superpowers of the world

There are currently two "recognized" energy superpowers globally, both of whom have the largest reserves and production in their areas of energy they specialize in. Russia has the world's largest reserves of natural gas, and is is the worlds largest gas producer and exporter[4], while Saudi Arabia has the world's largest conventional oil reserves and maintains the world’s largest crude oil production capacity, estimated to be around 10. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit 5-11. 0 million bbl/d. [5] Actions taken by companies or the government in either state are enough to produce an immediate reaction in the stock market, although the markets have been known to second-guess Saudi Arabia's stated production numbers.

Russia

Main article: Energy policy of Russia

Russia has the largest known natural gas reserves of any state on earth, along with the second largest coal reserves, and the eighth largest oil reserves. The Energy policy of Russia is contained in an Energy Strategy document which sets out policy for the period up to 2020 Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, [6] It is the world's second largest oil producer and, from time to time, overtakes Saudi Arabia as the world's number one. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi [7][8]

Russia is also the world biggest natural gas producer with 22. 3% of global natural gas production and also the biggest exporter with 24. 0% of global natural gas export. [9]In recent years Russia has identified the gas sector as being of key strategic importance. Many private oil and natural gas companies, most notably Yukos and Sibneft have been consolidated under the control of the state-controlled Rosneft and Gazprom respectively. Yukos Oil Company (ОАО НК ЮКОС was a Petroleum company in Russia which until recently was controlled by Russian Gazprom Neft ( ( Газпром нефть) is the fifth largest oil producing and refining company in Russia. OAO Rosneft Oil Company ( Роснефть) () is an integrated petroleum company owned by the Russian Government OJSC Gazprom, (Газпром long version Открытое Aкционерное Oбщество Газпром sometimes transcribed as Gasprom is the largest Russian company

Gazprom also has control over all gas pipelines leading out of Central Asia, a region also rich in gas. Russia has used such gas, primarily that from Turkmenistan, on occasions where it has found itself unable to meet all its delivery obligations from its own production. Turkmenistan ( Türkmenistan; also known as Turkmenia) is a Turkic country in Central Asia. Such circumstances in 2000 led to Gazprom allowing Turkmenistan to use its pipelines to supply gas to the highly-subsidised, low price Russian domestic market - leaving Gazprom free to fulfil its obligations towards European customers. [10] Gazprom sells 33% of its gas to Europe, accounting for nearly 70% of the company's revenue. The remaining 30% is sold for domestic Russian consumption at highly subsidized prices.

As of 2006, Russia supplies over 25% of Europe's oil and over 40% of its gas. Its energy superpower status has recently become a hot topic in the European Union. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in [11] Russia's overwhelmingly large reserves of natural gas have helped give it the title without much debate. [12][13] Still, Russia's status as an energy superpower has been called into question by some. As Vladimir Milov, of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, says:

The “energy superpower" concept is an illusion with no basis in reality. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a formally private nonprofit organization in practice closely associated with the United States Department of State, Perhaps most dangerously, it doesn’t recognize the mutual dependence between Russia and energy consumers. Because of political conflicts and declining production, future supply disruptions to Europe are likely. As a result, there will come a day when European gas companies demand elimination of the take-or-pay conditions in their Russian contracts. This will threaten Gazprom’s ability to borrow. Putin’s attempt to use energy to increase Russian influence could backfire in the long run. [14]

Russia has recently been accused by the West of using its natural resources as a policy tool to be wielded against offending states like Georgia, the Ukraine, and other states it perceives as hindrances to its power. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. At the beginning of 2006 Russia greatly increased the price of gas for Ukraine following that country's Orange Revolution. The Orange Revolution (Помаранчева революція Pomarancheva revolyutsiya) was a series of Protests and political events that took place in Ukraine It later doubled natural gas prices to Georgia following an international incident. Critics speculated that this was an attempt to influence the Georgian leadership's defiance of Moscow.

Russia, in turn, accuses the West of applying double-standards relating to market principles, pointing out that it has been supplying gas to the states in question (ruled by regimes Moscow considers unfriendly) at prices that were significantly below world market levels, and in some cases remain so even after the increases. Russia argues that it is not obligated to effectively subsidize the economies of post-Soviet states by offering them resources at below-market prices. Russia has greatly increased the price of gas for Armenia and Belarus, which, unlike Georgia and Ukraine, has been closely allied with Moscow and forms a loose union state with Russia. The Russia-Belarus energy dispute began when Russian State-owned gas supplier Gazprom demanded an increase in gas prices paid by Belarus Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east

Despite Russia's vast potential, there have been concerns voiced by TNK-BP's Viktor Vekselberg that it will run into grave difficulties in 2007,[15] citing that Russia has not opened up any new gas fields since the fall of the Soviet Union, and those which are currently in operation are rapidly depleting. TNK-BP Ltd ( is a major Vertically integrated Russian oil company registered in the British Virgin Islands in September 2003 as a result of the merger Viktor Felixovich Vekselberg (Виктор Феликсович Вексельберг born April 14, 1957, Drohobych, Ukraine, Soviet

However, this opinion comes in direct contradiction to known facts, as Russia was not reported to have run into gas shortages during 2007. In October of 2001 Gazprom began production at the Zapolyarnoye field in western Siberia measured at 3. 2 trillion cubic meters. This puts Zapolyarnoye field in the top 10 largest fields in the world. [16] [17]

Despite this fact, some continue to argue that inefficient plant and aging infrastructure could force Russia to import additional gas from Central Asia. [18] Such a scenario is not inevitable, as Gazprom has access to vast amounts of gas, and according to Gazprom's Alexey Miller intends to singlehandedly explore the Shtokman Field, one of the world's largest natural gas fields. OJSC Gazprom, (Газпром long version Открытое Aкционерное Oбщество Газпром sometimes transcribed as Gasprom is the largest Russian company Alexei Borisovich Miller (Алексей Борисович Миллер (born January 31, 1962) is Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chairman of the The Shtokman field (also Stockman field; Штокмановское месторождение one of the world's largest Natural gas fields lies in the central [19]

It is noteworthy that Russian gas imports present a lucrative opportunity for the country. In 2008 Russia plans to import most of its gas from Central Asian republics for a price that ranges between $100 and $150 per 1000 cubic meters. It resells most of this gas to Europe for a price that tops $250 per 1000 cubic meters.

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia possesses both the world's largest known oil reserves and produces the largest amount of the world's oil, sometimes being outproduced by Russia, though maintaining the world’s largest crude oil production capacity. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Considered to be the leading state of OPEC, its decisions to raise or cut production almost immediately impact world oil prices. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC) is a Cartel of thirteen countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador [20]

In 2005, oil export revenues accounted for around 90 percent of total Saudi export earnings, which accounted for 70-80 percent of state revenues, and 44 percent of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), as reported by the IMF. Saudi Arabia is increasing its oil production capacity to 12 million barrels per day (1,900,000 m³/d) (bbl/d), by 2009. [21]

Disputed energy superpowers

Canada holds perhaps one of the more ambiguous status' in international relations when it comes to its status as an energy power. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Supporters of it being included with Saudi Arabia & Russia will point out that Canada has the world's highest production of uranium, producing over a quarter of the world's uranium in 2006. [22] Canada also ranks number one on earth in energy produced via hydroelectricity, and exports large amounts of electricity to the US from hydroelectric production. [23] Some Canadian institutions have taken to even calling the country an energy superpower, but these claims are almost all predicated on its oil production rates. [24] Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper has taken to calling the country an energy superpower in Summer 2006. WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Honorific prefixes --> Stephen Joseph Harper PC [25][26][27] Currently Canada also ranks 3rd on earth in natural gas production behind Russia and the US, and seventh in oil production. [23]

However, there are a number of critics of this view, who feel that Canada has not really established itself as an actual energy superpower. Critics, like Shawn McCarthy of Toronto-based Globe & Mail feel that in comparison to already existing energy superpowers like Russia, Canada is more like a "energy superstore" compared to Russia, which he says is the "real deal". [28] Still others feel that Canada has not yet achieved the status, but rather is emerging as its production rates in oil grow, like the Oxford Analytica independent scholarly consulting firm. [29] However, even proponents like Oxford Analytica acknowledged the incredible amount of investment that would be necessary to bring this about, and that Canada's growing energy production could precipitate a confrontation between the US and China over access to Canada's energy assets. Canada's potential status as an energy superpower is discussed in further detail below.

Still others like Dr. Raymont of EnergyINet Inc. are concerned that environmental principles will be sacrificed in the pursuit of Canada being an energy superpower, and wish it to set a standard as the world's only "clean" or "responsible" energy superpower. [29]

Potential energy superpowers

In addition to the recognised powers, certain states have large or even enormous energy reserves that have not yet been exploited significantly, and which therefore have the potential to become the energy superpowers in the future.

According to Manik Talwani, a geophysicist at Rice University, there are two countries that are most likely to attain the status of Oil superpower: Venezuela and Canada. [30] Citing their enormous potential reserves (1. 2 trillion potential barrels for Venezuela and 1. 75 trillion for Canada's oil sands), Dr. Talwani believes that they have the reserves to become energy superpowers in the next few decades as oil production declines elsewhere. However, as Dr. Talwani notes, both need 100 billion dollars or more to increase their production levels up to those of true energy superpowers.

Venezuelan potential for oil production

In 2003 Dr. Talwani said of Venezuela's ability to expand production, quote, "Of course, expanding heavy oil production to make it a significant part of our energy strategy will require a huge investment. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the For example, oil companies have estimated that achieving just an additional 200 million barrels per day (32,000,000 m³/d) of converted Venezuelan heavy oil would take some $3-billion in research and new refining capacity. Extrapolating such figures is hard to do, but a back of the envelope calculation indicates that it could take more than $100-billion to bring Venezuelan daily production up to Saudi levels. "[30]

Canadian potential for oil production

Canada itself produces today some 3 million barrels per day (480,000 m³/d), and is projected to increase its production at least double by 2017. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page However, it has far larger capital costs associated with expanding production, as shown by the "30 percent increase in average capital costs over the last year has challenged the growing market along with major infrastructure issues", noted by Monsters & Critics' Kristyn Ecochard. [31]

Iranian potential for both gas and oil production

Iran is the world's fourth largest producer, [32] and fifth largest exporter [33] of oil. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. It has the third largest proven reserves of oil in the world. [34] Iran is also the sixth largest producer of natural gas, [35] with the second largest proven reserves. [36]. These give Iran a hybrid status between Russia and Saudi Arabia as a potential Energy superpower. If its current relations with United States become less tense, increased foreign direct investment in the energy sector may hold the potential for becoming an energy superpower in the combination of gas and oil energy. Foreign direct investment ( FDI) in its classic definition is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country British journalist Julian Evans has written that the sooner Iran lets go of its outdated ambitions to be a nuclear superpower, the quicker it can become a modern energy superpower. [37]

Threats to energy superpowers

Recently a new strategy has emerged from al-Qaeda when it comes to fighting the United States. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Rather than only targeting the U. S. interests directly in an attempt to cripple it, al-Qaeda now believes that cutting off the supply of energy to the U. S. should be a high priority. [38] In particular, several powerful energy producing states like Saudi Arabia & Canada have had their energy industries listed as targets in al-Qaeda's effort to bleed the U. S. dry. In an apparent attempt to carry out this strategy, several masked men attempted to enter and destroy a section of the Saudi Abqaiq oil refinery. As of yet no attempt to attack energy industry infrastructure has succeeded by a known terrorist group, although Nigeria faces disruption of its energy industry by local rebel forces.

Says Ian MacLeod of the CanWest News Service, "A major supply disruption would send energy prices soaring. Had the Abqaiq attack been successful -- guards fired on cars driven by the bombers, detonating the explosives inside -- some experts say oil prices would have likely broken all records. A catastrophic hit could bring transportation and other parts of the U. S. and world economies to a standstill. "[38]

Energy superpowers as a result, while blessed with enormous natural wealth, are beginning to be pegged as targets in the worldwide war on terrorism. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U While Saudi facilities are relatively well-protected, there is no consensus as yet as to the seriousness of the threat to other countries nor how well prepared they might be to stop an attack.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ How Russia's energy superpower status can bring supersecurity and superstability, Civil G8, 2006
  2. ^ "Russia Won't Act Like an Energy Superpower": Making Promises that Can't Be Kept, Global Events Magazine, September 15, 2006
  3. ^ The Emergence of Russia as Potential Energy Superpower and Implications for U. S. Energy Security, Dusseldorfer Institut fur Aussen-und Sicherheitspolitik, 22.01.2005
  4. ^ Greatest Natural Gas Reserves by Country, 2006
  5. ^ http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Saudi_Arabia/Oil.html
  6. ^ Russia Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis - Energy Information Administration (US Govt)
  7. ^ "Russia's oil renaissance", BBC News, 2002-06-24. Oil reserves are the estimated quantities of Crude oil that are claimed to be recoverable under existing Economic and operating conditions The Russia-Belarus energy dispute began when Russian State-owned gas supplier Gazprom demanded an increase in gas prices paid by Belarus A Great energy power is a state is one that possesses large (or incredible amounts of energy reserves or potential reserves in areas like Oil, Natural gas, Coal, Access to cheap energy has become essential to the functioning of modern economies Petroleum politics have been an increasingly important aspect of international diplomacy since the discovery of oil in the Middle East in the early 1900s See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Retrieved on 2007-05-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and  
  8. ^ Beware Russia, energy superpower[March 8, 2008]
  9. ^ Key World Energy Statistics. 2006 Edition, International Energy Agency 2006
  10. ^ Russia takes heat over energy supply, by Judy Dempsey, International Herald Tribune, 12 February 2006
  11. ^ Beware Russia, energy superpower, by Philip Delves Broughton, The First Post, 16 October 2006
  12. ^ How Sustainable is Russia's Future as an Energy Superpower?, by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 16 March 2006
  13. ^ Russia: The 21st Century's Energy Superpower?, by Fiona Hill, The Brookings Institution, 5 October 2002
  14. ^ How Sustainable is Russia's Future as an Energy Superpower?
  15. ^ TNK-BP warns of Russian gas shortage in 2007, by Tarmo Virki, SignonSanDiego. The International Energy Agency ( IEA, or AIE in Romance languages) is a Paris -based intergovernmental organization founded by the Organisation The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. com, 24 November 2006
  16. ^ [http://www.stratfor.com/products/premium/read_article.php?id=200947 Russia Poised to Dominate European Energy October 11, 2001]
  17. ^ Gazprom
  18. ^ What if Russian Gas Runs Low?, by Edward Lucas, The Economist, 23 November 2006
  19. ^ Gas from Shtokman to be piped to Europe, press release by Gazprom, 9 October 2006
  20. ^ Saudi vows to keep oil flowing, by CNN 31 May 2004
  21. ^ Saudi Arabia Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis - Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal
  22. ^ Canada's Uranium Production & Nuclear Power. Nuclear Issues Briefing Paper # 3. Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Australian Uranium Association Ltd (March 2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus
  23. ^ a b Canada. Energy and power. Encyclopedia of the Nations. Retrieved on 2007-04-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus
  24. ^ Canada – Energy Superpower in the Global Oil Market Context. CERI 2007 Oil Conference. The Canadian Energy Research Institute (CERI) (2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus
  25. ^ FED - Canada to be 'superpower' in energy, Harper says. University of Alberta (2006-10-20). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Retrieved on 2007-04-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus
  26. ^ Harper calls Canada “energy superpower”, by Mike Blanchfield, CanWest News Service, 14 July 2006
  27. ^ Canada an emerging energy superpower: Harper, by CTV. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ca News Staff, 20 September 2006
  28. ^ Russia, pumped. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Shawn McCarthy, theglobeandmail. com (2007-03-02). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Retrieved on 2007-04-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus
  29. ^ a b Canada To Compete In Oil Market. Oxford Analytica (2005-02-17). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Retrieved on 2007-04-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus
  30. ^ a b Canada: The next oil superpower?, by Manik Talwani. The New York Times 2003
  31. ^ Increasing oil sands production, by Kristyn Ecochard, Monsters & Critics. 14 February 2007
  32. ^ www.cia.gov
  33. ^ www.cia.gov
  34. ^ www.cia.gov
  35. ^ www.cia.gov
  36. ^ www.cia.gov
  37. ^ The EU should be playing Iran and Russia off againsta each other, by Julian Evans, Eurasian Home, 8 November 2006
  38. ^ a b Al-Qaeda calls for attacks on Canadian oil facilities. Ian MacLeod, CanWest News Service (2007-02-17). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Retrieved on 2007-04-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus


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