| This article is part of the Transition from Sui to Tang series. The transition from Sui to Tang (隋末唐初 refers to a period in which the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty disintegrated into a number of short-lived states |
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|---|---|
| Sui Dynasty imperials |
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| Emperor Yang | |
| Empress Xiao | |
| Emperor Gong | |
| Yang Tong | |
| Yang Hao | |
| Tang Dynasty imperials |
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| Emperor Gaozu | |
| Emperor Taizong | |
| Li Jiancheng | |
| Li Yuanji | |
| Princess Pingyang | |
| Independent contenders |
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| Dou Jiande | |
| Fu Gongshi | |
| Gao Kaidao | |
| Li Gui | |
| Li Mi | |
| Li Zitong | |
| Liang Shidu | |
| Lin Shihong | |
| Liu Heita | |
| Liu Wuzhou | |
| Shen Faxing | |
| Wang Shichong | |
| Xiao Xi | |
| Xu Yuanlang | |
| Xue Ju | |
| Xue Rengao | |
| Yuwen Huaji | |
| Zhu Can | |
| Other generals or key figures |
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| Empress Cao | |
| Du Fuwei | |
| Li Jing | |
| Li Shiji | |
| Li Xiaogong | |
| Luo Yi | |
| Yang Xuangan | |
| Yang Yichen | |
| Yuwen Shu | |
| Zhai Rang |
Empress Xiao (蕭皇后, personal name unknown) (566?-648), formally Empress Min (愍皇后, literally "the suffering empress"), was an empress of the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty. The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. Background Yang Guang was born in 569 during the reign of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou. During Emperor Yang's reign Yang You was born in 605 as a son of Yang Zhao, the son and Crown prince of Emperor Yang. During Emperor Yang's reign Yang Tong was born in 605 He was the second of three sons of Yang Zhao, Emperor Yang 's son and Crown prince. Background Yang Hao was a grandson of Sui's founder Emperor Wen. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Background and early career Li Yuan's seventh-generation ancestor was Li Gao, the founder of the Sixteen Kingdoms state Western Liang. Emperor Taizong of Tang ( January 23, 599 &ndash July 10 649) personal name Lǐ Shìmín ( was the second emperor of the Li Jiancheng (李建成 ( 589 - July 2, 626) formally Crown Prince Yin (隱太子 literally "the hidden crown prince" nickname Li Yuanji (李元吉 ( 603 - July 2, 626) formally Prince La of Chao (巢剌王 more commonly known by the title of Prince of Qi Princess Píngyáng ( formally Princess Zhao of Pingyang (平陽昭公主 (d Initial uprising and service under Gao Shida Dou Jiande was born in 573 when his birth area Zhangnan County (漳南縣 in modern Handan, Hebei) was under Initial uprising Fu Gongshi was from Qi Province (齊州 roughly modern Ji'nan, Shandong) Initial uprising Little is known about Gao Kaidao's background and his birth year is not known As prince Li Gui was from Wuwei Commandery (武威 roughly modern Wuwei, Gansu) and he served as a militia officer in the local government Background Li Mi came from a line that was part of the nobility during successive dynasties Western Wei, Northern Zhou, and Sui Dynasty. Initial uprising Li Zitong was from Donghai Commandery (東海 roughly modern Lianyungang, Jiangsu) Initial uprising Liang Shidu was from a prominent Clan of Xia Province (夏州 roughly modern Yulin, Shaanxi) and during the reign of Initial uprising Virtually nothing is known about Lin Shihong's background other than that he was from Rao Province (饒州 roughly modern Shangrao, Jiangxi Service under Hao Xiaode Li Mi Wang Shichong and Dou Jiande Little is known about Liu Heita's background and it is not known when he was born Initial establishment of Dingyang Liu Wuzhou's clan was originally from Hejian Commandery (河間 roughly modern Baoding, Hebei) Initial uprising Shen Faxing was from Hu Province (湖州 roughly modern Huzhou, Zhejiang) Early career Wang Shichong's ancestors were surnamed Zhi (支 originally from the Xiyu region and were not Han. Background Xiao Xi was a great-grandson of Emperor Xuan of Western Liang -- a vassal of Western Wei and Northern Zhou who claimed Liang imperial Initial uprising Nothing is known about Xu Yuanlang's background other than that he was from Yan Province (兗州 roughly modern Jining, Shandong) As hegemonic prince of Western Qin Xue Ju's clan was originally from Hedong Commandery (河東 roughly modern Yuncheng, Shanxi) but his father Xue Wang Under Xue Ju As of 617 Xue Rengao's father Xue Ju was a commander of the local militia at Jincheng (金城 in modern Lanzhou, Gansu) when Background It is not known when Yuwen Huaji was born He was the oldest son of the Sui Dynasty official Yuwen Shu, a close associate of Yang Guang Initial uprising Zhu Can was from Bo Province (毫州 roughly modern Bozhou, Anhui) and he was initially a minor official with his local county government Empress Cao (曹皇后 personal name unknown was the wife of Dou Jiande, an agrarian rebel leader who claimed the title of Prince of Xia at the end of the Chinese Du Fuwei (598?-624 known during service to Tang Dynasty as Li Fuwei (李伏威 was an agrarian leader who rose against the rule of Emperor Yang of Sui Li Jing (李靖 Pinyin: Lǐ Jìng ( 571 - July 2, 649) né Yaoshi (藥師/药师 Pinyin: Yàoshī formally Li Shiji (李世勣 (594- December 31, 669) né Xu Shiji (徐世勣 later known in the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang as Li Ji Li Xiaogong (李孝恭 (591-640 formally Prince Yuan of Hejian (河間元王 often referred to by his earlier title as Prince of Zhao Commandery (趙郡王 Luo Yi (羅藝 (d 627 known during service to Tang Dynasty as Li Yi (李藝 Courtesy name Ziyan (子延 or Ziting (子廷 Yang Xuangan (楊玄感 (d 613 was an official of the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty. Yang Yichen (楊義臣 (d 617? né Yuchi Yichen (尉遲義臣 was a general of the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty. Yuwen Shu (宇文述 (d 616 Courtesy name Botong (伯通 formally Duke Gong of Xu (許恭公 was an official and general of the Chinese Zhai Rang (翟讓 (d December 14, 617) was a key agrarian rebel leader near the end of the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty. Events Births Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, uncle of Muhammad Emperor Gaozu of Tang Events By Topic Religion Pope Theodore I excommunicates Patriarch Paul II of Constantinople An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era The Sui Dynasty ( 581 - 618 AD and in the undertaking of other construction projects including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. Her husband was Emperor Yang (Yang Guang). Background Yang Guang was born in 569 during the reign of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou.
Contents |
Background
The future Empress Xiao was born of the imperial house of Liang Dynasty -- as a daughter of Emperor Ming of Western Liang, who claimed the Liang throne as a vassal of Northern Zhou and then Sui. Liang Dynasty ( 梁[[wikt 朝|朝]] Pinyin: Liáng cháo (502-557 also known as Southern Liang Dynasty (南梁 was the third of Southern dynasties Background Xiao Kui was born in 542 during the reign of his great-grandfather Emperor Wu of Liang. The Northern Zhou Dynasty (Chinese北周 followed the Western Wei, and ruled northern China from 557 to 581. She was born in the second month of the lunar calendar, and at that time, the superstitious Emperor Ming believed birth in that month to be an indicator of ill fortune. She was therefore given to her uncle Xiao Ji (蕭岌) the Prince of Dongping to be raised, but Xiao Ji and his wife both soon died. (As Xiao Ji died in 566, she was probably born in 566, but could have been born earlier. ) She was instead raised by her maternal uncle Zhang Ke (張軻). As Zhang was poor, she had to participate in labor, and she willingly did so. In 582, Emperor Wen of Sui, because Emperor Ming had supported him during Northern Zhou's civil war in 580 against the general Yuchi Jiong, wanted to take one of Emperor Ming's daughters to be the wife of his son Yang Guang the Prince of Jin. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Maurice succeeds Tiberius II Constantine as Emperor Background Yang Jian's clan was from Hongnong Commandery (弘農 roughly modern Sanmenxia, Henan) Events By Place Europe Ethelbert becomes king of Kent. The Roman Senate sends an embassy to Constantinople Yuchi Jiong (尉遲迥 (d 580 Courtesy name Bojuluo (薄居羅 was a general of the Chinese / Xianbei states Western Wei and Emperor Ming had fortunetellers discern whether any of his daughters was suitable, but the fortunetellers ruled that none was suitable. Emperor Ming then welcomed her back from Zhang's house, and the fortunetellers found her to be suitable, and so she was given to Yang Guang in marriage. She thereafter carried the title of Princess of Jin.
As princess and crown princess
Princess Xiao was said to be meek and intelligent, and she was talented both in reading text and in fortunetelling. Emperor Wen was pleased with her, and Yang Guang favored and respected her. Further, in order to please his mother Empress Dugu Qieluo, who disfavored men who had concubines, Yang Guang, while having some concubines, pretended to have none beside Princess Xiao, and as part of his elaborate attempt to appear both filially pious and frugal, when Empress Dugu's servant girls arrived at Yang Guang's defense post at Yang Province (揚州, roughly modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) to deliver messages to and from Empress Dugu, Yang Guang would have the servant girls stay with Princess Xiao despite their inferior status. Empress Dugu Qieluo (獨孤伽羅 ( 544 - September 10, 602) formally Empress Xian (獻皇后 literary meaning "the wise empress" Concubinage is the state of a woman or youth in an ongoing quasi-matrimonial relationship with a man of higher social status Administration The Prefecture-level city of Yangzhou administers 7 county-level divisions. ( Postal map spelling: Kiangsu) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country Eventually, Emperor Wen deposed Yang Guang's older brother Yang Yong (whose faults, in his parents' eyes, were wastefulness (which displeased Emperor Wen) and having many concubines (which displeased Empress Dugu)) from his position as crown prince in 600 and created Yang Guang crown prince to replace him. Yang Yong ( 楊[[wikt 勇|勇]] (d 604 nickname Xiandifa (睍地伐 sometimes known by his posthumous title of Prince of Fangling (房陵王 was a Crown Princess redirects here for the ship see Crown Princess (ship. Events By Place World The population of the Earth rises to about 208 million people Thereafter, Princess Xiao carried the title of crown princess. She and Yang Guang had two sons together -- Yang Zhao and Yang Jian (note different character than Emperor Wen, whose name is also rendered "Yang Jian" in pinyin); it is likely that Yang Guang's only known daughter, the later Princess Nanyang, was also her daughter. Yang Zhao (楊昭 (579-606 formally Crown Prince Yuande (元德太子 literally "the discerning and nurturing crown prince" posthumously honored as Yang Jian (楊暕 (585-618 Courtesy name Shiku (世胐 nickname Ahai (阿孩 was an imperial prince of the Chinese dynasty Sui Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use (Yang Guang's third and final son, Yang Gao, was born of a Consort Xiao, who might have been a sister of hers. Yang Gao (楊杲 (607-618 nickname Jizi (季子 was an imperial prince of the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty. )
As empress
Emperor Wen died in 604 -- a death that traditional historians generally believe was a murder ordered by Yang Guang, although they admit a lack of direct evidence -- and Yang Guang took the throne as Emperor Yang. Events By Place Ancient Japan Prince Shotoku issues a Seventeen-article constitution. In 605, he created Crown Princess Xiao empress. For the car see Peugeot 605. Events By Place Asia As a result of a quarrel between Numan III the Lakhmid He soon turned away from the virtuous living style he engaged in to please his parents, and he lived luxuriously, with tens of thousands of women filling his palaces. He still maintained respect for Empress Xiao, and he made many of her relatives, including her older brother Xiao Cong the Duke of Liang (Western Liang's final emperor) officials in his government. Background It is not known when Xiao Cong was born and his mother's name is also lost in history However, Yang Zhao, who became crown prince, died in 606, and Yang Jian lost Emperor Yang's favor in 608 over his use of witchcraft against Yang Zhao's sons. Events By Place Europe Cearl becomes king of Mercia. Asia Shashanka Events By Place Europe Eochaid Buide succeeds Áedán mac Gabráin as king of Dál Riata. Empress Xiao often accompanied Emperor Yang on his tours around the empire, and she saw that he had lost his virtues. She wrote a circumspect poem to try to get Emperor Yang to change his ways, but he either did not realize that that was her intent, or simply ignored the poem.
In 607, when Emperor Yang visited the submissive Qimin Khan, Ashina Rangan, of Tujue, Empress Xiao accompanied him, and she personally visited the tent of Ashina Rangan's wife Princess Yicheng, who was a daughter of a Yang clansman. Events By Place Europe Ceolwulf of Wessex fights the South Saxons. Göktürks ( Turkish: Gök Türkler) were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. Göktürks ( Turkish: Gök Türkler) were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. In 615, when Emperor Yang and Empress Xiao were at the border city of Yanmen (雁門, in modern Xinzhou, Shanxi) and Ashina Rangan's son and successor Shibi Khan Ashina Duojishi made a surprise attack on Yanmen, putting it under siege, it was Empress Xiao's brother Xiao Yu who suggested seeking help from Princess Yicheng (who had, pursuant to Tujue customs, married Ashina Duojishi), who subsequently gave Ashina Duojishi a false report that Tujue was under attack from the north, but subsequently, rather than listening to Xiao Yu's advice to end his campaigns against Goguryeo, Emperor Yang expelled Xiao Yu from his court. Events By Place Europe The Edict of Paris grants extensive rights to the Frankish nobility Xinzhou ( Chinese: 忻州 Pinyin: Xīnzhōu is a Prefecture-level city of the People's Republic of China province of Shanxi. ( Postal map spelling: Shansi) is a province in the northern part of the People's Republic of China. Shibi or Tujieli (Tuochich shipi ship-qaghan 始畢可汗 Duojishi 咄吉世 611 - 619 AD succeeded Kimen khagan as the ninth Khagan of the Xiao Yu (蕭瑀 (574-647 Courtesy name Shiwen (時文 formally Duke Zhenbian of Song (宋貞褊公 was an imperial prince of the Chinese Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and
By 618, with virtually entire empire engulfed in warfare from the rebellions against his rule, Emperor Yang was at Jiangdu (江都), the capital of Yang Province, protected (as he believed) by the elite Xiaoguo Army (驍果). Events By Place Asia The Sui Dynasty ends and the Tang Dynasty begins in China. However, by this point, even the Xiaoguo soldiers were plotting rebellion, as they missed their families in the north. When a lady in waiting reported the plot to Empress Xiao, she told the lady in waiting, "I will let you report it to the emperor. A lady-in-waiting (also called waiting maid) is a female personal assistant at a Noble court, attending to a queen, a Princess or other " Emperor Yang, not willing to hear any bad news, however, instead executed the lady in waiting. Later, when other ladies in waiting wanted to report on the plot, Empress Xiao advised them against it, reasoning that there was nothing left that could save the dynasty. Soon, a plot led by the general Yuwen Huaji came to fruition, and Emperor Yang, along with his sons Yang Jian and Yang Gao and grandson Yang Tan the Prince of Yan were killed. Background It is not known when Yuwen Huaji was born He was the oldest son of the Sui Dynasty official Yuwen Shu, a close associate of Yang Guang Empress Xiao and her ladies in waiting had to personally make caskets for both Emperor Yang and Yang Gao.
After Emperor Yang's death
Yuwen Huaji declared Emperor Yang's nephew Yang Hao the Prince of Qin emperor, and then abandoned Jiangdu and headed back north, taking Empress Xiao and her ladies in waiting north. Background Yang Hao was a grandson of Sui's founder Emperor Wen. He was not a good commander or governor, however, and his campaign north suffered constant defections and defeats. By fall 618, he was in a desperate situation, and deciding to become emperor before final defeat, he poisoned Yang Hao and declared a new state of Xu with himself as emperor. In 619, Yuwen Huaji was captured and executed by one of the rebel leaders, Dou Jiande the Prince of Xia. Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Avars attack Constantinople. Initial uprising and service under Gao Shida Dou Jiande was born in 573 when his birth area Zhangnan County (漳南縣 in modern Handan, Hebei) was under Dou treated Empress Xiao with kindness and respect while giving a proper mourning for Emperor Yang. Subsequently, the Princess Yicheng requested that Dou send Empress Xiao to her, and Dou did so, along with Emperor Yang's daughter Princess Nanyang and the head of Yuwen Huaji. While she was in Tujue, one of Yang Jian's consorts gave birth to a posthumous son, Yang Zhengdao (楊政道), whom she raised, and whom Ashina Duojishi subsequently created the Prince of Sui, assigning to him as his subjects the refugees from Sui. During the years, Tujue's khans continued to use Yang Zhengdao as a magnet to attract the people to surrender, in competition to Tang Dynasty, established by the Sui general Li Yuan (Emperor Gaozu). The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Background and early career Li Yuan's seventh-generation ancestor was Li Gao, the founder of the Sixteen Kingdoms state Western Liang.
In 630, when Emperor Gaozu's son Emperor Taizong of Tang sent the general Li Jing to attack Tujue's Jiali Khan Ashina Duobi, Ashina Duobi's associate Kangsumi (康蘇密) surrendered to Li Jing, taking Empress Xiao and Yang Zhengdao with him. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Serbs settle in the Balkans having been invited by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius Emperor Taizong of Tang ( January 23, 599 &ndash July 10 649) personal name Lǐ Shìmín ( was the second emperor of the Li Jing (李靖 Pinyin: Lǐ Jìng ( 571 - July 2, 649) né Yaoshi (藥師/药师 Pinyin: Yàoshī formally Jiali Khan ( Bagatur-Shad Il-khan Chieli Kara-Khieli Hieli Jiele Duobi 咄苾 Illig-Qaghan Kara Kagan) later Tang posthumous title Prince Huang of Guiyi (歸義荒王 Emperor Taizong's official Yang Wenguan (楊文瓘) wanted to have Empress Xiao interrogated as to whether any Tang officials had been secretly in communication with her, but Emperor Taizong refused and instead treated her with respect. Yang Zhengdao was given an honorific official post. As Empress Xiao's brother Xiao Yu was an important official under both Emperors Gaozu and Taizong, she maintained some degree of honor at the Tang capital Chang'an, and she was subsequently in charge of Emperor Yang's reburial with honor. Chang'an ( is an ancient Capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history. She died in 648 and was buried with honors due an empress, at Jiangdu with Emperor Yang. Events By Topic Religion Pope Theodore I excommunicates Patriarch Paul II of Constantinople
| Preceded by Empress Dugu Qieluo |
Empress of Sui Dynasty 605-618 |
Succeeded by None (dynasty destroyed) |
| Empress of China (most regions) 605-618 |
Succeeded by Empress Zhangsun of Tang Dynasty |
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| Empress of China (Hebei) 605-617 |
Succeeded by Empress Cao of Xia |
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| Empress of China (Shanxi) 605-617 |
Succeeded by Empress Ju of Dingyang |
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| Empress of China (Eastern Gansu) 605-617 |
Succeeded by Empress Ju of Qin |
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