Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Empress Kōgyoku
Empress Saimei
Empress of Japan
Reign 642 - 645, 655 - 661
Born 594
Died the 24th Day of the 7th Month of the 7th Year of Saimei's reign (661)
Place of death Asakura no Miya
Buried Ochi-no-Okanoe no Misasagi
Predecessor Emperor Jomei
Successor Emperor Kōtoku
Consort Emperor Jomei
Issue Emperor Tenji
Emperor Temmu
Princess Hashihito
Father Prince Chinu
Mother Princess Kibitsu-hime

Empress Kōgyoku (皇極天皇 Kōgyoku-tennō), also Empress Saimei (斉明天皇 Saimei-tennō) (594–August 24, 661[1]) was the 35th and 37th sovereign empress of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Events By Place Europe August 5 — In the Battle of Maserfield, Penda, king of Mercia defeats and Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Byzantines recapture Alexandria from the Arabs Asia Events By Place Europe November 15 — Northumbrian king Oswiu defeats Mercian king Penda in the Events By Place Europe Perctarit and Godepert become co-rulers of the Lombards, following the death of their Events By Place Europe Perctarit and Godepert become co-rulers of the Lombards, following the death of their ( 593 - November 17, 641) was the 34th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession ( 596 - November 24, 654) was the 36th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession ( 593 - November 17, 641) was the 34th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession Emperor Tenji (天智天皇 Tenji-tennō) also known as Emperor Tenchi ( Tenchi-tennō) ( 626 - January 7, 672 (the 3rd Day of (c 631 - October 1 686) was the 40th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession Events By Topic Politics and Wars Byzantine Emperor Maurice disposes of Priscos and installs his own brother Peter Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Events By Place Europe Perctarit and Godepert become co-rulers of the Lombards, following the death of their For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. She was the second woman to ascend the Chrysanthemum Throne. [2]. From February 18, 642[3] she ruled as Kōgyoku, but abdicated after the assassination of Soga no Iruka and gave up the throne to her brother Emperor Kōtoku on July 12, 645. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Events By Place Europe August 5 — In the Battle of Maserfield, Penda, king of Mercia defeats and was a statesman in the Yamato Period of Japan. He was a son of Soga no Emishi. ( 596 - November 24, 654) was the 36th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Byzantines recapture Alexandria from the Arabs Asia [4] After Kōtoku died on November 24, 654,[5] she re-acceded to the throne as Empress Saimei on February 14, 655,[6] and ruled under that name until her death in 661. Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Events By Place Europe Rhodes is invaded by an Arab force remains of the Colossus of Rhodes are sold off Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Events By Place Europe November 15 — Northumbrian king Oswiu defeats Mercian king Penda in the The two reigns of this powerful woman spanned the years from 642 through 661. [7]

Contents

Genealogy

Before her ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, her personal name (her imina)[8] was Ame Toyo-takara ikashi-hi tarashi-hime. [9]

She was a great-granddaughter of Emperor Bidatsu. Emperor Bidatsu (敏達天皇 Bidatsu-tennō) ( 538 - September 14, 585) was the 30th emperor of Japan, according to the [10] Her birth name was 'Princess Takara' (宝皇女).

She was the wife and Empress Consort of Emperor Jomei. ( 593 - November 17, 641) was the 34th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession They had three children: Prince Naka no Ōe (Emperor Tenji), Prince Ōama (Emperor Temmu), and Princess Hashihito (Empress Consort of Emperor Kōtoku). Emperor Tenji (天智天皇 Tenji-tennō) also known as Emperor Tenchi ( Tenchi-tennō) ( 626 - January 7, 672 (the 3rd Day of (c 631 - October 1 686) was the 40th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession ( 596 - November 24, 654) was the 36th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession

Events in Kōgyoku's life

During her first reign the Soga clan seized power. The was one of the most powerful clans in Yamato Japan and played a major role in the spread of Buddhism in that country Her son Naka no Ōe planned a coup d'état and slew Soga no Iruka at the court in front of her throne. was a statesman in the Yamato Period of Japan. He was a son of Soga no Emishi. The Empress, shocked by this incident, abdicated the throne.

Empress Kōgyoku reigned for four years. Although there were seven other reigning empresses, their successors were most often selected from amongst the males of the paternal Imperial bloodline, which is why some conservative scholars argue that the women's reigns were temporary and that male-only succession tradition must be maintained in the 21st century. [11] Empress Gemmei, who was followed on the throne by her daughter, Empress Genshō, remains the sole exception to this conventional argument. (661 &ndash December 29 721 was the 43rd imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession Empress Genshō (元正天皇 Genshō-tennō) (680 &ndash May 22, 748) was the 44th imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional

Kōgyoku's reign: a non-nengō period

The years of Kōgyoku's reign are not linked by scholars to any era or nengō. [12] The Taika era innovation of naming time periods -- nengō -- was yet to be initiated during her son's too-brief reign.

In this context, Brown and Ishida's translation of Gukanshō offers an explanation about the years of Empress Jitō's reign which muddies a sense of easy clarity in the pre-Taiho time-frame:

"The eras that fell in this reign were: (1) the remaining seven years of Shuchō [(686+7=692?)]; and (2) Taika, which was four years long [695-698]. (The first year of this era was kinoto-hitsuji [695]. ) . . . In the third year of the Taka era [697], Empress Jitō yielded the throne to the Crown Prince. "[13]

The years of Kōgyoku's reign are not more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō which was an innovation of her son's brief reign. The Japanese era calendar scheme is a common Calendar scheme used in Japan, which identifies a year by the combination of the and the year number within the era The Japanese era calendar scheme is a common Calendar scheme used in Japan, which identifies a year by the combination of the and the year number within the era [14]

Events in Saimei's life

After Emperor Kōtoku died, though Naka no Ōe was the crown prince, he had his mother reascend the throne, and remained as the crown prince under his mother. He, and not his mother, however, led the politics of Japan. In the fifth year of her second reign, Paekche in Korea was destroyed in 660. Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE or Paekche, was a kingdom located in southwest Korea Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Japan assisted Paekche loyals to the attempt of retrieving former Paekche territory. Early in 661, Saimei started from the capital in Yamato province in Honshū with both an army and a navy and crossed the Inland Sea of Japan from east to west. was a province of Japan, located in Kinai, corresponding to present-day Nara Prefecture in Honshū. or Honshu is the largest Island of Japan. The nation's main island, it is south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of An inland sea is a shallow Sea that covers central areas of continents during high stands of Sea level that result in marine transgressions In modern days The empress stayed in Ishiyu Temporary Palace in Iyo province, today Dōgo Onsen. was an old province of Japan in the area that is today Ehime Prefecture on Shikoku. is a Hot spring in the city of Matsuyama, Ehime Prefecture on the island of Shikoku, Japan. In May she arrived at Asakura Palace in the north part of Tsukushi province in Kyūshū, today a part of Fukuoka prefecture. or Kyushu is the third-largest Island of Japan and most southwesterly of its four main islands. WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> is a prefecture of Japan located on Kyūshū Island. The allied army of Japan and Paekche was prepared the war against Silla but on July 24 (Japanese calendar), 661 she died in the Asakura Palace before the army departed to Korea. Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. In October her body was brought from Kyūshū by sea to Port Naniwa-zu (today Osaka city). is a city in Japan, located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay, in the Kansai region of the main island of Honshū Her funeral ceremony was held in early November.

Empress Saimei rule for seven years. As with the seven other reigning empresses whose successors were most often selected from amongst the males of the paternal Imperial bloodline, she was followed on the throne by a male cousin, which is why some conservative scholars argue that the women's reigns were temporary and that male-only succession tradition must be maintained in the 21st century. [11] Empress Gemmei, who was followed on the throne by her daughter, remains the sole exception to this conventional argument.

After her death, her son Naka no Ōe ascended to the throne in 663, after the battle against Silla and the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by

Kugyō

Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. The of Japan is the country's Monarch. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Saimei's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

Saimei's reign: a non-nengō period

The years of Saimei's reign are not linked by scholars to any era or nengō. The was the Department of State in Nara and Heian period Japan and briefly under the Meiji Constitution. Sadaijin (左大臣 most commonly translated as "Minister of the Left" was a government position in Japan in the late Nara and Heian Udaijin (右大臣 most commonly translated as the "Minister of the Right" was a government position in Japan in the late Nara and Fujiwara no Kamatari (藤原鎌足 614&ndash669 AD was the founder of the Fujiwara clan in Japan [14] The Taika era innovation of naming time periods -- nengō -- languished until Mommu reasserted an imperial right by proclaiming the commencement of Taihō in 701.

References

  1. ^ August 24, 661 corresponds to the Twenty-fourth Day of the Seventh Month of 661 (shinyū) of the traditional lunisolar calendar used in Japan until 1873. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Events By Place Europe Perctarit and Godepert become co-rulers of the Lombards, following the death of their The Chinese sexagenary cycle ( is a cyclic numeral system of 60 combinations of the two basic cycles the ten Heavenly Stems (天干 tiāngān A lunisolar calendar is a Calendar in many Cultures whose date indicates both the Moon phase and the time of the solar Year.
  2. ^ The sole empress who reigned before Kōgyoku was Suiko-tennō; and the women sovereigns reigning after Kōgyoku/Saimei were (a) Jitō, (b) Gemmei, (c) Genshō, (d) Kōken/Shōtoku, (e) Meishō, and (f) Go-Sakuramachi.
  3. ^ February 18, 642 corresponds to the Fifteenth Day of the First Month of 642 (jin'in). Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Events By Place Europe August 5 — In the Battle of Maserfield, Penda, king of Mercia defeats and The Chinese sexagenary cycle ( is a cyclic numeral system of 60 combinations of the two basic cycles the ten Heavenly Stems (天干 tiāngān
  4. ^ July 12, 645 corresponds to the Fourteenth Day of the Sixth Month of 645 (isshi). Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Byzantines recapture Alexandria from the Arabs Asia The Chinese sexagenary cycle ( is a cyclic numeral system of 60 combinations of the two basic cycles the ten Heavenly Stems (天干 tiāngān
  5. ^ November 24, 654 corresponds to the Tenth Day of the Tenth Month of 654 (kōin). Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Events By Place Europe Rhodes is invaded by an Arab force remains of the Colossus of Rhodes are sold off The Chinese sexagenary cycle ( is a cyclic numeral system of 60 combinations of the two basic cycles the ten Heavenly Stems (天干 tiāngān
  6. ^ February 14, 655 corresponds to the Third Day of the First Month of 655 (itsubō). Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Events By Place Europe November 15 — Northumbrian king Oswiu defeats Mercian king Penda in the The Chinese sexagenary cycle ( is a cyclic numeral system of 60 combinations of the two basic cycles the ten Heavenly Stems (天干 tiāngān
  7. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 43-54; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gokanshō, p. 265-267; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. p. 130-134.
  8. ^ Brown, pp. 264. [Up until the time of Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors (their imina) were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign. ]
  9. ^ Ashton, William. (2005). Nihongi, p. 171.
  10. ^ Brown, p. 265.
  11. ^ a b "Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl," Japan Times. March 27, 2007.
  12. ^ Titsingh, pp. 43-47.
  13. ^ Brown, p. 270.
  14. ^ a b Titsingh, pp. 43-54.
  15. ^ a b Brown, p. 267.

See also

Preceded by
Emperor Jomei		 Empress of Japan:
Kōgyoku
642-645		 Succeeded by
Emperor Kōtoku
Preceded by
Emperor Kōtoku		 Empress of Japan:
Saimei
655-661		 Succeeded by
Emperor Tenji


{Japan-hist-stub}}

In Japan, Empress may refer to either or. Ruling Empresses There were eight female imperial reigns (six female emperors including two who reigned twice in ( 593 - November 17, 641) was the 34th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession ( 596 - November 24, 654) was the 36th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession ( 596 - November 24, 654) was the 36th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession Emperor Tenji (天智天皇 Tenji-tennō) also known as Emperor Tenchi ( Tenchi-tennō) ( 626 - January 7, 672 (the 3rd Day of
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic