Citizendia

The Encyclopédie méthodique par ordre des matières ("Methodical encyclopedia by order of subject matter") is a 206-volume encyclopedia that was published between 1782 and 1832 by the French publisher Charles Joseph Panckoucke, and his daughter, Thérèse-Charlotte Agasse. An encyclopedia (or '''encyclopædia''') is a comprehensive written Compendium that contains Information on either all branches of Knowledge Year 1782 ( MDCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view Charles-Joseph Panckoucke ( Lille, 26 November 1736 - 19 December 1798) was a French writer and publisher, notable It was a revised and expanded version, arranged by subject matter, of the originally alphabetically-arranged Encyclopédie, compiled by Denis Diderot. Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences des arts et des métiers (Encyclopedia or a systematic dictionary of the sciences arts and crafts was a general Denis Diderot ( October 5, 1713 – July 31, 1784) was a French Philosopher and writer The full title was L'Encyclopédie méthodique ou par ordre de matières par une société de gens de lettres, de savants et d'artistes; précédée d'un Vocabulaire universel, servant de Table pour tout l'Ouvrage, ornée des Portraits de MM. Diderot et d'Alembert, premiers Éditeurs de l'Encyclopédie.

Contents

Developments

Two sets of Diderot's Encyclopédie, and its supplements, were cut up into articles. Each subject category was entrusted to an exclusive editor, whose job was to collect all articles relating to his subject, and exclude those belonging to others. Editing Language, Images or Sound through correction condensation organization and other modifications in various media Great care was to be taken of those articles that were of a doubtful nature, which were not to be omitted. For certain topics, such as air, which belonged equally to chemistry, physics and medicine), the methodical arrangement had the unexpected effect of breaking up a single article into several parts. Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Each volume was to have its own introduction, a table of contents, and a history of the Encyclopédie. The whole work was to be linked together by a Vocabulaire Universel (Vol. 1 - 4), with references to all locations where each word appears.

The prospectus, issued early in 1782, proposed three editions, each with seven volumes of 250 to 300 plates:

Subscription was priced at:

The livraisons (home-deliveries) was to be in two volumes each, the first (Jurisprudence, Vol. 1. , Literature, Vol. 1,) to appear in July 1782, and the whole to be finished by 1787. Year 1787 ( MDCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The number of subscribers, 4072, was so great that the subscription list of 672 livres was closed on April 30. Twenty-five printing offices were employed, and in November 1782, the first livraison (Jurisprudence, Vol. 1, and half volume each, of arts et métiers and histoire naturelle) was issued.

A Spanish prospectus was sent out, and obtained 330 Spanish subscribers, with the inquisitor-general at their head. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The complaints of the subscribers and his own heavy advances of over 150,000 livres, induced Panckoucke, in November 1788, to appeal to the authors to finish the work. Year 1788 ( MDCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap Those who were behind made new contracts, giving their word of honor to put their parts to press by 1788, so that Panckoucke hoped to finish the whole, including the vocabulary (4 or 5 vols. Year 1788 ( MDCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap ) by 1792. Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year

Entire topics, such as architecture, engineering, hunting, police, and games, had been overlooked in the prospectus. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and A new division was made in 44 parts, to contain 51 dictionaries, and about 124 volumes. Permission was obtained on February 27, 1789, to receive subscriptions for the separate dictionaries. Two thousand subscribers were lost in the French Revolution. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an

The 50th livraison appeared on July 23, 1792, when all the dictionaries eventually published had been begun, except for seven: jeux familiers and mathmatiques, physics, art oratoire, physical geography, chasses and pèches. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Physical geography (also known as geosystems or physiography) is one of the three major subfields of Geography. 18 volumes were finished: mathématics, games, surgery, ancient and modern geography, history, theology, logic, grammar, jurisprudence, finance, political economy, commerce, marine, arts militaires, arts acadmiques, arts et métiers, and encyclopediana. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. Jurisprudence is the Theory and Philosophy of Law. Scholars of jurisprudence or legal philosophers hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature Political economy originally was the term for studying production buying and selling and their relations with law custom and government Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer Marine is an Umbrella term. As an adjective it is usually applicable to things relating to the Sea or Ocean, such as Marine biology, Marine Of the three parts of Assemble Nationale:

only Vol. 2, ie. "Debates", appeared in 1792, with 804 pages (Absens to Aurillac). Supplements were added to military art in 1797, and to history in 1807, but not to any of the other 16, though required by most subscribers long before 1832. "Military art" can mean the study of combat in a professional sense see Military science for that connotation. Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian

The publication was continued by Henri Agasse, Panckoucke's son-in-law, from 1794 to 1813, and then by his widow, Mme Agasse, until 1832, when it was completed in 102 livraisons or 337 parts, forming 166 1/2 vols. Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian of text, and 51 parts, containing 6,439 plates. The number of pages totalled 124,210 pages, of which 5,458 pages were plates. To save expense, the plates belonging to architecture were not published. Pharmacy (separated from chemistry), minerals, education, ponts et chausses were not published as had been announced. Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug is the Health profession that links the Health sciences with the chemical sciences

When "completed", the encyclopedia suffered one great weakness. Many dictionaries have a classed index of articles; that of conomie politique, being a very excellent example, giving the contents of each article, so that any passage can be found easily. As the Vocabulaire Universel, the key and index to the entire work, was not published, it was difficult to carry out any research or to find all the articles on any particular subject. The original parts had often been subdivided, and had been so added on to by other dictionaries, supplements and appendices, such that, without going into great detail, an exact account could not be given of the work, which contained 88 alphabets, 83 indexes, 166 introductions, discourses, prefaces, etc.

Probably no more an unmanageable body of dictionaries has ever been published, except Jacques Paul Migne's Encyclopédie théologique, Paris, 1844-1875, with 168 volumes, 101 dictionaries, and 119,059 pages. Jacques Paul Migne (25 October 1800 - 24 October 1875 was a French Priest who published inexpensive and widely-distributed editions of theological works encyclopedias Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Encyclopédie méthodique par ordre des matières occupied a thousand workers in production, and 2,250 contributors.

Translations

Ten volumes of a Spanish translation with a volume of plates were published at Madrid in 1806:

A French edition was printed at Padua, with the plates, very carefully engraved. Padua ( Padova 'padova Latin: Patavium, Padoa) is a city in the Veneto, northern Italy.

Details of encyclopedia format

The division adopted was:

01. Mathematics
02. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Physics
03. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Medicine
04. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Anatomy and Physiology
05. Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical Surgery
06. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental Chemistry, metallurgy and pharmacy
07. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Metallurgy is a domain of Materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug is the Health profession that links the Health sciences with the chemical sciences Agriculture
08. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Natural history of animals, in six parts        
09. Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of Botany
10. Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Minerals
11. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Physical geography
12. Physical geography (also known as geosystems or physiography) is one of the three major subfields of Geography. Ancient and modern geography
13. Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena Antiquities

14. Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean History
15. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Theology
16. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Philosophy
17. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Metaphysics, logic and morality
18. Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings Grammar and literature
19. Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Law
20. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Finance
21. The field of finance refers to the concepts of Time, Money and Risk and how they are interrelated Political economy
22. Political economy originally was the term for studying production buying and selling and their relations with law custom and government Commerce
23. Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer Marine
24. Marine is an Umbrella term. As an adjective it is usually applicable to things relating to the Sea or Ocean, such as Marine biology, Marine Art militaire
25. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Beaux arts
26. Fine art is any Art form developed primarily for Aesthetics rather than Utility. Arts et métiers

The largest dictionaries were:

Partial list of contributors

External links

Harald Fischer Verlag description

Cambridge University Library's Featured Book page

References

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