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The Empire of Japan (Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國; Shinjitai: 大日本帝国; pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku; literally Great Imperial Japan, officially Great Japan, Empire of Greater Japan or Greater Japanese Empire; more widely known as Imperial Japan or the Japanese Empire) was a Japanese political entity that existed during the period from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until its defeat in World War II in 1945. Kyūjitai (in Shinjitai: ja 旧字体 in Kyūjitai 舊字體 meaning "old character form" is the traditional form of the Japanese Kanji used before Shinjitai (in Shinjitai ja [[wikt新字体 新字体]] in Kyūjitai: ja [[wikt新字體 新字體]] meaning "new character form" are the forms of For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
The country's rapid industrialization and militarization under the slogan Fukoku Kyōhei (富国強兵? "Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Military"), led to its emergence as a world power eventually culminating with its membership in the Axis alliance and the conquest of a large part of the Asia-Pacific region. is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one Militarization, or militarisation, is the process by which a Society organizes itself for Military conflict and Violence. Fukoku kyōhei ("Enrich the country strengthen the military" originally a phrase from the ancient Chinese historical work on the Warring States Period, Fukoku kyōhei ("Enrich the country strengthen the military" originally a phrase from the ancient Chinese historical work on the Warring States Period, A great power is a Nation or State that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries Asia-Pacific or APAC is the area generally regarded as encompassing Littoral East Asia, Southeast Asia and Australasia near the
The Empire of Japan, after suffering numerous defeats during the Pacific War and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, surrendered to the Allies on September 2, 1945. The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar A period of occupation by the Allies followed the surrender and dissolution of the Empire and a new constitution was created with American involvement. At the end of World War II, Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers, led by the United States with contributions also from Australia, British The has been the founding legal document of Japan since 1947 The constitution provides for a Parliamentary system of government and guarantees certain fundamental rights American occupation and reconstruction of the country continued well into the 1950s eventually forming the current modern Japan.
The Emperors during this time, which spanned the Meiji, Taishō and Shōwa eras, are now known by their posthumous names which coincide with those era names: Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito), Emperor Taishō (Yoshihito) and Emperor Shōwa (Hirohito). The of Japan is the country's Monarch. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July The, or Taishō era, is a period in the History of Japan dating from July 30, 1912 to December 25, 1926, coinciding with the reign The, or Shōwa era, is the period of Japanese history corresponding to the reign of Emperor Shōwa ( Hirohito) from December 25, 1926 to A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death The (3 November 1852 — 30 July 1912 or Meiji the Great was the 122nd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession reigning from 3 February The (31 August 1879 – 25 December 1926 was the 123rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession reigning from 30 July 1912 until his death also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death
Terminology
Although the empire is commonly referred to as "the Japanese Empire" or "Imperial Japan" in English, the literal translation from Japanese is Greater Japanese Empire (Dai Nippon Teikoku). Literal translation, also known as direct translation, is the rendering of text from one language to another "word-for-word" ( Latin: " verbum pro is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities The nomenclature Empire of Japan had existed since the feudal anti-shogunate domains, Satsuma and Chōshū, which founded their new government during the Meiji Restoration, with the intention of forming a modern state to resist western domination. This article is about the province For alternative meanings of the word Satsuma, see Satsuma (disambiguation was an old province The was a Feudal domain of Japan during the Edo period (1603-1867 occupying the whole of modern day Yamaguchi Prefecture.
Meiji Restoration
After two centuries, the seclusion policy, or Sakoku, under the shoguns of the Edo period came to an end when the country was forced open to trade by the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. are the final years of the Edo period when the Tokugawa shogunate came to an end The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure On March 31, 1854, the or was concluded between Commodore Matthew Perry of the U
The following years had seen increased foreign trade and interaction, commercial treaties between the Tokugawa Shogunate and Western countries were signed. In large part due to the humiliating terms of these Unequal Treaties, the Shogunate soon faced internal hostility, which materialized into a radical, xenophobic movement, the sonnō jōi (literally "Revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians"). Unequal Treaties is a term used in reference to the type of Treaties signed by several East Asian states including Qing Dynasty China, late is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" Xenophobia is an intense and/or irrational dislike and sometimes fear of people from other countries is a Japanese Political philosophy and a Social movement derived from Neo-Confucianism; it became a Political slogan in the 1850s and 1860s in [1]
In March 1863 the "Order to expel barbarians" was issued. The Order to expel barbarians ( Japanese: 攘夷勅命 jōi chokumei, also 攘夷実行の勅命 jōi jikkō no chokumei) was an edict issued by the Japanese Although the Shogunate had no intention of enforcing the order, it nevertheless inspired attacks against the Shogunate itself and against foreigners in Japan. The Namamugi Incident during 1862 led to the murder of an Englishman, Charles Lennox Richardson by a party of samurai from Satsuma. The (also known sometimes as the Kanagawa Incident, and archaically as the Richardson Affair) was a Samurai assault on foreign nationals in Japan on Charles Lennox Richardson was the English merchant from Shanghai who was in Japan and was killed during the Namamugi Incident by the Satsuma This article is about the province For alternative meanings of the word Satsuma, see Satsuma (disambiguation was an old province The British demanded reparations and responded by bombarding the port of Kagoshima in 1863, for his death the Tokugawa government agreed to pay an indemnity. The Bombardment of Kagoshima, also known as the, took place on 15-17 August 1863 during the Late Tokugawa shogunate. [2] Shelling of foreign shipping in Shimonoseki and attacks against foreign property led to the Bombardment of Shimonoseki by a multinational force in 1864. The Bombardment of Shimonoseki (Japanese下関戦争/馬関戦争 Shimonoseki Sensō/Bakan Sensō) refers to a series of military engagements fought in 1863-64, by joint naval [3] The Chōshū clan also carried out the failed Hamaguri Rebellion. The rebellion at the Hamaguri Gate (蛤御門の変 Hamagurigomon no Hen) of the Imperial Palace in Kyōto took place on August 20, 1864 and The Satsuma-Chōshū alliance was established in 1866 to combine their efforts to overthrow the Tokugawa bakufu. The, or Satchō Alliance was a Military alliance between the feudal domains of Satsuma and Chōshū formed in 1866 to combine their efforts In early 1867, Emperor Komei died of smallpox and was replaced by his son Mutsuhito (Meiji).
On November 9, 1867 Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned his post and authorities to the emperor, agreeing to "be the instrument for carrying out" imperial orders. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Tokugawa Yoshinobu 1st Prince of the Yoshinobu-ke (徳川 慶喜 Tokugawa Yoshinobu (also known as Keiki) October 28, 1837 &ndash [4]The Tokugawa Shogunate had ended. [5] However, while Yoshinobu's resignation had created a nominal void at the highest level of government, his apparatus of state continued to exist. Moreover, the shogunal government, the Tokugawa family in particular, would remain a prominent force in the evolving political order and would retain many executive powers,[6] a prospect hard-liners from Satsuma and Chōshū found intolerable. [7]
On January 3, 1868, Satsuma-Chōshū forces seized the imperial palace in Kyoto, and the following day had the fifteen-year-old Emperor Meiji declare his own restoration to full power. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap (IPA /kʲoːto / is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. Although the majority of the imperial consultative assembly was happy with the formal declaration of direct rule by the court and tended to support a continued collaboration with the Tokugawa, Saigō Takamori threatened the assembly into abolishing the title "shogun" and order the confiscation of Yoshinobu's lands. [8]
On January 17, 1868, Yoshinobu declared "that he would not be bound by the proclamation of the Restoration and called on the court to rescind it. " [9] On January 24, Yoshinobu decided to prepare an attack on Kyoto, occupied by Satsuma and Chōshū forces. This decision was prompted by his learning of a series of arsons in Edo, starting with the burning of the outworks of Edo Castle, the main Tokugawa residence.
Boshin War
The Boshin War (戊辰戦争 Boshin Sensō?) was fought between January 1868 and May 1869. The alliance of samurai from southern and western domains and court officials had now secured the cooperation of the young Emperor Meiji who ordered the dissolution of the two-hundred-year-old Tokugawa Shogunate. Tokugawa Yoshinobu launched a military campaign to seize the emperor's court at Kyoto. However, the tide rapidly turned in favor of the smaller but relatively modernized imperial faction and resulted in defections of many daimyo to the Imperial side; the Battle of Toba-Fushimi being a decisive victory in which a combined army from Chōshū, Tosa and Satsuma domains defeated the Tokugawa army. The occurred between pro-Imperial and Tokugawa shogunate forces during the Boshin War in Japan A series of battles were then fought in pursuit of supporters of Shogunate; Edo surrendered to the Imperial forces and afterwards Yoshinobu personally surrendered. Yoshinobu was stripped of all his power by Emperor Meiji and most of Japan accepted the emperor's rule.
Pro-Tokugawa remnants, however, then retreated to northern Honshū (Ouetsu Reppan Domei) and later to Ezo (present day Hokkaidō), where they established the breakaway Republic of Ezo. The Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei or was a Japanese military-political coalition established and disestablished over the course of several months in early to mid-1868 during the Boshin War WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is Japan 's Background After the defeat of the forces of the Tokugawa Shogunate in the Boshin War (1868&ndash1869 of the Meiji Restoration, a part of the An expeditionary force was despatched by the new government and the Ezo Republic forces were overwhelmed. The siege of Hakodate came to an end in May 1869 and the remaining forces surrendered. The was fought in Japan from 1868-10-20 to 1869-05-17, between the remnants of the Tokugawa shogunate army consolidated into the armed forces of the rebel
Five Charter Oath
The Charter Oath was made public at the enthronement of Emperor Meiji of Japan on April 7, 1868. The was promulgated at the enthronement of Emperor Meiji of Japan on 7 April 1868 Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The Oath outlined the main aims and the course of action to be followed during Emperor Meiji's reign, setting the legal stage for Japan's modernization. [10]
The aims of the Meiji leaders were also to boost morale and win financial support for the new government. The Meiji Oligarchy, as the new ruling class of Meiji period Japan is known to historians was a privileged clique that exercised imperial power sometimes The Government of Meiji period Japan from 1868-1911 was an evolution of institutions and structures from the feudal order of the Tokugawa bakufu towards Its five provisions consisted of:
- Establishment of deliberative assemblies.
- Involvement of all classes in carrying out state affairs.
- The revocation of sumptuary laws and class restrictions on employment.
- Replacement of "evil customs" with the "just laws of nature".
- An international search for knowledge to strengthen the foundations of imperial rule.
Meiji era (1868-1912)
Several prominent writers under the constant threat of assassination from their political foes, such as Fukuzawa Yukichi were influential in convincing Japanese people for westernization. The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July The (3 November 1852 — 30 July 1912 or Meiji the Great was the 122nd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession reigning from 3 February Merchants function as professionals who deal with Trade, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves in order to produce Profit. Thomas Blake Glover, Order of the Rising Sun ( June 6, 1838 &ndash December 13, 1911) was a Scottish Merchant An Order is a Decoration, awarded by a government a dynastic house, or a religious body to an individual usually for distinguished service to a nation or to humanity The Order of the Rising Sun (旭日章 Kyokujitsu shō ? The (3 November 1852 — 30 July 1912 or Meiji the Great was the 122nd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession reigning from 3 February For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. was a Japanese author writer teacher Translator, entrepreneur and political theorist who founded the Keio University. Westernization or occidentalization (from occident, see wiktionary) is a process whereby societies come under or adopt the Western For instance some of his works that were well known were "Conditions in the West", "Leaving Asia", and "An Outline of a Theory of Civilization" that detailed Western society and his own philosophies. Datsu-A Ron ( Japanese Kyūjitai: ja-hant 脫亞論 Shinjitai: ja 脱亜論 was an Editorial which was first published in the Japanese In the Meiji Restoration period, military and economic power was well emphasized. The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure Military strength became the means for national development and stability. Imperial Japan became the only non-Western world power and a major force in east and southeast Asia in less than 30-50 years as a result of industrialization and economic development. Power in international relations is defined in several different ways
As one writer Albrecht Fürst von Urach comments in his booklet "The Secret of Japan's Strength,"
| “ | The rise of Japan to a world power during the past 80 years is the greatest miracle in world history. Prince Albrecht of Urach (German Fürst Albrecht von Urach Graf von Württemberg or Albrecht Fürst von Urach The mighty empires of antiquity, the major political institutions of the Middle Ages and the early modern era, the Spanish Empire, the British Empire, all needed centuries to achieve their full strength. Japan's rise has been meteoric. After only 80 years, it is one of the few great powers that determine the fate of the world. | ” |
The sudden westernization, once it was adopted, changed almost all arenas of Japanese society ranging from language, etiquette, judicial and political system, armaments, arts, etc. Princess is the feminine form of Prince (from Latin Princeps, meaning principal citizen Japanese government sent students to Western countries to observe and learn their practices as well as paying foreign scholars to come to Japan to educate the populace, the so called "foreign advisors" coming in from variety of studies. For instance the judicial system and constitution were largely modeled on that of Germany. It also outlawed customs linked to Japan's feudal past, such as displaying and wearing katana in the public and top knot both of which were characteristic of the samurai class, which were abolished all together with the caste system. A is a type of Japanese sword ( nihontō) and often is called a "samurai sword The chonmage (丁髷 ちょんまげ is a form of Japanese traditional Haircut worn by men is the term for the military nobility of Pre-industrial Japan. This would later bring the Meiji government into conflict with the Samurai. The, was a revolt of Satsuma ex- Samurai against the Meiji government from January 29 1877 to September 241877 11 years into the Meiji Era.
Moreover the Meiji government brought numerous armaments, ships and such that to build their conscription based national army (Imperial Japanese Army) and navy (Imperial Japanese Navy). The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku For Combined Fleet, please see that article For Carrier Striking Task Force, please see that article
Constitution
The constitution also recognized the aforementioned acknowledgment of a need for change and modernization after removal of the shogunate:
| “ | We, the Successor to the prosperous Throne of Our Predecessors, do humbly and solemnly swear to the Imperial Founder of Our House and to Our other Imperial Ancestors that, in pursuance of a great policy co-extensive with the Heavens and with the Earth, We shall maintain and secure from decline the ancient form of government. The, more commonly known as the Imperial or Meiji Constitution, was the fundamental law of the Empire of Japan from 29 November 1890 until 2 May 1947 is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" . . In consideration of the progressive tendency of the course of human affairs and in parallel with the advance of civilization, We deem it expedient, in order to give clearness and distinctness to the instructions bequeathed by the Imperial Founder of Our House and by Our other Imperial Ancestors, to establish fundamental laws. . . . | ” |
Imperial Japan was founded, de jure, after the 1889 signing of Constitution of the Empire of Japan. The, more commonly known as the Imperial or Meiji Constitution, was the fundamental law of the Empire of Japan from 29 November 1890 until 2 May 1947 The constitution formalized much of its political structure and gave many responsibilities and powers to the Emperor.
Article 4. The Emperor is the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty, and exercises them, according to the provisions of the present Constitution.
Article 6. The Emperor gives sanction to laws, and orders them to be promulgated and executed.
Article 11. The Emperor has the supreme command of the Army and Navy. [12]
Although it was in this constitution that the title Empire of Japan was officially used for the first time, it was not until 1936 that this title was legalized. Until then, the names "Nippon" (日本; Japan), "Dai-Nippon" (大日本; Greater Japan), "Dai-Nippon/-Nihon Koku" (日本國; State of Japan), "Nihon Teikoku" (日本帝國; Empire of Japan) were all used.
Economic development
The process of modernization was closely monitored and heavily subsidized by the Meiji government, enhancing the power of the great zaibatsu firms such as Mitsui and Mitsubishi. The economic history of Japan is one of the most studied for its spectacular growth after the Meiji Revolution to be the first non European Power and after the Second World War is a Japanese term referring to industrial and financial business conglomerates in the Empire of Japan, whose influence and size allowed for control over significant is one of the largest corporate conglomerates ( Keiretsu) in Japan and one of the largest publicly traded companies in the world The, Mitsubishi Group of Companies, or Mitsubishi Companies is a Japanese conglomerate consisting of a range of autonomous businesses which share the Mitsubishi Hand in hand, the zaibatsu and government guided the nation, borrowing technology from the West. Japan gradually took control of much of Asia's market for manufactured goods, beginning with textiles. The economic structure became very mercantilistic, importing raw materials and exporting finished products — a reflection of Japan's relative scarcity of raw materials.
Economic reforms included a unified modern currency based on the yen, banking, commercial and tax laws, stock exchanges, and a communications network. A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money A stock exchange, share market or bourse is a Corporation or Mutual organization which provides "trading" facilities for Stock Establishment of a modern institutional framework conducive to an advanced capitalist economy took time but was completed by the 1890s. By this time, the government had largely relinquished direct control of the modernization process, primarily for budgetary reasons. Many of the former daimyo, whose pensions had been paid in a lump sum, benefited greatly through investments they made in emerging industries. The ( were powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan from their vast hereditary land holdings
The government was initially involved in economic modernization, providing a number of "model factories" to facilitate the transition to the modern period. After the first twenty years of the Meiji period, the industrial economy expanded rapidly until about 1920 with inputs of advanced Western technology and large private investments.
Japan emerged from the Tokugawa-Meiji transition as the first Asian industrialized nation. From the onset, the Meiji rulers embraced the concept of a market economy and adopted British and North American forms of free enterprise capitalism. Rapid growth and structural change characterized Japan's two periods of economic development after 1868. Initially, the economy grew only moderately and relied heavily on traditional Japanese agriculture to finance modern industrial infrastructure. By the time the Russo-Japanese War began in 1904, 65% of employment and 38% of the gross domestic product (GDP) was still based on agriculture, but modern industry had begun to expand substantially. The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September By the late 1920s, manufacturing and mining contributed to 23% of GDP, compared with the 21% for all of agriculture. Transportation and communications developed to sustain heavy industrial development.
From 1894, Japan built an extensive empire that included Taiwan, Korea, Manchuria, and parts of northern China. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Northern China or North China ( literally "China's north" is a Geographical region of China. The Japanese regarded this sphere of influence as a political and economic necessity, preventing foreign states from strangling Japan by blocking its access to raw materials and crucial sea-lanes. A sphere of influence ( SOI) is an area or region over which an organization or state exerts some kind of indirect cultural economic military or political domination Japan's large military force was regarded as essential to the empire's defense and prosperity through obtaining natural resources, which the Japanese islands were lacking in. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Defence Wealth derives from the old English word "weal" which means "well-being Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified ( natural) form
First Sino-Japanese War
Prior to its engagement in World War I, the Empire of Japan fought in two significant wars after its establishment following the Meiji Revolution. The First Sino-Japanese War ( 日清戦争 Romaji: Nisshin Sensō ( 1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895) was a war fought between An Admiral of the Fleet or Fleet Admiral is a military Naval officer of the highest rank A marquess (ˈmɑrkwɪs or marquis (/mɑrˈkiː/ is a Nobleman of hereditary rank in various European monarchies and some of their colonies Fleet Admiral Marquis (, OM, GCVO, ( 27 January 1848 - 30 May 1934) was a Fleet Admiral in World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The first was the First Sino-Japanese War, fought between 1894 and 1895. The First Sino-Japanese War ( 日清戦争 Romaji: Nisshin Sensō ( 1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895) was a war fought between The war revolved around the issue of control and influence over Korea under the rule of the Joseon Dynasty. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. A peasant rebellion led to a request by the Korean government for China to send troops in to stabilize the region. The Empire of Japan responded by sending their own force to Korea and installing a puppet government in Seoul. Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. China objected and war ensued. In a brief affair with Japanese ground troops routing Chinese forces on the Liaodong Peninsula, and the near destruction of the Chinese navy in the Battle of the Yalu River. The Liáodōng Peninsula ( is a Peninsula in the Liáoníng province of northeastern China, historically known in the west as southern east- Manchuria The Battle of the Yalu River (黃海海戰 lit Battle of the Yellow Sea) also called simply 'The Battle of Yalu' took place on September 17 1894 China was forced to sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which ceded parts of Manchuria and the island of Formosa to Japan (see Taiwan under Japanese rule and Japanese Invasion of Taiwan (1895)). The Treaty of Shimonoseki ( Japanese: 下関条約 "Shimonoseki Jōyaku") known as the Treaty of Maguan ( in China was signed at Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. The Japanese colonial period, Japanese rule or the Imperial Japanese occupation, in the context of Taiwan 's history refers to the period between The Japanese Invasion of Taiwan of 1895 was a war involving the Empire of Japan and the short-lived Republic of Formosa in 1895 after the Qing Dynasty After this war, regional dominance shifted from China to Japan.
Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War was a conflict for control of Korea and parts of Manchuria by the Russian Empire and Empire of Japan that took place from 1904 to 1905. The Siege of Port Arthur (旅順攻囲戦 Ryojun Kōisen) 1 August 1904 - 2 January 1905, the deep-water port and The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The war is significant as the first modern war where an Asian country defeated a European power. The victory greatly raised Japan's measure in the world of global politics. The war is marked by the Japanese rebuff of Russian interests in Korea, Manchuria, and China, notably, the Liaodong Peninsula, controlled by the city of Port Arthur. Lüshun city or Lüshunkou or (literally Lüshun Port ( formerly known as both Port Arthur and Ryojun, is a town located at the extreme southern
Originally, in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, Port Arthur had been given to Japan. This part of the treaty was overruled by Western powers, which gave the port to the Russian Empire, furthering Russian interests in the region. These interests came into conflict with Japanese interests. The war began with a surprise attack on the Russian Eastern fleet stationed at Port Arthur, which was followed by the Battle of Port Arthur. The Battle of Port Arthur (Japanese 旅順港閉塞作戦 Ryojunkō Heisoku Sakusen, February 8-9 1904 was the starting battle of the Russo-Japanese War Those elements that attempted escape were defeated by the Japanese navy under Admiral Togo Heihachiro at the Battle of the Yellow Sea. The Battle of the Yellow Sea (黄海海戦 Kōkai kaisen Бой в Жёлтом море a major naval engagement of the Russo-Japanese War, was A year later, the Russian Baltic fleet arrived only to be annihilated in the Battle of Tsushima. The Battle of Tsushima ( Japanese: 対馬海戦 tsushima-kaisen, Цусимское сражение Tsusimskoye srazheniye) commonly known as the While the ground war did not fare as poorly for the Russians, the Japanese army was significantly more aggressive than their Russian counterparts and gained a political advantage that accumulated with the Treaty of Portsmouth negotiated in the United States by the American president Theodore Roosevelt. The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T As a result, Russia lost the part of Sakhalin Island south of 50 degrees North latitude (which became the Karafuto Prefecture), as well as many mineral rights in Manchuria. Sakhalin (Сахали́н səxʌˈlʲin Japanese:nihongo|樺太|karafuto or; Chinese: 庫頁 Kùyè also Saghalien, is a large elongated History Japanese settlement on Sakhalin dates to at least the Edo period. In addition, Russia's defeat cleared the way for Japan to annex Korea outright in 1910. The Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty was signed on August 22, 1910 by the representatives of the Korean and Japanese Imperial Governments and was
Taishō era (1912-1926)
World War I
Japan entered World War I in 1914, seizing the opportunity of Germany's distraction with the European War and wanting to expand its sphere of influence in China. The (31 August 1879 – 25 December 1926 was the 123rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession reigning from 30 July 1912 until his death World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Japan declared war on Germany in August 23, 1914 and quickly occupied German-leased territories in China's Shandong Province and the Marianas, Caroline, and Marshall Islands in the Pacific which were part of German New Guinea. The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called Ladrones Islands, from Spanish Islas de los Ladrones meaning The Caroline Islands form a large Archipelago of widely scattered islands in the western Pacific Ocean, northeast of New Guinea. The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI is a Micronesian nation of islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean German New Guinea ( Ger Deutsch-Neuguinea) was a former German Protectorate from 1884 to 1914 consisting of the northeastern part of The siege of Tsingtao, a swift invasion in the German colony of Jiaozhou (Kiautschou) proved successful and the colonial troops surrendered on 7 November 1914. The Siege of Tsingtao was the attack on the German-controlled port of Tsingtao (now Qingdao) in China during World War I by Imperial Japan and the
With Japan's Western allies, notably the United Kingdom, heavily involved in the war in Europe, it sought further to consolidate its position in China by presenting the Twenty-One Demands to China in January 1915. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The were a set of demands made by the Empire of Japan under Prime Minister Ōkuma Shigenobu sent to the nominal government of the Republic of Besides expanding its control over the German holdings, Manchuria, and Inner Mongolia, Japan also sought joint ownership of a major mining and metallurgical complex in central China, prohibitions on China's ceding or leasing any coastal areas to a third power, and miscellaneous other political, economic, and military controls, which, if achieved, would have reduced China to a Japanese protectorate. In the face of slow negotiations with the Chinese government, widespread anti-Japanese sentiment in China, and international condemnation, Japan withdrew the final group of demands, and treaties were signed in May 1915. Anti-Japanese sentiment in China is an issue with modern roots (post-1868
Siberian Intervention
After the fall of the Tsarist regime and the later provisional regime in 1917, the new Bolshevik government signed a separate peace treaty with Germany. The of 1918–1922 was the dispatch of troops of the Entente powers to the Russian Maritime Provinces as part of a larger effort by the western powers and Japan The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Not to be confused with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (February 9 1918, a similar treaty involving Ukraine and the Central Powers. After this the Russians fought against themselves in a multi-sided civil war. The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed
In July 1918, President Wilson asked the Japanese government to supply 7000 troops as part of an international coalition of 25,000 troops planned to support the American Expeditionary Force Siberia. The American Expeditionary Force Siberia (AEF Siberia was a United States Army force that was involved in the Russian Civil War in Vladivostok Prime Minister Terauchi Masatake agreed to send 12,000 troops, but under the Japanese command rather than as part of an international coalition. Field Marshal, GCB ( 5 February 1852 – 3 November 1919) was Field Marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army and the 18th The Japanese had several hidden motives for the venture; one was an intense hostility and fear of communism, second a determination to recoup historical losses to Russia and lastly the perceived opportunity to settle the "northern problem" in Japan's security by either creating a buffer state or through outright territorial acquisition.
By November 1918, more than 70,000 Japanese troops under Chief of Staff Yui Mitsue had occupied all ports and major towns in the Russian Maritime Provinces and eastern Siberia. The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Primorsky Krai (Примо́рский край also known as Primorye (ru Примо́рье is a federal subject of Russia (a Krai) Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving
In June 1920, the United States and its allied coalition partners withdrew from Vladivostok after the capture and execution of White Army leader Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak by the Red Army. Aleksandr Vasiliyevich Kolchak (Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Колча́к &ndash February 7, 1920) was a Russian naval commander However, the Japanese decided to stay, primarily due to fears of the spread of communism so close to Japan and Japanese controlled Korea and Manchuria. The Japanese army provided military support to the Japanese-backed Provisional Priamur Government based in Vladivostok against the Moscow-backed Far Eastern Republic. The Provisional Priamurye Government (also rendered as Provisional Priamur Government) existed in the Siberian region of Priamurye, Russia, between The Far Eastern Republic (Дальневосто́чная Респу́блика ДВР romanised: Dalnevostochnaya Respublika DVR) sometimes called the
The continued Japanese presence concerned the United States, which suspected that Japan had territorial designs on Siberia and the Russian Far East. Subjected to intense diplomatic pressure by the United States and Great Britain, and facing increasing domestic opposition due to the economic and human cost, the administration of Prime Minister Kato Tomosaburo withdrew the Japanese forces in October 1922. was a career officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy and the 21st Prime Minister of Japan from 12 June 1922 to 24 August 1923. Japanese casualties and expenses from the expedition were 5000 dead from combat or illness and over 900 million yen.
"Taishō Democracy"
The election of Kato Komei as Prime Minister of Japan continued democratic reforms that had been advocated by influential individuals on the left. ( 3 January 1860 - 28 January 1926) was a Japanese Politician and the 24th Prime Minister of Japan from This culminated in the passage of universal male suffrage in March 1925. This bill gave all male subjects over the age of 25 the right to vote, provided they had lived in their electoral districts for at least one year and were not homeless. The electorate thereby greatly increased from 3. 3 million to 12. 5 million. [13]
Early Shōwa (1926-1937) - Militarization and imperialist ambitions
Military and social organizations
Important institutional links existed between the Party in Government (Kodoha) and Military and Political Organizations like the Imperial Young Federation, and the "Political Department" of the Kempeitai; Amongst the himitsu kessha (secret societies), the Kokuryu-kai (Black Dragon Society), and Kokka Shakai Shugi Gakumei (the National Socialist League) also had close ties to the government. The, or Shōwa era, is the period of Japanese history corresponding to the reign of Emperor Shōwa ( Hirohito) from December 25, 1926 to The is the Military flag of Japan. It had been used as the Ensign of the Imperial Japanese Navy and the War flag of the Imperial Japanese often shortened to was a Police force established in 1911 in Japan, specifically to investigate and control political groups and ideologies deemed The Kempeitai (Japanese 憲兵隊 "Corps of Law Soldiers" was the Military police arm of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1881 to 1945 The was the Imperial Japanese Navy 's Military police, they were equivalent to the Imperial Japanese Army 's Kempeitai. The was a Political faction in the Imperial Japanese Army, active in the 1920s and 1930s largely supported by junior officers aiming to establish a military government and The, later known as the, was a nationalist youth organization in the Empire of Japan modeled after to Nazi Germany 's Hitler Youth. The Kempeitai (Japanese 憲兵隊 "Corps of Law Soldiers" was the Military police arm of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1881 to 1945 The was a prominent Paramilitary, ultra- Nationalist Right-wing group in Japan. The Tonarigumi (residents committee) groups, the Nation Service Society (national government trade union) and Imperial Farmers Association were all allied as well. The was the smallest unit of the national mobilization program established by the Japanese government in World War II. was an important component of the pre-war Japanese economy. Although Japan had only 16% of its land area under cultivation before the Pacific War, over 45% of households made See more: List of Japanese institutions (1930 - 1945)
Other organizations and groups related with the government in wartime were: Double Leaf Society, Toseiha, Kodaha, Kokuhonsha, Taisei Yokusankai, Imperial Youth Corps, League of Diet Members Believing the Objectives of the Holy War, Tokko,Tokeitai, Keishicho (to 1945), Shintoist Rites Research Council, Treaty Faction, Fleet Faction and Imperial Volunteer Corps
Nationalistic factors
Sadao Araki was an important figurehead and founder of the Army party and the most important right-wing thinker in his time. The was a Japanese military Secret society of the 1920s The Futabakai was one of many ultranationalist secret societies which had arisen within the was a Political faction in the Imperial Japanese Army, active in the 1920s and 1930s The was a Political faction in the Imperial Japanese Army, active in the 1920s and 1930s largely supported by junior officers aiming to establish a military government and The was a nationalist political society in late 1920s and early 1930s Japan. The was created by Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe on 12 October 1940 to promote the goals of his Shintaisei movement The Yokusan Sonendan ( Imperial Rule Assistance Young Men's Corps) was an Elite Para-military organization of Japan established in January The League of Diet Members Believing the Objectives of the Holy War was set up by a group of the Diet of Japan, in support of Japanese government policy in pursuing often shortened to was a Police force established in 1911 in Japan, specifically to investigate and control political groups and ideologies deemed The was the Imperial Japanese Navy 's Military police, they were equivalent to the Imperial Japanese Army 's Kempeitai. The of the Empire of Japan, consisted of numerous Police services in many cases with overlapping jurisdictions has been called the State religion of the Empire of Japan. The term was not used until after World War II and in a broad sense is used to classify those Shinto The was an unofficial and informal political faction within the Imperial Japanese Navy in the 1920s-1930s of officers supporting the Washington Naval Treaty. The was an unofficial and informal political faction within the Imperial Japanese Navy in the 1920s-1930s of officers opposed to the conditions imposed by the Washington Naval Treaty were armed Civil defense units created in 1945 in the Empire of Japan as a last desperate measure to defend the Japanese home islands against the projected Allied Japanese Militarism-Socialism, sometimes also referred to as "Japanese right socialism", "Shōwa Nationalism" or Japanese fascism, refers to a The was a Political faction in the Imperial Japanese Army, active in the 1920s and 1930s largely supported by junior officers aiming to establish a military government and Japanese nationalism refers to the Japanese version of Nationalism, and encompasses a broad range of ideas and sentiments entertained by the Japanese people Baron was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army before World War II. Baron was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army before World War II. His first ideological works date from his leadership of the Kodaha (Imperial Benevolent Rule or Action Group), opposed by the Toseiha (Control Group) led by General Kazushige Ugaki. The was a Political faction in the Imperial Japanese Army, active in the 1920s and 1930s largely supported by junior officers aiming to establish a military government and was a Political faction in the Imperial Japanese Army, active in the 1920s and 1930s was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, and twice Governor-General of Korea. He linked the ancient (bushido code) and contemporary local and European fascist ideals (see Japanese fascism), to form the ideological basis of the movement (Shōwa nationalism). The general term Japanese fascism has been used to refer to Japanese nationalist thinking its ideological foundation and the outlines of its political implementation Japanese Militarism-Socialism, sometimes also referred to as "Japanese right socialism", "Shōwa Nationalism" or Japanese fascism, refers to a
From September 1932, the Japanese were becoming more locked into the course that would lead them into the Second World War, with Araki leading the way. Totalitarianism, militarism and expansionism were to become the rule, with fewer voices able to speak against it. Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private Militarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or In general expansionism consists of expansionist policies While some have linked the term to promoting Economic growth (in contrast to no growth / Sustainable policies In a September 23 news conference, Araki first mentioned the philosophy of "Kodoha" (The Imperial Way Faction). The was a Political faction in the Imperial Japanese Army, active in the 1920s and 1930s largely supported by junior officers aiming to establish a military government and The concept of Kodo linked the Emperor, the people, land and morality as indivisible. This led to the creation of a "new" Shinto and increased Emperor worship. is the native religion of Japan and was once its State religion. An Imperial cult is a form of State religion in which an Emperor, or a Dynasty of emperors (or rulers of another title are Worshiped as
The state was being transformed to serve the Army and the Emperor. also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death Symbolic katana swords came back into fashion as the martial embodiment of these beliefs, and the Nambu pistol became its contemporary equivalent, with the implicit message that the Army doctrine of close combat would prevail. A is a type of Japanese sword ( nihontō) and often is called a "samurai sword The Nambu pistol was a Semi-automatic pistol used by the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy during the First and Second World Wars The final objective, as envisioned by Army thinkers and right-wing line followers, was a return to the old Shogunate system, but in the form of a contemporary Military Shogunate. is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" In such a government the Emperor would once more be a figurehead (as in the Edo period). The, also referred to as the Tokugawa period (徳川時代 Tokugawa-jidai) is a division of Japanese history running from 1603 to 1868 Real power would fall to a leader very similar to a Führer or Duce, though with the power less nakedly held. On the other hand, the traditionalist Navy militarists defended the Emperor and a constitutional monarchy with a significant religious aspect.
A third point of view was supported by Prince Chichibu, a brother of Emperor Shōwa, who repeatedly counseled him to implement a direct imperial rule, even if that meant suspending the constitution. Background and Family Born at Aoyama Detached Palace in Tokyo, the second son of Crown Prince Yoshihito (later Emperor Taishō) and Crown Princess also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death [14]
In time Japan would turn to a form of government that resembled Totalitarianism. Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private However, although this unique style of government was very similar to Fascism there were many significant differences between the two and therefore could be termed Japanese nationalism. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Japanese nationalism refers to the Japanese version of Nationalism, and encompasses a broad range of ideas and sentiments entertained by the Japanese people
Economic factors
At same time, the zaibatsu capitalist groups (principally Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo, and Yasuda) looked toward great future expansion. is a Japanese term referring to industrial and financial business conglomerates in the Empire of Japan, whose influence and size allowed for control over significant The, Mitsubishi Group of Companies, or Mitsubishi Companies is a Japanese conglomerate consisting of a range of autonomous businesses which share the Mitsubishi is one of the largest corporate conglomerates ( Keiretsu) in Japan and one of the largest publicly traded companies in the world is one of the largest Keiretsus ' founded by Masatomo Sumitomo. Their main concern was a shortage of raw materials. Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoye combined social concerns with the needs of capital, and planned for expansion. Fumimaro Konoe 3rd Prince Konoe ( Kyūjitai: 近衞 文麿 Shinjitai: 近衛 文麿 Konoe Fumimaro) ( sometimes Konoye, October 12
The main goals of Japan's expansionism were acquisition and protection of spheres of influence, maintenance of territorial integrity, acquisition of raw materials, and access to Asian markets. Western nations, notably Great Britain, France, and the United States, had for long exhibited great interest in the commercial opportunities in China and other parts of Asia. These opportunities had attracted Western investment because of the availability of raw materials for both domestic production and re-export to Asia. Japan desired these opportunities in planning the development of the Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere. The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere ( Kyūjitai: 大東亞共榮圈 Shinjitai: ja 大東亜共栄圏 Dai-tō-a Kyōeiken) was a concept
The Great Depression, just as in many other countries, had hindered Japan's economic growth. Construction The Yamato class was built after the Japanese withdrew from the Washington Naval Treaty at the Second London Conference of 1936 A battleship is a large heavily armored Warship with a main battery consisting of the largest Calibre of Guns Battleships were The Japanese Empire's main problem lay in that rapid industrial expansion had turned the country into a major manufacturing and industrial power that required raw materials; however, these could only be obtained overseas as there was a critical lack of natural resources on the home islands.
In the 1920s and 1930s Japan needed to import raw materials such as iron, rubber and oil to maintain strong economic growth. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Most of these resources however came from the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Japanese felt that acquiring resource-rich territories would establish economic self-sufficiency and independence, and they also hoped to jump-start the nation's economy in the midst of the depression. As a result Japan set its sights on East Asia, specifically Manchuria with its many resources; Japan needed these resources to continue its economic development and maintain national integrity. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast
Once outright war began, the Domei Tsushin Press Agency celebrated the quality of Japan's armaments, stating that Mitsubishi and the others had taken the measure of the "white barbarians".
Early Shōwa (1937-1945) - Expansionism
Pre-War Expansionism
Manchuria
With little resistance, Japan invaded and conquered Manchuria in 1931. Japan claimed that this invasion was a liberation of the Manchus from the Chinese, although the majority of the population were Han Chinese. The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in Japan then established a puppet regime called Manchukuo, and installed the former Emperor of China, Puyi, as the official head of state. A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern The Emperor of China ( refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of Puyi ( ( February 7, 1906 &ndash October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the last Emperor Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state Jehol, a Chinese territory bordering Manchuria, was also taken in 1933. Administration Rehe was located north of the Great Wall, west of Manchuria, and east of Mongolia. This puppet regime had to carry on a protracted pacification campaign against the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies in Manchuria. After the Invasion of Manchuria, and until 1933 large volunteer armies waged war against Japanese and Manchukuo forces over much of Northeast China In 1936, Japan created a similar Mongolian puppet state in Inner Mongolia named Mengjiang (Chinese: 蒙疆) which was again predominantly Chinese. Mengjiang ( Postal map spelling: Mengkiang) also known in English as Mongol Border Land, was a Puppet state in Inner Mongolia
Second Sino-Japanese War
Japan invaded China in 1937, creating what was essentially a three-way war between Japan, Mao Zedong's communists, and Chiang Kai-shek's nationalists. The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash On 13 December that same year, the Nationalist capital of Nanking fell to Japanese troops. ( Chinese: 南京 Romanizations Nánjīng ( Pinyin) Nan-ching ( Wade-Giles In the event known as the Rape of Nanking, Japanese troops massacred a large number of city's population. It is estimated that nearly 300,000 people, almost entirely civilians, were killed, though the figure varies depending upon the source. In total, 20 million Chinese, mostly civilians, would be killed during World War II. A puppet state was also set up in China quickly afterwards, headed by Wang Jingwei. The Wang Jingwei Government was a Government under the leadership of Wang Jingwei in the Republic of China, set up by the Empire of Japan Wang Jingwei ( Traditional Chinese: 汪精衛 Simplified Chinese: 汪精卫 Pinyin: Wāng Jīngwèi Wade-Giles: Wang Ching-wei ( The second Sino-Japanese war would continue into World War II with the Communists and Nationalists in a temporary and uneasy alliance against the Japanese.
Clashes with the Soviet Union
The Battle of Lake Khasan was an attempted military incursion of the Japanese 19th Division into the territory claimed by the Soviet Union. The Battle of Lake Khasan ( July 29, 1938 &ndash August 11, 1938) and also known as the Changkufeng Incident (Chinese & Japanese The Battle of Khalkhyn Gol (бои на реке Халхин-Гол Халхын голын байлдаан Japanese ノモンハン事件 Nomonhan jiken --i This incursion was founded in the belief of the Japanese that the Soviet Union misinterpreted the demarcation of the boundary based on the Treaty of Peking between Imperial Russia and Manchu China (and subsequent supplementary agreements on demarcation), and furthermore, that the demarcation markers were tampered with.
The following year, Nomonhan Incident (Battle of Khalkhin Gol) occurred on 11 May 1939, when a Mongolian cavalry unit of some 70 to 90 men entered the disputed area in search of grazing for their horses, and encountered Manchukuoan cavalry who drove them out of the disputed territory. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Two days later the Mongolian force returned and the Manchukoans were unable to evict them.
The Japanese IJA 23rd Division and other units of the Kwantung Army then became involved. The was an Infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its Call-sign was the. The, also known as the Guandong Army ( 관동군 was an Army group of the Imperial Japanese Army in the early twentieth century Joseph Stalin ordered STAVKA, the Red Army's high command, to develop a plan for a counterstrike against the Japanese. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Stavka (Ставка was the term used to refer to command element of Armed forces from the time of the Kievan Rus′, more formally during the history The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Georgy Zhukov, led a devastating offensive employing encircling tactics making skillful use of their superior artillery, armor and air forces in late August that nearly annihilated the 23rd Division and decimated the IJA 7th Division. was an Infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call-sign was the. On September 15 an armistice was arranged. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Nearly two years later, on April 13, 1941, the parties signed a Neutrality Pact, in which they agreed to abide by the existing border. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Tripartite Pact
The Second Sino-Japanese War had seen tensions rise between Imperial Japan and the United States; events such as the Panay incident and the 'Rape of Nanking' turned American public opinion against Japan. The Tripartite Treaty (1906 also refers to a 1906 treaty concerning the Nile river (see Hydropolitics in the Nile Basin. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the The Panay incident was a Japanese attack on the United States Navy Gunboat ''Panay'' while she was anchored in the Yangtze River With the occupation of French Indochina in the years of 1940/41 and the continuing war in China, the United States embargoed strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil to Japan, which were vitally needed for their war effort. First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit The Japanese were faced with the option of either withdrawing from China and losing face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the resource rich, European controlled colonies of South East Asia — specifically British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies
On September 27, 1940, Imperial Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, their objectives to "establish and maintain a new order of things" in their respective world regions and spheres of influence; with Nazi Germany in Europe, Imperial Japan in Asia and Fascist Italy in North Africa. British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Tripartite Treaty (1906 also refers to a 1906 treaty concerning the Nile river (see Hydropolitics in the Nile Basin. The signatories of this alliance become known as the Axis Powers. A military alliance is an agreement between two or more military factions related to Wartime planning commitments or contingencies such agreements can be both The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries The pact also called for mutual protection—if any one of the member powers was attacked by a country not already at war, excluding the Soviet Union, and for technological and economic cooperation between the signatories. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
On 31 December 1940, Matsuoka Yosuke told a group of Jewish businessmen that he was "the man responsible for the alliance with Hitler, but nowhere have I promised that we would carry out his anti-Semitic policies in Japan. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. This is not simply my personal opinion, it is the opinion of Japan, and I have no compunction about announcing it to the world. "
Pacific War
Attack on Pearl Harbor
After facing an oil embargo by the United States and its own reserve oil supply about to run short, the Japanese government decided to take action and execute a plan developed by the military branch largely lead by Osami Nagano and Isoroku Yamamoto to bomb the United States naval base in Hawaii, thereby bringing the United States to World War II on the side of Allies. In international Commerce and politics, an embargo is the prohibition of commerce Fleet Admiral was a career naval officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1934 Fleet Admiral ( 4 April 1884 – 18 April 1943) was the Commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet during World War II a The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose On 4 September 1941, the Japanese Cabinet met to consider the war plans prepared by Imperial General Headquarters, and decided:
Our Empire, for the purpose of self-defence and self-preservation, will complete preparations for war . Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. The as part of the Supreme War Council was established in 1893 to coordinate efforts between the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy during wartime . . [and is] . . . resolved to go to war with the United States, Great Britain and the Netherlands if necessary. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Our Empire will concurrently take all possible diplomatic measures vis-a-vis the United States and Great Britain, and thereby endeavor to obtain our objectives . . . In the event that there is no prospect of our demands being met by the first ten days of October through the diplomatic negotiations mentioned above, we will immediately decide to commence hostilities against the United States, Britain and the Netherlands.
The Imperial Japanese Navy made its surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii, on the Sunday morning of December 7, 1941. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Pacific Fleet of the United States Navy and its defending Army Air Forces and Marine air forces sustained significant losses. The primary objective of the attack was to incapacitate the United States long enough for Japan to establish its long-planned Southeast Asian empire and defensible buffer zones. The U. S. public saw the attack as a treacherous act and rallied against the Empire of Japan. The United States entered the European Theatre and Pacific Theater in full force. The European Theatre of Operations ( ETO) was an area of heavy fighting across Europe during World War II, from Nazi Germany's Invasion of Poland Four days later, Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany declared war on the United States, bringing the separate conflicts into a cohesive conflict. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately
Japanese offensives (1941-42)
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Victorious Army troops march through Singapore (Photo from Imperial War Museum)
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese launched offensives against Allied forces in South East Asia, with simultaneous attacks on Hong Kong, British Malaya and the Philippines. The South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was the name given to the campaigns of the Pacific War in India, Thailand, The South West Pacific was one of two theatres of World War II in the Pacific region between 1942 and 1945. British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP
In Malaya, the Japanese overwhelmed a Commonwealth army composed of British, Indian, Australian forces and Malay forces. The Battle of Malaya was a campaign fought by Allied and Japanese forces in Malaya, from December 8 1941 to January 31 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Malays (Melayu are an Ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, the east coast of Sumatra, the coast the Japanese were quickly able to advance down the Malayan peninsula, forcing the Commonwealth forces to retreat towards Singapore. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast The British lacked aircover and tanks; the Japanese had total air superiority. The sinking of H.M.S Prince of Wales and H.M.S Repulse on December 10, 1941 led to the east coast of Malaya being exposed to Japanese landings and the elimination of British naval power in the area. The Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse was a World War II naval engagement which illustrated the effectiveness of aerial attacks Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. By the end of January 1942, the last Allied forces crossed the straight of Johore and into Singapore. Hong Kong surrendered to the Japanese on Christmas Day. The Battle of Hong Kong took place during the Pacific campaign of World War II.
In the Philippines the Japanese pushed the combined Filipino-American force towards the Bataan peninsula and later the island of Corregidor. The Battle of the Philippines was the invasion of the Philippines by Japan in 1941–42 and the defense of the islands by Filipino and United The Battle for Corregidor was the culmination of the Japanese campaign for the conquest of the Philippines. By January of 1942 General Douglas MacArthur and President Manuel Quezon were forced to flee in the face of Japanese advance. General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina (b August 19, 1878 in Baler Aurora, Philippines - d This marked among one of the worst defeats suffered by the Americans, leaving over 70,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war in the custody of the Japanese.
On February 15, 1942 Singapore fell to the Japanese, resulting in the largest surrender of British-led military personnel in history. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Singapore Surrender is when Soldiers, nations or other combatants stop fighting and become Prisoners of war, either as The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located About 80,000 Indian, Australian and British troops became prisoners of war, joining 50,000 taken in the Japanese invasion of Malaya. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Battle of Malaya was a campaign fought by Allied and Japanese forces in Malaya, from December 8 1941 to January 31
The Japanese then pushed into Burma, the Dutch East Indies and the South Pacific. The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was fought primarily between British Commonwealth, Chinese and United The Netherlands East Indies campaign of 1941 - 42 was the short-lived defence of the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia by Allied forces against
Path to defeat (1942-45)
Japanese military strategists were keenly aware of the unfavorable discrepancy between the industrial potential of the Japanese Empire and that of the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Because of this they reasoned that Japanese success hinged on their ability to extend the strategic advantage gained at Pearl Harbor with additional strategic victories. Pearl Harbor is a Harbor on the Island of O{{okina}}ahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Only decisive destruction of the United States' Pacific Fleet and conquest of its remote outposts would ensure that the Japanese Empire was not overwhelmed by America's industrial might. In May of 1942, failure to decisively defeat the Allies at the Battle of Coral Sea in spite of Japanese numerical superiority equated to a strategic defeat for Imperial Japan. The Battle of the Coral Sea, fought from May 4 – May 8, 1942, with most of the action occurring on May 7 and May 8, was This setback was followed in June of 1942 by the catastrophic loss of a four carrier task force at the Battle of Midway. The Battle of Midway was a major Naval battle, widely regarded as the most important one of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. Midway was a decisive defeat for the Imperial Japanese Navy, and proved the turning point for the war. Further defeats by the Allies at Guadalcanal in September 1942, and New Guinea in 1943 put the Empire of Japan on the defensive for the remainder of the war. The Guadalcanal Campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal, was fought between August 7, 1942, and February 9, 1943, in the New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known By 1943 and 1944, Allied forces, backed by the industrial might and rich resources of the United States, were advancing steadily towards Japan. The US Sixth Army led by General MacArthur landed on Leyte on 19 October 1944, in the subsequent months(Philippines campaign of 1944–1945) American troops together with guerrilla forces liberated much of the Philippines. General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. By 1944 the Allies had seized or bypassed and neutralized many of Japan's strategic bases through amphibious landings and bombardment. This, coupled with the losses inflicted by Allied submarines on Japanese shipping routes began to strangle Japan's economy and undermine its ability to supply its army. By early 1945 the US Marines had wrested control of the Ogasawa Islands in several hard-fought battles such as the Battle of Iwo Jima, marking the beginning of the fall of the islands of Japan. The Battle of Iwo Jima ( February 19, 1945 &ndash March 26, 1945) was the United States capture of the island of Iwo Jima
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
After securing airfields in Saipan and Guam in the summer of 1944, the United States undertook an aggressive campaign of carpet bombing Japanese cities in an effort to pulverize Japan's industry and shatter its morale. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at Saipan (saɪˈpæn /saɪˈpɑn/ or /ˈsaɪpæn/ in English is the largest Island and Capital of the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated While these campaigns led to the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians they did not succeed in persuading the Japanese to surrender. In the summer of 1945, the United States dropped two nuclear weapons on Japan. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. The atomic bombings were the first and last used against another nation. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. These bombs killed around 100,000 to 200,000 people in a matter of minutes, and many more people died as a result of nuclear radiation in the following weeks, months, and years. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation.
Defeat and surrender
.jpg/200px-Japanese_surrender_(AWM_019296).jpg)
Having ignored (mokusatsu) the Potsdam Declaration, the Empire of Japan surrendered and ended World War II, after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and a declaration of war by the Soviet Union. Mokusatsu ( 黙殺) is a Japanese word formed from two Chinese characters "silence" (moku 黙 and "kill" (satsu 殺 and means the act of keeping The Potsdam Declaration or the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender was a statement issued on July 26, 1945 by President of the World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at In a national radio address of 15th August, Emperor Showa announced the surrender to the Japanese people. also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death
Post War
War crimes
Many political and military Japanese leaders were convicted for war crimes before the Tokyo tribunal and other Allied tribunals in Asia. Japanese war crimes occurred during the period of Japanese imperialism. However, all members of the imperial family implicated in the war, such as emperor Showa and his brothers, cousins and uncles such as Prince Chichibu, Prince Hiroyasu Fushimi and Prince Asaka, were exonerated from criminal prosecutions by Douglas MacArthur. also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death Background and Family Born at Aoyama Detached Palace in Tokyo, the second son of Crown Prince Yoshihito (later Emperor Taishō) and Crown Princess was a scion of the Japanese imperial family and was a career naval officer who served as chief of staff of the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1932 to 1941 General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation.
The Japanese before and during World War II committed numerous atrocities against civilian and military personnel. Large scale massacres, rapes and looting against civilians were committed most notably the Sook Ching and Nanking massacres (commonly known as "The Rape of Nanking"), with the latter having an estimated 300,000 non-combatant deaths. The Sook Ching massacre (肅清大屠殺 was a systematic Extermination of perceived hostile elements among the Chinese in Singapore by the Japanese military The execution and harsh treatment of allied military personnel and POWs. Biological experimentation conducted by Unit 731 on civilians and prisoners of war; the use of biological and chemical weapons on the Chinese populace resulting in the deaths of possibly as many as 200,000. Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium was a covert biological and Chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during
The use of "comfort women", who were forced to serve as prostitutes for the Japanese military. Comfort women is a Euphemism for women forced into Prostitution and Sexual slavery for Japanese military brothels during World War Many historians believe that an estimated 200,000 women were taken as comfort women during the reign. [15]
The International Military Tribunal for the Far East was formed to try Japanese war criminals.
Regime change
A period known as Occupied Japan followed after the war largely spearheaded by United States General of the Army Douglas McArthur to revise the Japanese constitution and de-militarize Japan. At the end of World War II, Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers, led by the United States with contributions also from Australia, British At the end of World War II, Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers, led by the United States with contributions also from Australia, British General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. The American occupation, with economic and political assistance, continued well into the 1950s. After the dissolution of the Empire of Japan, Japan adopted a parliamentary-based political system, with the Emperor changed to symbolic status.
American General of the Army Douglas MacArthur later commended the new Japanese government that he helped established and the new Japanese period when he was about to send the American forces to the Korean War:
The Japanese people, since the war, have undergone the greatest reformation recorded in modern history. General of the Army is a military rank used in some countries to denote a senior military leader usually a General in command of a nation's Army. General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the With a commendable will, eagerness to learn, and marked capacity to understand, they have, from the ashes left in war's wake, erected in Japan an edifice dedicated to the supremacy of individual liberty and personal dignity; and in the ensuing process there has been created a truly representative government committed to the advance of political morality, freedom of economic enterprise, and social justice. Politically, economically, and socially Japan is now abreast of many free nations of the earth and will not again fail the universal trust. . . I sent all four of our occupation divisions to the Korean battlefront without the slightest qualms as to the effect of the resulting power vacuum upon Japan. The results fully justified my faith. I know of no nation more serene, orderly, and industrious, nor in which higher hopes can be entertained for future constructive service in the advance of the human race.
For historian John W. Dower, however, «In retrospect, apart from the military officer corps, the purge of alleged militarists and ultranationalists that was conducted under the Occupation had relatively small impact on the long-term composition of men of influence in the public and private sectors. John W. Dower (born 1938 is an American author professor and historian his primary focus is modern Japan and U The purge initially brought new blood into the political parties, but this was offset by the return of huge numbers of formerly purged conservative politicians to national as well as local politics in the early 1950s. In the bureaucracy, the purge was negligible from the outset (. . . ) In the economic sector, the purge similarly was only mildly disruptive, affecting less than sixteen hundred individuals spread among some four hundred companies. Everywhere one looks, the corridors of power in postwar Japan are crowded with men whose talents had already been recognized during the war years, and who found the same talents highly prized in the "new" Japan. » [16]
Influential personnel
Political
In the administration of Japan dominated by the military political movement during World War II, the civil central government was under the management of military men and their right-wing civilian allies, along with members of the nobility and Imperial Family. In the administration of Japan dominated by the Imperial Way Faction movement during World War II, the civil central government of Japan was under World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Emperor was in the center of this power structure as supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Armed Forces and head of state. A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state
Military
The military of Imperial Japan was divided into two main branches under Imperial General Headquarters responsible for the overall conduct of operations including prominent military leaders and commanders:
- Prominent generals and leaders:
-
- Imperial Japanese Navy: Navy of Japan
- Admiral Count Sukeyuki Ito (1843–1914)
- Admiral Viscount Yoshika Inoue (1845–1929)
- Admiral Marquis Heihachiro Togo (1847–1934) Battle of Tsushima
- Admiral Prince Takahito Arisugawa (1862–1913)
- Admiral Baron Goro Ijuin (1852–1921)
- Admiral Prince Yorihito Higashi-Fushimi (1867–1922)
- Admiral Baron Hayao Shimamura (1858–1923)
- Admiral Baron Tomozaburo Kato (1861–1923)
- Admiral Prince Hiroyasu Fushimi (1876–1946)
- Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto (1884–1943) Battle of Midway, Attack on Pearl Harbor
- Admiral Osami Nagano (1880–1947)
- Admiral Mineichi Koga (1885–1944)
- Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo: Battle of Midway, Attack on Pearl Harbor
- Imperial Japanese Navy: Navy of Japan
-
- Imperial Japanese Army: Army of Japan
- Kotohito Kan'in: Chief of staff of the Army
- Hajime Sugiyama: Chief of staff of the Army
- Iwane Matsui: Second Sino-Japanese War
- Shunroku Hata: Commander of the expeditionary army in China
- Yasuji Okamura: Commander of the Sanko sakusen
- Tadamichi Kuribayashi: Battle of Iwo Jima
- Kuniaki Koiso: Prime Minister of Japan
- Hideki Tojo: Prime Minister of Japan
- Mitsuru Ushijima: Battle of Okinawa
- Imperial Japanese Army: Army of Japan
Timeline
- 1926: Emperor Taishō dies (December 25). ( 19 September 1867 - 27 June 1922) was the second (and last head of the Higashifushimi-no-miya, one of the Oke was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, Governor-General of Korea and 41st Prime Minister of Japan from 22 July 1944 to 7 April Fleet Admiral ( 4 April 1884 – 18 April 1943) was the Commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet during World War II a Fleet Admiral Viscount ( 3 November 1845 - 22 March 1929) was a career naval officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy The as part of the Supreme War Council was established in 1893 to coordinate efforts between the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy during wartime For Combined Fleet, please see that article For Carrier Striking Task Force, please see that article Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers A count is a Nobleman in European countries The word count comes from French comte, itself from Latin Fleet Admiral Count ( 20 May 1843 – 16 January 1914) was a career officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy in the A viscount ( VAI-count is a member of the European Nobility whose comital title ranks usually as in the British peerage, above a Fleet Admiral Viscount ( 3 November 1845 - 22 March 1929) was a career naval officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy A marquess (ˈmɑrkwɪs or marquis (/mɑrˈkiː/ is a Nobleman of hereditary rank in various European monarchies and some of their colonies Fleet Admiral Marquis (, OM, GCVO, ( 27 January 1848 - 30 May 1934) was a Fleet Admiral in The Battle of Tsushima ( Japanese: 対馬海戦 tsushima-kaisen, Цусимское сражение Tsusimskoye srazheniye) commonly known as the Prince, from the Latin root Princeps, is a general term for a Monarch, for a member of a monarch's or former monarch's family and is a was the eighth head of the house one of the shinnōke branches of the Imperial Family of Japan, which were eligible to succeed to the Chrysanthemum Baron is a specific Title of nobility. The word baron comes from Old French baron, itself from Old High German and Latin (liber Fleet Admiral Baron ( 29 September 1852 – 13 January 1921) was a Meiji-period career officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy ( 19 September 1867 - 27 June 1922) was the second (and last head of the Higashifushimi-no-miya, one of the Oke was a Japanese Admiral during the First Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars as well as one of the first prominent staff officers and naval strategists of the early was a career officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy and the 21st Prime Minister of Japan from 12 June 1922 to 24 August 1923. was a scion of the Japanese imperial family and was a career naval officer who served as chief of staff of the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1932 to 1941 Fleet Admiral ( 4 April 1884 – 18 April 1943) was the Commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet during World War II a The Battle of Midway was a major Naval battle, widely regarded as the most important one of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by Fleet Admiral was a career naval officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1934 ( 25 September 1885 - 31 March 1944) was a Japanese Fleet admiral and Commander-in-chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy 's Vice Admiral is a naval rank equivalent to Lieutenant General in seniority The Battle of Midway was a major Naval battle, widely regarded as the most important one of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku was the 6th head of a cadet branch the Japanese imperial family, and a career army officer who served as Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff from 1931 to ( 1 January 1880 - 12 September 1945) was a field marshal who served as successively as chief of the Army General Staff, and General was a General of the Japanese Imperial Army and the commander of the expeditionary forces sent to China in World War II. The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the Field Marshal, was a field marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army, and commander-in-chief of the China Expeditionary Army from November 1944 to the end of World War II. The Three Alls Policy (三光作戦 Sankō Sakusen;) was a Japanese Scorched earth policy adopted in China during World War II, the three alls General was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, best known for his role as overall commander of the Japanese garrison during most of the Battle of Iwo Jima The Battle of Iwo Jima ( February 19, 1945 &ndash March 26, 1945) was the United States capture of the island of Iwo Jima was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, Governor-General of Korea and 41st Prime Minister of Japan from 22 July 1944 to 7 April The is the usual English-language term used for the Head of government of Japan, although the literal translation of the Japanese name for the office is Prime was the Japanese general at the Battle of Okinawa, during the final stages of World War II. The Battle of Okinawa, also known as Operation Iceberg, was fought on the Ryukyu Islands of Okinawa and was the largest amphibious assault The (31 August 1879 – 25 December 1926 was the 123rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession reigning from 30 July 1912 until his death Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian
- 1927: Tanaka Giichi becomes prime minister (April 20). ( 22 June 1864 – 29 September 1929) was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, Politician, and the 26th Prime Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII.
- 1928: Emperor Shōwa is formally installed as emperor (November 10). also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw
- 1929: Hamaguchi Osachi becomes prime minister (July 2). was a Japanese Politician and the 27th Prime Minister of Japan from 2 July 1929 to 14 April 1931. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival
- 1930: Hamaguchi is wounded in an assassination attempt (November 14). Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca
- 1931: Hamaguchi dies and Wakatsuki Reijiro becomes prime minister (April 14). ( 21 March, 1866 – 20 November, 1949) was a Japanese politician and the 25th and 28th Prime Minister of Japan. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Japan occupies Manchuria after the Mukden Incident (September 18). On September 18, 1931, near Mukden (now Shenyang) in southern Manchuria, a section of railroad owned by Japan 's South Manchuria Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Inukai Tsuyoshi becomes prime minister (December 13) and increases funding for the military in China. ( 20 April 1855 – 15 May 1932) was a Japanese Politician and the 29th Prime Minister of Japan from 13 December Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life
- 1932: After an attack on Japanese monks in Shanghai (January 18), Japanese forces shell the city (January 29). Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Manchukuo is established with Henry Pu Yi as emperor (February 29). Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Puyi ( ( February 7, 1906 &ndash October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the last Emperor Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours Inukai is assassinated during a coup attempt and Saito Makoto becomes prime minister (May 15). was an Admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy, two-time Governor-General of Korea from 1919 to 1927 and from 1929 to 1931 and the 30th Prime Minister of Japan Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Japan is censured by the League of Nations (December 7). The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways
- 1933: Japan leaves the League of Nations (March 27). Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
- 1934: Okada Keisuke becomes prime minister (July 8). was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy, Politician and the 31st Prime Minister of Japan from 8 July 1934 to 9 March 1936 Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Japan withdraws from the Washington Naval Treaty (December 29). The Washington Naval Treaty, also known as the Five-Power Treaty, limited the naval armaments of its five signatories the United States of America, the Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II
- 1936: Coup attempt (February 26 Incident). The, or "2-2-6 incident", was an attempted Coup d'état in Japan, on 26 – 29 February 1936, launched by the radical Hirota Koki becomes prime minister (March 9). was a Japanese Diplomat, Politician and the 32nd Prime Minister of Japan from March 9, 1936 to February 2, 1937 Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Japan signs its first pact with Germany (November 25) and occupies Tsingtao (December 3). Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Mengchiang established in Inner Mongolia. Mengjiang ( Postal map spelling: Mengkiang) also known in English as Mongol Border Land, was a Puppet state in Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia ( Mongolian:, Öbür mongɣul; occasionally romanized to Nei Mongol is the Mongol
- 1937: Hayashi Senjuro becomes prime minister (February 2). was an Imperial Japanese Army commander of the Chosen Army of Japan in Korea during the Mukden Incident and the Invasion of Manchuria Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Prince Konoe Fumimaro becomes prime minister (June 4). Fumimaro Konoe 3rd Prince Konoe ( Kyūjitai: 近衞 文麿 Shinjitai: 近衛 文麿 Konoe Fumimaro) ( sometimes Konoye, October 12 Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Battle of Lugou Bridge (July 7). The Marco Polo Bridge Incident ( 盧溝橋事變; also known as 七七事變 七七盧溝橋事變 or the Lugouqiao Incident) was a Battle between Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Japan captures Beijing (July 31). Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Japanese troops occupy Nanjing (December 13), beginning the Nanjing massacre. ( Chinese: 南京 Romanizations Nánjīng ( Pinyin) Nan-ching ( Wade-Giles Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life
- 1938: Battle of Taierzhuang (March 24). The Battle of Tai'erzhuang ( was a battle of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1938 between armies of Chinese Kuomintang and Japan, and Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Canton falls to Japanese forces (October 21). Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg.
- 1939: Hiranuma Kiichiro becomes prime minister (January 5). ( 28 September 1867 - 22 August 1952) was a prominent pre-World War II right-wing Japanese Politician and the 35th Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Abe Nobuyuki becomes prime minister (August 30). Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and
- 1940: Yonai Mitsumasa becomes prime minister (January 16). ( 2 March 1880 - 20 April 1948) was an Admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy, and Politician. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Konoe becomes prime minister for a second term (July 22). Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Hundred Regiments Offensive (August–September). The Hundred Regiments Offensive (百团大战 ( August 20 – December 5, 1940) was a major campaign of the Communist Party of China 's Japan occupies Indochina in the wake of the fall of Paris, and signs the Tripartite Pact (September 27). The Tripartite Treaty (1906 also refers to a 1906 treaty concerning the Nile river (see Hydropolitics in the Nile Basin. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again
- 1941: General Tojo Hideki becomes prime minister (October 18). Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Japanese naval forces attack Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (December 7), prompting the United States to declare war on Japan (December 8). The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Japan conquers Hong Kong (December 25). Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian
- 1942: Singapore surrenders to Japan (February 15). The Battle of Singapore was fought in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II when the Empire of Japan invaded the Allied stronghold Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Japan bombs Australia (February 19). The Japanese air raids on Darwin, Australia, on 19 February 1942 were the largest attacks ever mounted by a foreign power against Doolittle Raid on Tokyo (April 18). The Doolittle Raid, 18 April 1942, was the first air raid by the United States to strike the Japanese home island of Honshū Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Battle of the Coral Sea (May 4–May 8). The Battle of the Coral Sea, fought from May 4 – May 8, 1942, with most of the action occurring on May 7 and May 8, was Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen U. S. and Filipino forces in the Battle of the Philippines (1942) surrender (May 8). The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Battle of the Philippines was the invasion of the Philippines by Japan in 1941–42 and the defense of the islands by Filipino and United Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Japan defeated at the Battle of Midway (June 6). The Battle of Midway was a major Naval battle, widely regarded as the most important one of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Allied victory in the Battle of Milne Bay (September 5). The Battle of Milne Bay ( Operation RE) was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris.
- 1943: Allied victory in Battle of Guadalcanal (February 9). The Guadalcanal Campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal, was fought between August 7, 1942, and February 9, 1943, in the Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Japan defeated at Battle of Tarawa (November 23). Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of
- 1944: Tojo resigns and Koiso Kuniaki becomes prime minister (July 22). was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, Governor-General of Korea and 41st Prime Minister of Japan from 22 July 1944 to 7 April Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
- 1945: U. S. bombers begin firebombing of major Japanese cities. Japan defeated at Battle of Iwo Jima (March 26). The Battle of Iwo Jima ( February 19, 1945 &ndash March 26, 1945) was the United States capture of the island of Iwo Jima Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Admiral Suzuki Kantaro becomes prime minister (April 7). was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy and 42nd Prime Minister of Japan from 7 April 1945 to 17 August 1945 Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Japan defeated at Battle of Okinawa (June 21). The Battle of Okinawa, also known as Operation Iceberg, was fought on the Ryukyu Islands of Okinawa and was the largest amphibious assault Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. U. S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki (August 9). A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. The Japanese city of ( is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, and the largest city in the Chūgoku region of western Honshū, the largest of Japan 's Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Japan surrenders (August 14): Allied occupation begins. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures
Emperors of the Empire of Japan
| Posthumous name1 | Given name² | Childhood name³ | Period of Reigns | Era name4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meiji Tennō (明治天皇) |
Mutsuhito (睦仁) |
Sachi-no-miya (祐宮) |
1867–1912 (1890-1912)5 |
Meiji | |
| Taishō Tennō (大正天皇) |
Yoshihito (嘉仁) |
Haru-no-miya (明宮) |
1912–1926 | Taishō | |
| Shōwa Tennō (昭和天皇) |
Hirohito (裕仁) |
Michi-no-miya (迪宮) |
1926–1989 (1926–1947)6 |
Shōwa | |
| 1 Each posthumous name was given after the respective era names as Ming and Qing Dynasties of China. A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death The (3 November 1852 — 30 July 1912 or Meiji the Great was the 122nd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession reigning from 3 February The (31 August 1879 – 25 December 1926 was the 123rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession reigning from 30 July 1912 until his death also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National | |||||
| 2 The Japanese imperial family name has no surname or dynastic name. | |||||
| 3 The Meiji Emperor was known only by the appellation Sachi-no-miya from his birth until 11 November 1860, when he was proclaimed heir apparent to Emperor Kōmei and received the personal name Mutsuhito . Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting ( July 22, 1831 - January 30, 1867) was the 121st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession | |||||
| 4 No multiple era names were given for each reign after Meiji Emperor. | |||||
| 5 Constitutionally. | |||||
| 6 Constitutionally. The reign of the Shōwa Emperor in fact continued until 1989 since he did not abdicate after World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including | |||||
This period includes the Meiji Era, the Taishō Era, and a part of the Shōwa Era. The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July The, or Taishō era, is a period in the History of Japan dating from July 30, 1912 to December 25, 1926, coinciding with the reign The, or Shōwa era, is the period of Japanese history corresponding to the reign of Emperor Shōwa ( Hirohito) from December 25, 1926 to
< Edo period | History of Japan | Post-Occupation Japan >
References
Notes
- ^ Hagiwara, p. The, also referred to as the Tokugawa period (徳川時代 Tokugawa-jidai) is a division of Japanese history running from 1603 to 1868 The written history of Japan begins with brief references in the 1st century AD Twenty-Four Histories, a collection of Chinese historical texts Following the end of the Allied occupation in 1952 Japan emerged as a global Economic power 34.
- ^ Jansen, pp. 314–5.
- ^ Hagiwara, p. 35.
- ^ Satow, p. 282.
- ^ Keene, p. 116. See also Jansen, pp. 310–1.
- ^ Keene, pp. 120–1, and Satow, p. 283. Moreover, Satow (p. 285) speculates that Yoshinobu had agreed to an assembly of daimyos on the hope that such a body would restore him to reinstate him.
- ^ Satow, p. 286.
- ^ During a recess, Saigō, who had his troops outside, "remarked that it would take only one short sword to settle the discussion" (Keene, p. 122). Original quotation (Japanese): "短刀一本あればかたづくことだ. " in Hagiwara, p. 42. The specific word used for "dagger" was "tantō".
- ^ Keene, p. 124.
- ^ Keene, p. 340, notes that one might "describe the Oath in Five Articles as a constitution for all ages. "
- ^ The Secret of Japan's Strength www. calvin. edu
- ^ - The Constitution of the Empire of Japan (1889)
- ^ Hane, Mikiso, Modern Japan: A Historical Survey (Oxford: Westview Press, 1992) 234.
- ^ Herbert Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, p. 284
- ^ BBC NEWS | Asia-Pacific | Abe questions sex slave 'coercion'
- ^ J. W. Dower, Japan in War & Peace, New press, 1993, p. 11
Books and Journals
- Jansen, Marius B. (2002). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00991-6.
- Jansen, Marius B. ; John Whitney Hall, Madoka Kanai, Denis Twitchett (1989). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521223563.
- Porter, Robert P. (2001). Japan: The Rise of a Modern Power. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 1402196903.
- Keene, Donald (2005). Donald Lawrence Keene (born June 6 1922 in New York City) is a noted Japanologist, scholar teacher writer translator and interpreter of Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia. ISBN 0-231-12340-X.
- Satow, Ernest. Sir Ernest Mason Satow PC, GCMG, (June 30 1843 - August 26 1929 known in Japan as アーネスト・サトウ was an outstanding British Scholar A Diplomat in Japan. ISBN 4-925080-28-8.
- Lewis, John David (2007). 'Gifts from Heaven': The Meaning of the American Victory over Japan, 1945 2. Glen Allen, VA: Glen Allen Press.
External links
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