Endoscopy means looking inside and typically refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons using an instrument called an endoscope. Endoscopy can also refer to using a borescope in technical situations where direct line-of-sight observation is not feasible. BorescopeApplicationpng|thumb|250px|right|Borescope in use with example of what you might see through the borescope

Contents 1 Overview 2 Components 3 Uses 4 History 5 Risks 6 After the endoscopy 7 Recent developments 8 See also 9 References 10 Footnotes 11 External links

Overview

Endoscopy is a minimally invasive diagnostic medical procedure that is used to assess the interior surfaces of an organ by inserting a tube into the body. Minimally invasive surgical procedures avoid open invasive surgery in favor of closed or local surgery with less trauma Diagnosis is the identification by Process of elimination, of the nature of anything A medical procedure is a course of action intended to achieve a result in the care of patients used by medical or paramedical personnel The instrument may have a rigid or flexible tube and not only provide an image for visual inspection and photography, but also enable taking biopsies and retrieval of foreign objects. The visual system is the part of the Nervous system which allows organisms to see. A photograph (often shortened to photo) is an Image created by Light falling on a light-sensitive surface usually Photographic film or an electronic Endoscopy is the vehicle for minimally invasive surgery. Minimally invasive surgical procedures avoid open invasive surgery in favor of closed or local surgery with less trauma

Many endoscopic procedures are considered to be relatively painless and, at worst, associated with mild discomfort; for example, in esophagogastroduodenoscopy, most patients tolerate the procedure with only topical anaesthesia of the oropharynx using lignocaine spray. The Oropharynx ( oral part of the Pharynx) reaches from the Soft palate to the level of the Hyoid bone. Lidocaine ( INN) (ˈlaɪdoʊkeɪn or lignocaine (former BAN) (/ˈlɪgnoʊkeɪn/ is a common Local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug ^[1] Complications are not common (only 5% of all operations) but can include perforation of the organ under inspection with the endoscope or biopsy instrument. If that occurs open surgery may be required to repair the injury.

Components

An endoscope can consist of

• a rigid or flexible tube
• a light delivery system to illuminate the organ or object under inspection. In Biology, an organ ( Latin: organum, "instrument tool" from Greek όργανον - organon "organ instrument The light source is normally outside the body and the light is typically directed via an optical fiber system
• a lens system transmitting the image to the viewer from the fiberscope
• an additional channel to allow entry of medical instruments or manipulators

Uses

Endoscopy can involve

• The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract):
  • esophagus, stomach and duodenum (esophagogastroduodenoscopy)
  • small intestine
  • colon (colonoscopy,proctosigmoidoscopy)
  • Bile duct
    • endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), duodenoscope-assisted cholangiopancreatoscopy, intraoperative cholangioscopy
• The respiratory tract
  • The nose (rhinoscopy)
  • The lower respiratory tract (bronchoscopy)
• The urinary tract (cystoscopy)
• The female reproductive system
  • The cervix (colposcopy)
  • The uterus (hysteroscopy)
  • The Fallopian tubes (Falloscopy)
• Normally closed body cavities (through a small incision):
  • The abdominal or pelvic cavity (laparoscopy)
  • The interior of a joint (arthroscopy)
  • Organs of the chest (thoracoscopy and mediastinoscopy)
• During pregnancy
  • The amnion (amnioscopy)
  • The fetus (fetoscopy)
• Plastic Surgery
• Panendoscopy (or triple endoscopy)
  • Combines laryngoscopy, esophagoscopy, and bronchoscopy
• Non-medical uses for endoscopy
  • The planning and architectural community have found the endoscope useful for pre-visualization of scale models of proposed buildings and cities (architectural endoscopy)
  • Internal inspection of complex technical systems (borescope)
  • Endoscopes are also a tool helpful in the examination of improvised explosive devices by bomb disposal personnel. An optical fiber (or fibre) is a Glass or Plastic fiber that carries Light along its length A lens is an optical device with perfect or approximate Axial symmetry which transmits and refracts Light, converging or diverging An image (from Latin imago) or picture is an artifact usually two-dimensional that has a similar appearance to some subject &mdashusually A fiberscope is a flexible Fiber optic bundle with an eyepiece at one end and a lens at the other A medical device is an object which is useful for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences) sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25-30 cm (10-12 in long connecting the Stomach to the Jejunum In Biology the small Intestine is the part of the Gastrointestinal tract (gut between the Stomach and the Large intestine, and comprises The colon is a storage tube for solid wastes The main function of the colon appears to be extraction of Water and salts from Feces. Colonoscopy is the endoscopic examination of the large colon and the distal part of the small bowel with a CCD camera or a Fiber optic Sigmoidoscopy is the Minimally invasive medical examination of the large Intestine from the Rectum through the last part of the colon A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry Bile. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ERCP) is a technique that combines the use of Endoscopy and Fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat certain problems In humans the respiratory tract is the part of the Anatomy that has to do with the process of respiration. Anatomically a nose is a protuberance in Vertebrates that houses the Nostrils or nares which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the In humans the respiratory tract is the part of the Anatomy that has to do with the process of respiration. Bronchoscopy is a technique of visualising the inside of the Airways An instrument Bronchoscope is inserted into the Airways usually through The urinary system (also called Excretory system or the genitourinary system (GUS is the Organ system that produces stores and eliminates Urine. Endoscopy of the Urinary bladder via the Urethra is called cystoscopy The reproductive system is a system of organs within an Organism which work together for the purpose of Reproduction. The cervix (from Latin "neck" is the lower narrow portion of the Uterus where it joins with the top end of the Vagina. Colposcopy is a medical diagnostic procedure to examine an illuminated magnified view of the Cervix and the tissues of the Vagina and Vulva. The uterus (from the Latin word for womb) is the major Female reproductive organ of most Mammals including Humans One end the Hysteroscopy is the inspection of the uterine cavity by Endoscopy. The Fallopian tubes, also known as oviducts, uterine tubes, and salpinges ( singular salpinx) are two very fine tubes lined with ciliated Falloscopy is the inspection of the Fallopian tubes through an Endoscope that can be either inserted into the tube through its opening in the Uterus, the Laparoscopic surgery, also called Minimally invasive surgery (MIS, bandaid surgery, Keyhole surgery, or pinhole surgery Arthroscopy (also called arthroscopic surgery) is a Minimally invasive surgical procedure in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage of the Thoracoscopy is a medical procedure involving internal inspection of the Pleural cavity. Mediastinoscopy is a surgical procedure that enables visualization of the contents of the Mediastinum, usually for the purpose of obtaining a Biopsy. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female For the alien race in Stephen Donaldson 's The Gap Cycle, see Amnion (Gap Cycle. A fetus (or foetus or fœtus) is a developing Mammal or other Viviparous Vertebrate, after the Embryonic stage and Fetoscopy is an endoscopic procedure during Pregnancy to allow access to the Fetus, the Amniotic cavity, the Umbilical cord, and the fetal side A laryngoscope ( Larynx + Scope) is a medical instrument that is used to obtain a view of the vocal folds and the glottis which is the space between the cords Bronchoscopy is a technique of visualising the inside of the Airways An instrument Bronchoscope is inserted into the Airways usually through Architectural endoscopy is an Imaging technology that allows realistic views of a scale Architectural model to be created using an analog equipment BorescopeApplicationpng|thumb|250px|right|Borescope in use with example of what you might see through the borescope An improvised explosive device ( IED) is a Bomb constructed and deployed in ways other than in conventional Military action Bomb disposal is the process by which hazardous explosive devices are rendered safe
  • The FBI uses endoscopes for conducting surveillance via tight spaces.

History

The first endoscope, of a kind, was developed in 1806 by Philip Bozzini with his introduction of a "Lichtleiter" (light conductor) "for the examinations of the canals and cavities of the human body". However, the Vienna Medical Society disapproved of such curiosity. An endoscope was first introduced into a human in 1822 by William Beaumont, an army surgeon at Mackinac Island, Michigan. Mackinac Island is a city located on Mackinac Island and Round Island in Mackinac County in the U The use of electric light was a major step in the improvement of endoscopy. The first such lights were external. Later, smaller bulbs became available making internal light possible, for instance in a hysteroscope by Charles David in 1908. Hysteroscopy is the inspection of the uterine cavity by Endoscopy. Hans Christian Jacobaeus has been given credit for early endoscopic explorations of the abdomen and the thorax with laparoscopy (1912) and thoracoscopy (1910). Hans Christian Jacobaeus (1879-1937 was a Swedish Internist who was born in Skarhult Laparoscopic surgery, also called Minimally invasive surgery (MIS, bandaid surgery, Keyhole surgery, or pinhole surgery Thoracoscopy is a medical procedure involving internal inspection of the Pleural cavity. Laparoscopy was used in the diagnosis of liver and gallbladder disease by Heinz Kalk in the 1930s. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The gallbladder (or cholecyst sometimes gall bladder is a small organ whose function in the body is to store Bile and aid in the digestive process Hope reported in 1937 on the use of laparoscopy to diagnose ectopic pregnancy. An ectopic pregnancy is a Complication of pregnancy in which the fertilized Ovum is implanted in any tissue other than the uterine wall In 1944, Raoul Palmer placed his patients in the Trendelenburg position after gaseous distention of the abdomen and thus was able to reliably perform gynecologic laparoscopy. In the Trendelenburg position the Body is laid flat on the back ( Supine position) with the feet higher than the Head, in contrast to the reverse Gynaecology or gynecology (see spelling differences) refers to the surgical specialty dealing with health of the female reproductive system ( Uterus

Risks

• Infection
• Punctured organs
• Allergic reactions due to Contrast agents or dyes (such as those used in a CT scan)
• Over-sedation

After the endoscopy

After the procedure the patient will be observed and monitored by a qualified individual in the endoscopy or a recovery area until a significant portion of the medication has worn off. Contrast medium Radiocontrast agents (also simply contrast agents or contrast materials) are compounds used to improve the visibility of internal bodily structures Computed tomography (CT is a Medical imaging method employing Tomography. Occasionally a patient is left with a mild sore throat, which promptly responds to saline gargles, or a feeling of distention from the insufflated air that was used during the procedure. Both problems are mild and fleeting. When fully recovered, the patient will be instructed when to resume his/her usual diet (probably within a few hours) and will be allowed to be taken home. Because of the use of sedation, most facilities mandate that the patient is taken home by another person and not to drive on his/her own or handle machinery for the remainder of the day.

Recent developments

With the application of robotic systems, telesurgery was introduced as the surgeon could operate from a site physically removed from the patient. The first transatlantic surgery has been called the Lindbergh Operation. The Lindbergh Operation was a complete tele-surgical operation carried out by a team of French surgeons located in New York on a patient in Strasbourg, France

See also

• Angiography
• Fiberscope
• Robotic surgery

References

• Siegler AM, Kemmann E (1975). Angiography or arteriography is a Medical imaging technique in which an X-ray image is taken to visualize the inside or lumen, of blood vessels A fiberscope is a flexible Fiber optic bundle with an eyepiece at one end and a lens at the other Robotic surgery is the use of Robots in performing Surgery. Three major advances aided by surgical robots have been Remote surgery, Minimally invasive "Hysteroscopy". Obstet Gynecol Surv 30 (9): 567–88. doi:10.1097/00006254-197509000-00001. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 1099495.  
• Armin Gärtner; medical technics and information technologie, Band II. Medizintechnik und Informationstechnologie, Band II. ISBN 3-8249-0941-3.
• Obituary: Professor Harold Hopkins, FRS, The Times, 3 Nov 1994.
• Sivak MV (2004). "Polypectomy: looking back". Gastrointest. Endosc. 60 (6): 977–82. PMID 15605015.  

Footnotes

Bittner JG, et al. Resident training in flexible gastrointestinal endoscopy: a review of current issues and options. J Surg Educ. 2007 Nov-Dec;64(6):399-409. PMID: 18063277

External links

• Resources for people who use endoscopes.
• Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy - Open-Access Journal
• DAVE Project, Digital Atlas of Video Education - Gastroenterology
• Global Rating Scale, GRS - Quality Assurance for Endoscopy
• Endoscope Repair Parts
• "How I Do It" — Removing large or sessile colonic polyps. Dr. Brian Saunders MD FRCP; St. Mark’s Academic Institute; Harrow, Middlesex, UK. Retrieved April 9, 2008.

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