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This article is about the 18th-century French encyclopaedia. For a definition of the word "encyclopédie", see the Wiktionary entry encyclopédie.
Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers

The title page of the Encyclopédie
Author Diderot, D'Alembert
Country France
Language French
Subject(s) General
Genre(s) Reference encyclopedia
Publisher André Le Breton, Michel-Antoine David, Laurent Durand, and Antoine-Claude Briasson
Publication date 1751

Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (English: "Encyclopedia, or a systematic dictionary of the sciences, arts, and crafts") was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements and revisions in 1772, 1777 and 1780 and numerous foreign editions and later derivatives. The title page or (which is no longer synonymous with frontispiece in modern usage of a Book, Thesis or other written work is the page at or near the front Denis Diderot ( October 5, 1713 – July 31, 1784) was a French Philosopher and writer This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people This article is about a kind of publication Reference work may also refer to the work that librarians perform at a Library reference desk. An encyclopedia (or '''encyclopædia''') is a comprehensive written Compendium that contains Information on either all branches of Knowledge Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view André François le Breton was a French Publisher. He was one of the four publishers of the Encyclopédie of Diderot and D'Alembert, along with English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States An encyclopedia (or '''encyclopædia''') is a comprehensive written Compendium that contains Information on either all branches of Knowledge This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

Its introduction, the Preliminary Discourse, is considered an important exposition of Enlightenment ideals. The Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot ( Discours Préliminaire des Éditeurs) is the primer to Denis Diderot 's The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century The Encyclopédie's self-professed aim was "to change the way people think. " Denis Diderot explained the goal of the project as "All things must be examined, debated, investigated without exception and without regard for anyone's feelings. "[1]

Contents

Origins

The Encyclopédie was originally meant to be simply a French translation of Ephraim Chambers's Cyclopaedia (1728). Ephraim Chambers (c 1680 - 15 May 1740) was an English writer and Encyclopedist, who is primarily known for producing the Cyclopaedia Cyclopaedia or A Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences ( folio, 2 vols [2] The translation was commissioned by Paris book publisher André Le Breton in 1743 to John Mills, an English resident in France. André François le Breton was a French Publisher. He was one of the four publishers of the Encyclopédie of Diderot and D'Alembert, along with Year 1743 ( MDCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a John Mills (1717 &ndash 1786 or 1796 was an Encyclopedist on the Encyclopédie. In May 1745 Le Breton announced the work as available for sale - however to Le Breton's dismay, Mills had not done the work he was commissioned to do; in fact, he could barely read and write French and did not even own a copy of Cyclopaedia. Year 1745 ( MDCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Le Breton had been swindled, and so he physically beat Mills with a cane—Mills sued on assault charges, but Le Breton was acquitted in court as being justified. [3] Setting out to find a new editor, Le Breton engaged Jean Paul de Gua de Malves. Jean Paul de Gua de Malves ( Carcassonne, 1713 &ndash June 2, 1785 Paris) was a French Mathematician who published in 1740 Among those hired by Malves were the young Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, Jean le Rond d'Alembert and Denis Diderot. Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (30 September 1715 - 3 August 1780 was a French Philosopher. Denis Diderot ( October 5, 1713 – July 31, 1784) was a French Philosopher and writer Within thirteen months in August 1747 Malves was fired due to his rigid methods, and Le Breton hired Denis Diderot and Jean d'Alembert as the new editors. Diderot would remain editor for the next 25 years seeing the Encyclopédie through to completion.

Fig.2: Extract from the frontispiece of the Encyclopédie (1772). It was drawn by Charles-Nicolas Cochin and engraved by Bonaventure-Louis Prévost. The work is laden with symbolism: The figure in the centre represents truth — surrounded by bright light (the central symbol of the enlightenment). Two other figures on the right, reason and philosophy, are tearing the veil from truth. (entire frontispiece)
Fig. 2: Extract from the frontispiece of the Encyclopédie (1772). Year 1772 ( MDCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a It was drawn by Charles-Nicolas Cochin and engraved by Bonaventure-Louis Prévost. Charles-Nicolas Cochin ( 22 February 1715, Paris &ndash 29 April 1790) was a French Engraver, Designer The work is laden with symbolism: The figure in the centre represents truth — surrounded by bright light (the central symbol of the enlightenment). "Symbolic" redirects here For other uses see Symbolism (disambiguation and Symbolic (disambiguation. Two other figures on the right, reason and philosophy, are tearing the veil from truth. (entire frontispiece)

Publication

The work comprised 35 volumes, with 71,818 articles, and 3,129 illustrations. The first 28 volumes were published between 1751 and 1766 and were edited by Diderot - although some of the later picture-only volumes were not actually printed until 1772. Denis Diderot ( October 5, 1713 – July 31, 1784) was a French Philosopher and writer The remaining five volumes were completed by other editors in 1777, along with a two volume index in 1780. Many of the most noted figures of the French enlightenment contributed to the work including Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French Charles-Louis de Secondat baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (Eng [4] The single greatest contributor was Louis de Jaucourt who wrote 17,266 articles, or about 8 per day between 1759 and 1765. Chevalier Louis de Jaucourt ( Paris, September 16, 1704 – February 3, 1779, Compiègne) was a French

The writers of the encyclopedia saw it as a vehicle to covertly destroy superstitions while overtly providing access to human knowledge. Superstition ( Latin superstitio, literally "standing over" derived perhaps from standing in awe used in Latin as a unreasonable or excessive belief It was a summary of thought and belief of the Enlightenment. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century In ancien régime France it caused a storm of controversy, due mostly to its tone of religious tolerance. Ancien Régime ( pronounced: /ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim/ refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in The encyclopedia praised Protestant thinkers and challenged Catholic dogma, and classified religion as a branch of philosophy, not as the ultimate source of knowledge and moral advice. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language The entire work was banned by royal decree and officially closed down after the first seven volumes in 1759;[5] but because it had many highly placed supporters, notably Madame de Pompadour, work continued "in secret". A decree is an order made by a Head of state or government and having the force of Law. Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson marquise de Pompadour, also known as Madame de Pompadour ( December 29, 1721 &ndash April 15, 1764 In truth, secular authorities did not want to disrupt the commercial enterprise which employed hundreds of people. To appease the church's enemies of the project, the authorities had officially banned the enterprise, but they turned a blind eye to its continued existence.

It was also a vast compendium of the technologies of the period, describing the traditional craft tools and processes. Much information was taken from the Descriptions des Arts et Métiers. Descriptions des Arts et Métiers faites ou approuvées par messieurs de l'Académie Royale des Sciences was published by the Académie Royale des Sciences of Paris

Fig.3: "Figurative system of human knowledge", the structure that the Encyclopédie organised knowledge into. It had three main branches: memory, reason, and imagination
Fig. 3: "Figurative system of human knowledge", the structure that the Encyclopédie organised knowledge into. The "figurative system of human knowledge", sometimes known as the tree of Diderot and d'Alembert, was a tree developed to represent the structure of Knowledge It had three main branches: memory, reason, and imagination

In 1750 the full title was Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une société de gens de lettres, mis en ordre par M. Year 1750 ( MDCCL) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Diderot de l'Académie des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Prusse, et quant à la partie mathématique, par M. d'Alembert de l'Académie royale des Sciences de Paris, de celle de Prusse et de la Société royale de Londres. The title-page was amended as d'Alembert acquired more titles.

In 1775, Charles Joseph Panckoucke obtained the rights to reissue the work. Charles-Joseph Panckoucke ( Lille, 26 November 1736 - 19 December 1798) was a French writer and publisher, notable He issued five volumes of supplementary material and a two volume index from 1776 to 1780. Some include these seven volumes as part of the first full issue of the Encyclopédie, for a total of 35 volumes, although they were not written or edited by the original famed authors.

From 1782 to 1832, Panckoucke and his successors published an expanded edition of the work in 166 volumes as the Encyclopédie méthodique. The Encyclopédie méthodique par ordre des matières ("Methodical encyclopedia by order of subject matter" is a 206-volume Encyclopedia that was published That work, enormous for the time, occupied a thousand workers in production and 2,250 contributors.

The Encyclopédie presented a taxonomy of human knowledge (See fig. The "figurative system of human knowledge", sometimes known as the tree of Diderot and d'Alembert, was a tree developed to represent the structure of Knowledge 3) which was inspired by Francis Bacon's Advancement of Knowledge. Francis Bacon 1st Viscount St Alban KC QC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626 was an English Philosopher, Statesman, and author The three main branches of knowledge are: "Memory"/History, "Reason"/Philosophy, and "Imagination"/Poetry. Notable is the fact that theology is ordered under 'Philosophy'. Robert Darnton argues that this categorisation of religion as being subject to human reason and not a source of knowledge in and of itself, was a significant factor in the controversy surrounding the work. Robert Darnton (born May 10, 1939) is an American Cultural historian, recognized as a leading expert on eighteenth-century France. Additionally, notice that 'Knowledge of God' is only a few nodes away from 'Divination' and 'Black Magic'. Divination (from Latin divinare "to be inspired by a god" related to Divine, Diva and Deus) is the attempt of ascertaining Black magic or dark magic is a form of sorcery that draws on malevolent powers

Influence

The Encyclopédie played an important role in the intellectual ferment leading to the French Revolution. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an "No encyclopaedia perhaps has been of such political importance, or has occupied so conspicuous a place in the civil and literary history of its century. It sought not only to give information, but to guide opinion," wrote the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica In The Encyclopédie and the Age of Revolution, a work published in conjunction with a 1989 exhibition of the Encyclopédie at the University of California, Los Angeles, Clorinda Donato writes the following:

The encyclopedians successfully argued and marketed their belief in the potential of reason and unified knowledge to empower human will and thus helped to shape the social issues that the French Revolution would address. Although it is doubtful whether the many artisans, technicians, or laborers whose work and presence and interspersed throughout the Encyclopédie actually read it, the recognition of their work as equal to that of intellectuals, clerics, and rulers prepared the terrain for demands for increased representation. Thus the Encyclopédie served to recognize and galvanize a new power base, ultimately contributing to the destruction of old value and the creation of new ones (12).

But note Frank Kafker, who explains that the Encyclopedists were not a unified group[6]

despite their reputation, [the Encyclopedists] were not a close-knit group of radicals intent on subverting the Old Regime in France. Political radicalism or simply radicalism is adherence to radical views and principles in Politics. Instead they were a disparate group of men of letters, physicians, scientists, craftsmen and scholars . . . Even the small minority who were persecuted for writing articles belittling what they viewed as unreasonable customs—thus weakening the might of the Catholic Church and undermining that of the monarchy—did not envision that their ideas would encourage a revolution.

While it is debatable that the editors intended to have a radical influence on French society, it can hardly be denied that it did. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( The Encyclopédie denied that the teachings of the Catholic Church could be treated as authoritative in matters of science. The editors also refused to treat the decisions of political powers as definitive in intellectual or artistic questions. Given that Paris was the intellectual capital of Europe at the time and that many European leaders used French as their administrative language, these ideas had the capacity to spread. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people [7]

Contributors

Notable contributors to the Encyclopédie including their area of contribution (for a more detailed list, see French Encyclopédistes):

Statistics

Approximate size of the Encyclopédie:

Print run: 4,250 copies (note: even single-volume works in the 18th Century seldom had a print run of more than 1,500 copies)

Quotes

Literature

Facsimiles

Readex Microprint Corporation, NY 1969. 5 vol The full text and images reduced to 4 double-spread pages of the original appearing on one folio-sized page of this printing.

Later released by the Pergamon Press, NY and Paris with ISBN 0080901050

References

  1. ^ Denis Diderot as quoted in Lynn Hunt, R. Po-chia Hsia, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, and Bonnie G. Smith, The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures: A Concise History: Volume II: Since 1340, Second Edition (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007), 611.
  2. ^ Bryan Magee. The Story of Philosophy. DK Publishing, Inc. , New York: 1998. page 124
  3. ^ Philipp Blom (2005). Philipp Blom (b1970 is a historian novelist journalist and translator Enlightening the World. pp. 35-37
  4. ^ Bryan Magee. The Story of Philosophy. DK Publishing, Inc. , New York: 1998. page 124
  5. ^ Bryan Magee. The Story of Philosophy. DK Publishing, Inc. , New York: 1998. page 125
  6. ^ The Camargo Foundation : Fellow Project Details
  7. ^ Bryan Magee. The Story of Philosophy. DK Publishing, Inc. , New York: 1998. page 125

External links

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