Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) was an anarchist known for her political activism, writing, and speeches. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i She was lionized as a free-thinking "rebel woman" by admirers, and derided as an advocate of politically motivated murder and violent revolution by her critics. [1]
Born in Kaunas, Lithuania (then part of the Russian Empire), to an Orthodox Jewish family, Goldman suffered from a violent relationship with her father. Kaunas ( ˈkoʊnəs is the second largest City in Lithuania and a former temporary capital. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized Although she attended schools in Königsberg, her father refused to allow her further education when the family moved to Saint Petersburg. Königsberg (Karaliaučius Low German: Königsbarg; Królewiec see also other names) was until 1946 the name of Kaliningrad. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Still, she read voraciously and educated herself about the politics of her time. She moved with her sister Helena to Rochester, New York, in the United States at the age of sixteen. Rochester is a city in Monroe County, New York State, south of Lake Ontario in the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Married briefly in 1887, she divorced her husband and moved to New York City. The City of New York Attracted to anarchism after the Haymarket affair, Goldman was trained by Johann Most in public speaking and became a renowned lecturer, attracting crowds of thousands. Johann Joseph Most ( February 5, 1846 March 17, 1906) was a German-American Anarchist and orator who in the late 19th century The writer and anarchist Alexander Berkman became her lover, lifelong intimate friend, and comrade. Alexander Berkman ( November 21 1870 – June 28 1936) was a Russian American writer and a leading member of the anarchist Together they planned to assassinate Henry Clay Frick as an act of propaganda of the deed. Henry Clay Frick ( December 19 1849 &ndash December 2 1919) was an American industrialist and art patron once Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a Concept that promotes physical violence against Though Frick survived the attempt on his life, Berkman was sentenced to twenty-two years in prison. Goldman herself was imprisoned several times in the years that followed, for "inciting to riot" and illegally distributing information about birth control. Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent In 1906, Goldman founded the anarchist journal Mother Earth. For other uses of Mother Earth see Mother Earth. For the 1970-present environmental/self-sufficiency magazine see Mother Earth News.
In 1917, Goldman and Berkman were sentenced to two years in jail for conspiring to "induce persons not to register" for the newly instated draft. The Draft redirects here For other uses see Draft. Conscription in the United States has been employed several times usually during After their release from prison, they were arrested – with hundreds of others – and deported to Russia. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Initially supportive of that country's Bolshevik revolution, Goldman quickly voiced her opposition to the Soviet use of violence and the repression of independent voices. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction In 1923, she wrote a book about her experiences, My Disillusionment in Russia. My Disillusionment in Russia is a book by Emma Goldman describing her experiences in Soviet Russia from 1920 to 1921 where she saw the aftermath of the Russian While living in England, Canada, and France, she wrote an autobiography called Living My Life, and eventually traveled to Spain to participate in that nation's civil war. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Living My Life is the 993-page autobiography of Lithuanian -born Anarchist Emma Goldman, published in two volumes in 1931 ( Alfred A Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of She died in Toronto on 14 May 1940. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Goldman played a pivotal role in the development of anarchist political philosophy in the United States and Europe in the first half of the twentieth century. Although she distanced herself from first-wave feminism and its efforts toward women's suffrage, she developed new ways of incorporating gender politics into anarchism. First-wave feminism refers to a period of Feminist activity during the nineteenth and early Twentieth century in the United Kingdom and She spoke and wrote on a wide variety of issues, including prisons, atheism, freedom of speech, militarism, capitalism, marriage, free love, and homosexuality. Atheism Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation. Militarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** The term free love has been used since at least the nineteenth century to describe a Social movement that rejects Marriage, which is seen as a form Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. After decades of obscurity, Goldman's iconic status was revived in the 1970s, when feminist and anarchist scholars rekindled popular interest in her life.
Biography
Family
Emma Goldman's Orthodox Jewish family lived in the Lithuanian city of Kaunas (called Kovno at the time, part of the Russian Empire). Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Kaunas ( ˈkoʊnəs is the second largest City in Lithuania and a former temporary capital. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya [2] Goldman's mother Taube had been married before, to a man with whom she had two daughters – Helena in 1860 and Lena in 1862. When her first husband died of tuberculosis, Taube was devastated. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Goldman later wrote: "Whatever love she had had died with the young man to whom she had been married at the age of fifteen. "[3]
Taube's second marriage was arranged by her family and, as Goldman puts it, "mismated from the first. Arranged marriage (also called prearranged marriage) is a Marriage arranged by someone other than the persons getting married curtailing or avoiding the process "[3] Her second husband, Abraham Goldman, invested Taube's inheritance in a business that quickly failed. The ensuing hardship combined with the emotional distance of husband and wife to make the household a tense place for children. When Taube became pregnant, Abraham hoped desperately for a son; a daughter, he believed, would serve as one more sign of failure. [4] They eventually had three sons, but their first child together was a girl, Emma. [5]
Emma Goldman was born on 27 June 1869. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Her father used violence to punish his children, beating them when they disobeyed him. Corporal punishment is the deliberate infliction of pain intended to Punish a person or change his/her behavior He used a whip only on Emma, the most rebellious of all. [6] Her mother provided scarce comfort, calling only rarely on Abraham to tone down his beatings. [7] Goldman later speculated that her father's furious temper was at least partly a result of sexual frustration. [3]
Goldman's relationships with her sisters Lena and Helena were a study in contrasts. Helena, the oldest, provided the comfort they lacked from their mother; she filled Goldman's childhood with "whatever joy it had". [8] Lena, however, was distant and uncharitable. [9] The three sisters were joined by brothers Louis (who died at the age of six), Herman (in 1872), and Moishe (in 1879). [10]
Adolescence
When she was a young girl, Goldman's family moved to the village of Papilė, where her father ran an inn. Papilė is a town in Šiauliai County, Lithuania, near the Venta River. While her sisters worked, she became friends with a servant named Petrushka, who excited her "first erotic sensations". [11] Later in Papilė she witnessed a peasant being whipped with a knout in the street. A knout (ˈnaʊt is a heavy scourge-like multiple Whip, usually made of a bunch of rawhide thongs attached to a long handle sometimes with metal wire or hooks incorporated This event traumatized her and contributed to her lifelong distaste for violent authority. [12]
At the age of seven Goldman moved with her family to the Prussian city of Königsberg (then part of the German Empire), and she enrolled in a Realschule. The Province of Prussia (Provinz Preußen was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1829-1878 created out of the provinces of East Prussia and Königsberg (Karaliaučius Low German: Königsbarg; Królewiec see also other names) was until 1946 the name of Kaliningrad. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification The Realschule is a type of Secondary school in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. One teacher punished disobedient students – targeting Goldman in particular – by beating their hands with a ruler. Another teacher tried to molest his female students and was fired when Goldman fought back. She found a sympathetic mentor, however, in her German teacher, who loaned her books and even took her to an opera. A passionate student, Goldman passed the exam for admission into a gymnasium, but her religion teacher refused to provide a certificate of good behavior and she was unable to attend. A gymnasium (pronounced with ɡ- in several languages is a type of school providing Secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English grammar [13]
The family moved to the Russian city of Saint Petersburg, where her father opened one unsuccessful store after another. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Their poverty forced the children to work, and Goldman took an assortment of jobs including one in a corset shop. A corset is a Garment worn to mold and shape the Torso into a desired shape for Aesthetic or medical purposes (either for the duration of wearing it or [14] As a teenager Goldman begged her father to allow her to return to school, but instead he threw her French book into the fire and shouted: "Girls do not have to learn much! All a Jewish daughter needs to know is how to prepare gefilte fish, cut noodles fine, and give the man plenty of children. Gefilte fish (געפֿילטע פֿיש German Gefüllter Fisch, English filled fish) are poached fish patties or balls made from a mixture of ground "[15]
Goldman pursued an independent education on her own, however, and soon began to study the political turmoil around her, particularly the Nihilists responsible for assassinating Alexander II of Russia. Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) is self-education or self-directed learning The Nihilist movement was a Russian Anarchist movement in the 1860s which rejected existing authorities and values Alexander (Aleksandr II Nikolaevich (Александр II Николаевич ( Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St The ensuing turmoil intrigued Goldman, even though she did not fully understand it at the time. When she read Nikolai Chernyshevsky's novel What Is to Be Done? (1863), however, she found a role model in the protagonist Vera, who adopts a Nihilist philosophy and escapes her repressive family to live freely and organize a sewing cooperative. What is to be Done? ( Russian: Что делать (alternatively translated as "What Shall we Do?" is a novel written by the Russian philosopher The book enthralled Goldman and remained a source of inspiration throughout her life. [16]
Her father, meanwhile, continued to insist on a domestic future for her, and he tried to arrange for her to be married at the age of fifteen. They fought about the issue constantly: he complained that she was becoming a "loose" woman, and she insisted that she would marry for love alone. [17] At the corset shop, she was forced to fend off unwelcome advances from Russian officers and other men. One persistent suitor took her into a hotel room and committed what Goldman called "violent contact";[18] two biographers call it rape. [17][19] She was stunned by the experience, overcome by "shock at the discovery that the contact between man and woman could be so brutal and painful. "[20] Goldman felt that the encounter forever soured her interactions with men. [20]
Rochester
In 1885 Helena made plans to move to New York in the United States. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Goldman wanted to join her sister, but their father refused to allow it. Despite Helena's offer to pay for the trip, Abraham turned a deaf ear to their pleas. Desperate, Goldman threatened to throw herself into the Neva River if she could not go. He finally agreed, and on 29 December 1885 Helena and Emma arrived at New York's Castle Garden. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Castle Clinton or Fort Clinton was once a circular sandstone Fort now located in Battery Park at the southern tip of Manhattan, New [21] They moved into the Rochester home Lena had made with her husband Samuel. Rochester is a city in Monroe County, New York State, south of Lake Ontario in the United States. Fleeing the rising antisemitism of Saint Petersburg, their parents and brothers joined them a year later. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Goldman began working as a seamstress, sewing overcoats for more than ten hours a day, earning two and a half dollars a week. Sewing or stitching is the fastening of Cloth, Leather, Furs Bark, or other flexible materials using needle and She asked for a raise and was denied; she quit and took work at a smaller shop nearby. [22]
At her new job Goldman met a fellow worker named Jacob Kershner, who shared her love for books, dancing, and traveling, as well as her frustration with the monotony of factory work. After four months they married, in February 1887. [23] Once he moved in with Goldman's family, however, their relationship faltered. On their wedding night she discovered that he was impotent; they became emotionally and physically distant. Before long he became jealous and suspicious. She, meanwhile, was becoming more engaged with the political turmoil around her – particularly the fallout of the 1886 Haymarket affair in Chicago and the anti-authoritarian political philosophy of anarchism. Anti-authoritarianism is opposition to Authoritarianism, which is defined as a "political doctrine advocating the principle of absolute rule absolutism autocracy despotism Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Less than a year after the wedding, they were divorced; he begged her to return and threatened to poison himself if she did not. They reunited, but after three months she left once again. Her parents considered her behavior "loose" and refused to allow Goldman into their home. [24] Carrying her sewing machine in one hand and a bag with five dollars in the other, she left Rochester and headed southeast to New York City. The City of New York [25]
Most and Berkman
On her first day in the city, Goldman met two men who would forever change her life. At Sachs's Café, a gathering place for radicals, she was introduced to Alexander Berkman, an anarchist who invited her to a public speech that evening. Alexander Berkman ( November 21 1870 – June 28 1936) was a Russian American writer and a leading member of the anarchist They went to hear Johann Most, editor of a radical publication called Die Freiheit and an advocate of "propaganda of the deed" – the use of violence to instigate change. Johann Joseph Most ( February 5, 1846 March 17, 1906) was a German-American Anarchist and orator who in the late 19th century Die Freiheit was a long-running anarchist journal established by Johann Most in 1879 Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a Concept that promotes physical violence against [26] She was impressed by his fiery oration, and he took her under his wing, training her in methods of public speaking. He encouraged her vigorously, telling her that she was "to take my place when I am gone. "[27] One of her first public talks in support of "the Cause" was in Rochester. After convincing Helena not to tell their parents of her speech, Goldman found her mind a blank once on stage. Suddenly,
something strange happened. In a flash I saw it—every incident of my three years in Rochester: the Garson factory, its drudgery and humiliation, the failure of my marriage, the Chicago crime. … I began to speak. Words I had never heard myself utter before came pouring forth, faster and faster. They came with passionate intensity…. The audience had vanished, the hall itself had disappeared; I was conscious only of my own words, of my ecstatic song. [28]
Enchanted by the experience, she refined her public persona during subsequent engagements. Quickly, however, she found herself arguing with Most over her independence. After a momentous speech in Cleveland, she felt as though she had become "a parrot repeating Most's views"[29] and resolved to express herself on the stage. Upon her return in New York, Most became furious and told her: "Who is not with me is against me!"[30] She left Die Freiheit and joined with another publication, Die Autonomie. [31]
Meanwhile, she had begun a friendship with Berkman, whom she affectionately called Sasha. Before long they became lovers and moved into a communal apartment with his cousin Modest "Fedya" Stein and Goldman's friend, Helen Minkin in rural Woodstock, Illinois. Woodstock is a city in McHenry County, Illinois, United States. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. [32] Although their relationship had numerous difficulties, Goldman and Berkman would share a close bond for decades, united by their anarchist principles and commitment to personal equality. [33]
Homestead plot
- Further information: Homestead Strike
One of the first political moments that brought Berkman and Goldman together was the Homestead Strike. The Homestead Strike was a labor lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents The Homestead Strike was a labor lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents In June 1892, a steel plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania owned by Andrew Carnegie became the focus of national attention when talks between the Carnegie Steel Company and the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (AA) broke down. Homestead is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, USA in the "Mon Valley" seven miles (11 km southeast of downtown Pittsburgh Andrew Carnegie (properly kɑrˈneɪgi but commonly /ˈkɑrnɨgi/ or /kɑrˈnɛgi/ (25 November 1835 – 11 August 1919 was a Scottish -born American Industrialist Carnegie Steel Company was a steel producing company created by Andrew Carnegie to manage business at his Steel mills in the Pittsburgh Pennsylvania The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (commonly known as the AA was an American labor union formed in 1876 and which represented iron and steel workers The factory's manager was Henry Clay Frick, a fierce opponent of the union. Henry Clay Frick ( December 19 1849 &ndash December 2 1919) was an American industrialist and art patron once When a final round of talks failed at the end of June, management closed the plant and locked out the workers, who immediately went on strike. Strikebreakers were brought in and the company hired Pinkerton guards to protect them. A strikebreaker (also called scab or knobstick) is a person who works despite an ongoing strike. "We Never Sleep" the famous motto of the Pinkerton Agency redirects here On 6 July a fight broke out between three hundred Pinkerton guards and a crowd of armed union workers. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England During the twelve-hour gunfight, seven guards and nine strikers were killed. [34]
When a majority of the nation's newspapers came out in support of the strikers, Goldman and Berkman resolved to assassinate Frick, an action they expected would inspire the workers to revolt against the capitalist system. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Berkman chose to carry out the murder, and ordered Goldman to stay behind in order to explain his motives after he went to jail. He would be in charge of the deed; she of the word. [36] Berkman tried and failed to make a bomb, then set off for Pittsburgh to buy a gun and a suit of decent clothes.
Goldman, meanwhile, decided to help fund the scheme through prostitution. Remembering the character of Sonya in Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment (1866), she mused: "She had become a prostitute in order to support her little brothers and sisters…. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, Crime and Punishment (Преступление и наказание is a Novel by Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky that Sensitive Sonya could sell her body; why not I?"[37] Once on the street, she caught the eye of a man who took her into a saloon, bought her a beer, gave her ten dollars, informed her she did not have "the knack", and told her to quit the business. She was "too astounded for speech". [37] She wrote to Helena, claiming illness, and asked her for fifteen dollars. [38]
When he arrived in Homestead on 23 July, Berkman gained access to Frick's office with a concealed handgun and shot Frick three times, then stabbed him in the legs. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. A group of workers – far from joining in his attentat – beat Berkman unconscious, and he was carried away by the police. [39] Berkman was convicted of attempted murder[40] and sentenced to twenty-two years in prison;[41] his absence from her life was very difficult for Goldman. [42] Convinced Goldman was involved in the plot, police raided her apartment and – finding no evidence – pressured her landlord into evicting her. Worse, the attentat had failed to rouse the masses: workers and anarchists alike condemned Berkman's action. Johann Most, their former mentor, lashed out at Berkman and the assassination attempt, claiming it was carried out to create sympathy for Frick. Furious at these attacks, Goldman brought a horsewhip to a public lecture and demanded, onstage, that Most provide evidence for his accusation. He dismissed her, whereupon she struck him with the whip, broke it on her knee, and hurled the pieces at him. [43] She later regretted her assault, confiding to a friend: "At the age of twenty-three, one does not reason. "[44]
"Inciting to riot"
When the Panic of 1893 struck in the following year, the United States suffered one of its worst economic crises ever. The Panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in 1893 By year's end, the unemployment rate was higher than twenty percent,[45] and "hunger demonstrations" sometimes gave way to riots. Goldman began speaking to crowds of frustrated men and women in New York. On 21 August, she spoke to a crowd of nearly 3,000 people in Union Square, where she encouraged unemployed workers to take immediate action. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Union Square Park (also known as Union Square) is an important and historic intersection in New York City, located where Broadway and the Bowery Her exact words are unclear: undercover agents insist she ordered the crowd to "take everything … by force",[46] while Goldman later recounted this message: "Well then, demonstrate before the palaces of the rich; demand work. If they do not give you work, demand bread. If they deny you both, take bread. "[47] Later in court, Detective-Sergeant Charles Jacobs offered yet another version of her speech. [48]
A week later she was arrested in Philadelphia and returned to New York City for trial, charged with "inciting to riot". Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə [49] During the train ride, Jacobs offered to drop the charges against her if she would inform on other radicals in the area. She responded by throwing a glass of ice water in his face. [50] As she awaited trial, Goldman was visited by Nellie Bly, a reporter for the New York World. Nellie Bly (May 5 1864 &ndash January 27 1922 was an American journalist author Industrialist, and charity worker The New York World was a Newspaper published in New York from 1860 until 1931 She spent two hours talking to Goldman, and wrote a positive article about the woman she described as a "modern Joan of Arc". Joan of Arc (c 1412 Joan asserted that she had visions from God that told her to recover her homeland from English domination late in the Hundred Years' [51]
Despite this positive publicity, the jury was persuaded by Jacobs' testimony and scared by Goldman's politics. The assistant District Attorney questioned Goldman about her anarchism, as well as her atheism; the judge spoke of her as "a dangerous woman". [52] She was sentenced to one year in the Blackwell's Island Penitentiary. Roosevelt Island, formerly known as Welfare Island, and before that Blackwell's Island, is a narrow island in the East River of New York Once inside she suffered an attack of rheumatism and was sent to the infirmary; there she befriended a visiting doctor and began studying medicine. Rheumatism or Rheumatic disorder is a non-specific term for medical problems affecting the Heart, Bones Joints Kidney, Skin She also read dozens of books, including works by the American activist-writers Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau; novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne; poet Walt Whitman, and philosopher John Stuart Mill. Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25 1803 &ndash April 27 1882 was an American essayist philosopher poet and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19th century Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4 1804 – May 19 1864 was an American novelist and Short story writer Walter Whitman (May 31 1819 &ndash March 26 1892 was an American poet, Essayist journalist, and humanist. John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 &ndash 8 May 1873 British Philosopher, political economist, civil servant and Member of Parliament, was an influential [53] When she was released after ten months, a raucous crowd of nearly three thousand people greeted her at the Thalia Theater in New York City. The Bowery Theatre was a Playhouse in the Bowery neighborhood of New York City. She soon became swamped with requests for interviews and lectures. [54]
To make money, Goldman decided to pursue the medical work she had studied in prison. However, her preferred fields of specialization – midwifery and massage – were not available to nursing students in the US. Midwifery is a Health care profession where providers give Prenatal care to expecting Mothers attend the birth of the Infant Thus, she sailed to Europe, lecturing in London, Glasgow, and Edinburgh. She met with renowned anarchists like Errico Malatesta, Louise Michel, and Peter Kropotkin. Errico Malatesta ( December 14, 1853 July 22, 1932) was an Italian anarcho-communist and Insurrectionary anarchist For the 1936-1939 Spanish Civil War units see Louise Michel Battalions Louise Michel (1830-1905 was a French anarchist In Vienna she received two diplomas and put them immediately to use back in the US. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Alternating between lectures and midwifery, she conducted the first cross-country tour by an anarchist speaker. In November of 1899 she returned to Europe, where she met the anarchist Hippolyte Havel, with whom she began a relationship. Hippolyte Havel (1871 - 1950 was a Czech anarchist who lived in Greenwich Village, New York, which he declared to be "a spiritual zone Together they went to France and helped organize the International Anarchist Congress on the outskirts of Paris. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city [55]
McKinley assassination
- Further information: William McKinley assassination
On 6 September 1901, Leon Czolgosz, an unemployed factory worker with a history of mental illness, shot US President William McKinley twice during a public speaking event in Buffalo, New York. The William McKinley Assassination occurred on September 6, 1901, at the Temple of Music in Buffalo, New York. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Leon Frank Czolgosz (Zol-gash (May 1873 Czolgosz was born in Alpena Michigan She later wrote a piece in defense of Czolgosz William McKinley Jr ( January 29, 1843 September 14, 1901) was the twenty-fifth President of the United States, and the last McKinley was hit in the breastbone and stomach; eight days later, he died. [56] Czolgosz was arrested and interrogated around the clock. Because he was an anarchist and had interacted several times with Goldman, authorities became convinced that she had planned the action. They tracked her to a residence in Chicago she shared with Havel and Abe and Mary Isaak, an anarchist couple. [57][58] Goldman was arrested, along with Abe Isaak, Havel, and ten other anarchists. [59]
Earlier, Czolgosz had tried but failed to become friends with Goldman and her companions. During a talk in Cleveland, Ohio, Czolgosz had approached Goldman and asked her advice on which books he should read. Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state In July 1901, he had appeared at the Isaak house, asking a series of unusual questions. They assumed he was an infiltrator, like a number of police agents sent to spy on radical groups. They had remained distant from him, and Abe Isaak sent a notice to associates warning of "another spy". [60]
Although Czolgosz repeatedly denied Goldman's involvement, the police held her in close custody, subjecting her to what she called the "third degree". [61] She explained their distrust of him, and it was clear she had not had any significant contact with Czolgosz. No evidence was found linking Goldman to the attack, and she was eventually released after two weeks of detention. Before McKinley died, Goldman offered to provide nursing care, referring to him as "merely a human being". [62] Czolgosz, despite considerable evidence of mental illness, was convicted of murder and executed. [63]
Throughout her detention and after her release, Goldman steadfastly refused to condemn Czolgosz' action, standing virtually alone in doing so. Friends and supporters – including Berkman – urged her to quit his cause. But Goldman defended Czolgosz as a "supersensitive being"[64] and chastised other anarchists for abandoning him. [64] Many newspapers, meanwhile, declared the anarchist movement responsible for the murder. [65] In the wake of these events, socialism gained support over anarchism among US radicals, and McKinley's successor Theodore Roosevelt declared his intent to crack down "not only against anarchists, but against all active and passive sympathizers with anarchists". Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T [66]
Mother Earth and Berkman's release
After Czolgosz's execution, Goldman withdrew from the world. For other uses of Mother Earth see Mother Earth. For the 1970-present environmental/self-sufficiency magazine see Mother Earth News. Scorned by her fellow anarchists, vilified by the press, and separated from her love, she retreated into anonymity and nursing. "It was bitter and hard to face life anew," she wrote later. [67] Using the name E. G. Smith, she vanished from public life and took on a series of private nursing jobs. [68] When the US Congress passed the Anarchist Exclusion Act, however, a new wave of activism rose to oppose it, carrying Goldman back into the movement. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The Anarchist Exclusion Act refers to two different acts passed by the United States Congress intended to keep immigrants that subscribed to anarchist ideas A coalition of people and organizations across the left end of the political spectrum opposed the law on grounds that it violated freedom of speech, and she had the nation's ear once again. Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation.
When a Scottish anarchist named John Turner was denied entry into the country, Goldman helped organize a group called the Free Speech League. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. John Turner (1865–1934was an English -born anarchist communist shop steward It enlisted the aid of Clarence Darrow and Edgar Lee Masters, who took Turner's case to the US Supreme Court. Clarence Seward Darrow ( April 18, 1857 – March 13, 1938) was an American Lawyer and leading member of the American Edgar Lee Masters ( Garnett, Kansas, August 23, 1868 - Melrose Park, Pennsylvania, March 5, 1950 The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Although Turner and the League lost, Goldman considered it a victory of propaganda. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people [69] She had returned to anarchist activism, but it was taking its toll on her. "I never felt so weighed down," she wrote to Berkman. "I fear I am forever doomed to remain public property and to have my life worn out through the care for the lives of others. "[70]
In 1906 Goldman decided to start a publication of her own, "a place of expression for the young idealists in arts and letters". [71] Mother Earth was staffed by a cadre of radical activists, including Hippolyte Havel, Max Baginski, and Leonard Abbott. For other uses of Mother Earth see Mother Earth. For the 1970-present environmental/self-sufficiency magazine see Mother Earth News. Max Baginski (1864 – November 24, 1943) was a German-American anarchist Leonard Dalton Abbott (1878&ndash1953 was an American Publicist and radical thinker born in Liverpool, England. In addition to publishing original works by its editors and anarchists around the world, Mother Earth reprinted selections from a variety of writers. These included the French philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Russian anarchist Peter Kropotkin, German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, and British writer Mary Wollstonecraft. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (ˈpruːd ɒn in British English, dɔ̃ in French) ( 15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Mary Wollstonecraft (ˈwʊlstənkrɑːft 27 April 1759 – 10 September Goldman wrote frequently about anarchism, politics, labor issues, atheism, sexuality, and feminism. [72][73]
On 18 May of the same year, Alexander Berkman was released from prison. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Carrying a bouquet of roses, she met him on the platform and found herself "seized by terror and pity"[74] as she beheld his gaunt, pale form. Neither was able to speak; they returned to her home in silence. For weeks he struggled to readjust to life on the outside; an abortive speaking tour ended in failure, and in Cleveland he purchased a revolver with the intent of killing himself. [75][76] He returned to New York, however, and learned that Goldman had been arrested with a group of activists meeting to reflect on Leon Czolgosz. Invigorated anew by this violation of freedom of assembly, he declared "My resurrection has come!"[77] and set about securing their release. Freedom of assembly, sometimes used interchangeably with the Freedom of association, is the Individual right to come together with other individuals and collectively [78]
Berkman took the helm of Mother Earth in 1907, while Goldman toured the country to raise funds to keep it functional. Editing the magazine was a revitalizing experience for Berkman; his relationship with Goldman faltered, however, and he had an affair with a fifteen-year-old anarchist named Becky Edelsohn. Goldman was pained by his rejection of her, but considered it a consequence of his prison experience. [79] Later that year she served as a delegate from the US to the International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam. The International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam took place from 24 August to 31 August, 1907. Anarchists and syndicalists from around the world gathered to sort out the tension between the two ideologies, but no decisive agreement was reached. Syndicalism is a type of movement which aims to degrade capitalist societies through action by the Working class on the industrial front Goldman returned to the US and continued speaking to large audiences. [80]
Reitman, essays, and birth control
For the next ten years, Goldman traveled around the country nonstop, delivering lectures and agitating for anarchism. The coalitions formed in opposition to the Anarchist Exclusion Act had given her an appreciation for reaching out to those of other political persuasions, and when the US Justice Department sent spies to observe, they reported the meetings as "packed". For animal rights group see Justice Department (JD The United States Department of Justice ( DOJ) is a Cabinet department [81] Writers, journalists, artists, judges, and workers from across the spectrum spoke of her "magnetic power", her "convincing presence", her "force, eloquence, and fire". [82]
In the spring of 1908 Goldman met and fell in love with Ben Reitman, the so-called "Hobo doctor". Ben Reitman (1879-1942 was an American anarchist and physician to the poor ("the hobo doctor" Having grown up in Chicago's tenderloin district, Reitman spent several years as a drifter before attaining a medical degree from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago. The University of Illinois College of Medicine, part of the University of Illinois system, is the largest Medical school in the United States with over 2600 students As a doctor, he attended to people suffering from poverty and disease – particularly venereal disease. A sexually transmitted disease ( STD) or venereal disease ( VD) is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between Humans He and Goldman began an affair; they shared a commitment to free love, but whereas Reitman took a variety of lovers, Goldman did not. The term free love has been used since at least the nineteenth century to describe a Social movement that rejects Marriage, which is seen as a form She tried to reconcile her feelings of jealousy with a belief in freedom of the heart, but found it difficult. [83]
Two years later Goldman began feeling frustrated with lecture audiences. She yearned to "reach the few who really want to learn, rather than the many who come to be amused". [84] Thus she collected a series of speeches and items she had written for Mother Earth and published a book called Anarchism and Other Essays. Anarchism & Other Essays is a book by the Feminist Anarchist Emma Goldman, published in 1911 Covering a wide variety of topics, Goldman tries to represent "the mental and soul struggles of twenty-one years". [84] In addition to a comprehensive look at anarchism and its criticisms, the book includes essays on patriotism, women's suffrage, marriage, and prisons.
When Margaret Sanger, an advocate of access to contraception, coined the term "birth control" and disseminated information about various methods in the June 1914 issue of her magazine The Woman Rebel, she received aggressive support from Goldman. Margaret Higgins Sanger ( September 14, 1879 &ndash September 6, 1966) was an American Birth control activist an advocate Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent Sanger was arrested in August under the Comstock Law, which prohibited the dissemination of "obscene, lewd, or lascivious articles"[85] – including information relating to birth control. The Comstock Act, (ch 258 enacted March 3, 1873) is a United States federal law which made it illegal to send any "obscene lewd and/or lascivious" Although they later split from Sanger over charges of insufficient support, Goldman and Reitman distributed copies of Sanger's pamphlet Family Limitation (along with a similar essay of Reitman's), and in 1915 Goldman conducted a nationwide speaking tour in part to raise awareness about contraception options. Although the nation's attitude toward the topic seemed to be liberalizing, Goldman was arrested in February 1916 and charged with violation of the Comstock Law. Choosing not to pay a hundred-dollar fine, she spent two weeks in a prison workhouse, which she saw as an "opportunity" to reconnect with those rejected by society. [86]
World War I
Although US President Woodrow Wilson was re-elected in 1916 under the slogan "He kept us out of the war", at the start of his second term he decided that Germany's continued deployment of unrestricted submarine warfare was sufficient cause for the US to enter World War I. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Unrestricted submarine warfare is a type of Naval warfare in which Submarines sink merchant ships without warning as opposed to attacks per prize regulations World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Shortly afterward, Congress passed the Selective Service Act of 1917, which required all males aged 21–30 to register for military conscription. The Selective Service Act or Selective Draft Act (PL 65-12 40 Stat Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority Goldman saw the decision as an exercise in militarist aggression, driven by capitalism. Militarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or She declared in Mother Earth her intent to resist conscription, and to oppose US involvement in the war. [87]
To this end, she and Berkman organized the No Conscription League of New York, which proclaimed: "We oppose conscription because we are internationalists, antimilitarists, and opposed to all wars waged by capitalistic governments. No Conscription League was the name of several organizations opposed to conscription into the military 'No Conscription Leagues were organised by Emma Goldman, "[88] The group became a vanguard for anti-draft activism, and chapters began to appear in other cities. When police began raiding the group's public events to find young men who had not registered for the draft, however, Goldman and others focused their efforts on spreading pamphlets and other written work. [89] In the midst of the nation's patriotic fervor, many elements of the political left refused to support the League's efforts. The Women's Peace Party, for example, ceased its opposition to the war once the US entered it. The Socialist Party of America took an official stance against US involvement, but supported Wilson in most of his activities. The Socialist Party of America (SPA was a socialist Political party in the United States. [90]
On 15 June 1917, Goldman and Berkman were arrested during a raid of their offices which yielded "a wagon load of anarchist records and propaganda" for the authorities. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year [91] The New York Times reported that Goldman asked to change into a more appropriate outfit, and emerged in a gown of "royal purple". [91][92] The pair were charged with conspiracy to "induce persons not to register"[93] under the newly enacted Espionage Act,[94] and were held on US$25,000 bail each. The Espionage Act of 1917 was a United States federal law passed shortly after entering World War I on June 15 1917 which made it a Crime for a person Traditionally bail is some form of Property deposited or pledged to a Court in order to persuade it to release a suspect from jail, on the understanding Defending herself and Berkman during their trial, Goldman invoked the First Amendment, asking how the government could claim to fight for democracy abroad while suppressing free speech at home. The First Amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the United States Bill of Rights that expressly prohibits the United States Congress
We say that if America has entered the war to make the world safe for democracy, she must first make democracy safe in America. How else is the world to take America seriously, when democracy at home is daily being outraged, free speech suppressed, peaceable assemblies broken up by overbearing and brutal gangsters in uniform; when free press is curtailed and every independent opinion gagged? Verily, poor as we are in democracy, how can we give of it to the world?[95]
The jury saw it differently, and found them guilty; Judge Julius Marshuetz Mayer imposed the maximum sentence two years' imprisonment, a $10,000 fine each, and the possibility of deportation after their release from prison. Julius Marshuetz Mayer ( September 5, 1865 New York City - November 20, 1925 New York City) was an American Lawyer Deportation, not to be confused with Extradition, generally means the expulsion of someone from a place or Country. As she was transported to Missouri State Penitentiary (now Jefferson City Correctional Center), Goldman wrote to a friend: "Two years imprisonment for having made an uncompromising stand for one's ideal. The Jefferson City Correctional Center is a maximum security Prison in Jefferson City, Missouri operated by the Missouri Department of Corrections Why that is a small price. "[96]
In prison she was assigned once again to work as a seamstress, under the eye of a "miserable gutter-snipe of a twenty-one-year-old boy paid to get results". [97] She met the socialist Kate Richards O'Hare, who had also been imprisoned under the Espionage Act. Kate Richards O'Hare (1877-1948 was a prominent American Socialist anti-war activist during World War I. Although they differed on political strategy – O'Hare believed in voting to achieve state power – the two women came together to agitate for better conditions among prisoners. [98] Goldman also met and became friends with Gabriella Segata Antolini, an anarchist and follower of Luigi Galleani. Luigi Galleani (1861&mdash November 4, 1931) was a major 20th century Anarchist. Antolini had been arrested transporting a satchel filled with dynamite on a Chicago-bound train. She had refused to cooperate with authorities, and was sent to prison for fourteen months. Working together to make life better for the other inmates, the three women became known as "The Trinity". Goldman was released on 27 September 1919. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [99]
Russia
When Goldman and Berkman were released, the first US Red Scare was in full swing; the Bolshevik-led Russian Revolution of 1917 had combined with wartime anxiety to produce a climate of hostility toward radicals and non-citizens. Red Menace redirects here For the 2007 Wildstorm Productions comic book series see Red Menace (comics. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them The US Department of Justice's General Intelligence Division, headed by J. Edgar Hoover and under the direction of Attorney General Alexander Mitchell Palmer, conducted a series of raids to arrest radicals. For animal rights group see Justice Department (JD The United States Department of Justice ( DOJ) is a Cabinet department WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Postnominal initials Alexander Mitchell Palmer (May 4 1872 - May 11 1936 was the Attorney General of the United States from 1919 to 1921 The Palmer Raids were a series of controversial raids by the U In a memorandum prepared while they were in prison, Hoover wrote: "Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman are, beyond doubt, two of the most dangerous anarchists in this country and [a] return to the community will result in undue harm. "[100] Although her marriage to Jacob Kershner arguably provided her with legitimate US citizenship, the government invoked the 1918 Anarchist Exclusion Act and deported both Goldman and Berkman to the Soviet Union, along with over two hundred others. The Anarchist Exclusion Act refers to two different acts passed by the United States Congress intended to keep immigrants that subscribed to anarchist ideas [101]
Goldman had viewed the Bolshevik revolution as a positive step when it first took place. She wrote in Mother Earth that despite its dependence on Communist government, it represented "the most fundamental, far-reaching and all-embracing principles of human freedom and of economic well-being". Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based [102] By the time she and her fellow deportees neared Europe, however, she expressed fears about what was to come. She was worried about the ongoing Russian Civil War, and the possibility of being seized by anti-Bolshevik forces. The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed The state, anti-capitalist though it was, also posed a threat. "I could never in my life work within the confines of the State," she wrote to her niece, "Bolshevist or otherwise. "[103]
These fears were justified, as she quickly discovered. Days after returning to Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), she was shocked to hear a party official refer to free speech as a "bourgeois superstition". Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River [104] As she and Berkman traveled around the country, they found repression, mismanagement, and corruption instead of the equality and worker empowerment they had dreamed of. Those who questioned the government were demonized as counter-revolutionaries, and workers labored under severe conditions. A counter-revolutionary is anyone who opposes a Revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it in full or in part They met with Vladimir Lenin, who assured them that government suppression of press liberties was justified. He told them: "There can be no free speech in a revolutionary period. "[105] Berkman was more willing to forgive the government's actions in the name of "historical necessity", but he eventually joined Goldman in opposing the Soviet state's authority. [106]
In March 1921, strikes erupted in Petrograd when workers took to the streets demanding better food rations and more union autonomy. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Goldman and Berkman felt a responsibility to support the strikers, stating: "To remain silent now is impossible, even criminal. "[107] The unrest spread to the port town of Kronstadt, where a military response was ordered. In the fighting that ensued, six hundred sailors were killed; two thousand more were arrested; and thousands of Soviet troops died. This article is about the historical event known as the Kronstadt rebellion In the wake of these events, Goldman and Berkman decided there was no future in the country for them. "More and more," she wrote, "we have come to the conclusion that we can do nothing here. And as we can not keep up a life of inactivity much longer we have decided to leave. "[108]
In December 1921 they left the country and went to the Latvian capital city of Riga. Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Riga (Rīga riːga) the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava. The US commissioner in that city wired officials in Washington DC, who began requesting information from other governments about the couple's activities. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D After a short trip to Stockholm, they moved to Berlin for several years; during this time she agreed to write a series of articles about her time in Russia for Joseph Pulitzer's newspaper, the New York World. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Joseph Pulitzer ( English pronunciation PULL-itser; April 10, 1847 He sought a military career but was turned down by the The New York World was a Newspaper published in New York from 1860 until 1931 These were later collected and published in book form as My Disillusionment in Russia (1923) and My Further Disillusionment in Russia (1924). My Disillusionment in Russia is a book by Emma Goldman describing her experiences in Soviet Russia from 1920 to 1921 where she saw the aftermath of the Russian My Further Disillusionment in Russia is a 1924 non-fiction book by Emma Goldman, her continuation of My Disillusionment in Russia, the original The titles of these books were added by the publishers to be scintillating and Goldman protested, albeit in vain. [109]
England, Canada, and France
Goldman found it difficult to acclimate to the German leftist community. Communists despised her outspokenness about Soviet repression; liberals derided her radicalism. While Berkman remained in Berlin helping Russian exiles, she moved to London in September 1924. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Upon her arrival the novelist Rebecca West arranged a reception dinner for her, attended by philosopher Bertrand Russell, novelist H. G. Wells, and more than two hundred others. Cicely Isabel Fairfield ( December 21, 1892 - March 15, 1983) known by her pen name Rebecca West, or Dame Rebecca West Bertrand Arthur William Russell 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970 was a British Philosopher, Historian Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 &ndash 13 August 1946 He was an outspoken socialist and a pacifist, his later works becoming increasingly political When she spoke of her dissatisfaction with the Soviet government, the audience was shocked. Some left the gathering; others berated her for prematurely criticizing the Communist experiment. [110] Later, in a letter, Russell declined to support her efforts at systemic change in the Soviet Union and ridiculed her anarchist idealism. [111]
In 1925, the spectre of deportation loomed again, but a Scottish anarchist named James Colton offered to marry her and provide British citizenship. Although they were only distant acquaintances, she accepted and they were married on 27 June 1925. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Her new status gave her peace of mind, and allowed her to travel to France and Canada. [112] Life in London was stressful for Goldman; she wrote to Berkman: "I am awfully tired and so lonely and heartsick. It is a dreadful feeling to come back here from lectures and find not a kindred soul, no one who cares whether one is dead or alive. "[113] She worked on analytical studies of drama, expanding on the work she had published in 1914. But the audiences were "awful" and she never finished her second book on the subject. [114]
Goldman traveled to Canada in 1927, just in time to receive news of the impending executions of Italian anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti in New York. Ferdinando Nicola Sacco (April 22 1891 – August 23 1927 and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (June 11 1888 – August 23 1927 were two Italian-born American laborers Ferdinando Nicola Sacco (April 22 1891 – August 23 1927 and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (June 11 1888 – August 23 1927 were two Italian-born American laborers Angered by the many irregularities of the case, she saw it as another travesty of justice in the US. She longed to join the mass demonstrations in Boston; memories of the Haymarket affair overwhelmed her, compounded by her isolation. "Then," she wrote, "I had my life before me to take up the cause for those killed. Now I have nothing. "[115][116]
In 1928 she began writing her autobiography, with the support of a group of admirers, including journalist H. L. Mencken, poet Edna St. Vincent Millay, and novelist Theodore Dreiser. Edna St Vincent Millay ( February 22, 1892 &ndash October 19, 1950) was an American lyrical poet and playwright and the first Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser ( August 27 1871 &ndash December 28 1945) was an American novelist and journalist She secured a cottage in the French coastal city of Saint-Tropez and spent two years recounting her life. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. San Tropez redirects here For other uses see Saint-Tropez (disambiguation Saint-Tropez ( Sant Tropetz in Occitan language Berkman offered sharply critical feedback, which she eventually incorporated at the price of a strain on their relationship. [117] Goldman intended the book, Living My Life, as a single volume for a price the working class could afford (she urged no more than $5. Living My Life is the 993-page autobiography of Lithuanian -born Anarchist Emma Goldman, published in two volumes in 1931 ( Alfred A 00); her publisher Alfred A. Knopf, however, released it as two volumes sold together for $7. Alfred A Knopf Inc is a New York publishing house founded by Alfred A 50. Goldman was furious, but unable to force a change. Due in large part to the Great Depression, sales were sluggish despite keen interest from libraries around the US. [118] Critical reviews were generally enthusiastic; the New York Times, New Yorker, and Saturday Review of Literature all listed it as one of the year's top non-fiction books. The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry Saturday Review (1924&ndash1986 was a weekly US -based Magazine. [119]
In 1933 Goldman received permission to lecture in the United States under the condition that she speak only about drama and her autobiography – but not current political events. She returned to New York on 2 February 1934 to generally positive press coverage – except from Communist publications. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Soon she was surrounded by admirers and friends, besieged with invitations to talks and interviews. Her visa expired in May, and she went to Toronto in order to file another request to visit the US. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario However, this second attempt was denied. She stayed in Canada, writing articles for US publications. [120]
In February and March of 1936 Berkman underwent a pair of prostate gland operations. The prostate (from Greek προστάτης - prostates, literally "one who stands before" "protector" "guardian" is a Recuperating in Nice and cared for by his companion, Emmy Eckstein, he missed Goldman's sixty-seventh birthday in Saint-Tropez in June. Nice (nis Niçard Occitan: Niça norm or Nissa, Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek She wrote in sadness, but he never read the letter; she received a call in the middle of the night that Berkman was in great distress. She left for Nice immediately but when she arrived that morning, Goldman found that he had shot himself and was in a nearly comatose paralysis. Paralysed redirects here For other uses see xx Paralysed (disambiguation Paralysis is the complete loss of Muscle function He died the next day. [121]
Spanish Civil War
In July 1936, the Spanish Civil War started after an attempted coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of the Second Spanish Republic. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of The Spanish Army ( Ejército de Tierra in Spanish; literally "Land Army" is one of oldest active armies in the world and a branch of the Spanish The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country At the same time, the Spanish anarchists, fighting against the fascist forces, started an anarchist revolution. Anarchism has historically gained more support and influence in Spain than anywhere else especially before Francisco Franco 's victory in the Spanish Civil War The Spanish Revolution of 1936 began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. Goldman was invited to Barcelona and in an instant, as she wrote to her niece, "the crushing weight that was pressing down on my heart since Sasha's death left me as by magic". Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia [122] She was welcomed by the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI) organizations, and for the first time in her life lived in a community run by and for anarchists, according to true anarchist principles. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo ( CNT; English The Federación Anarquista Ibérica ( FAI, Iberian Anarchist Federation) is a Spanish organization of Anarchist ( Anarcho-Syndicalist Anarchist Catalonia ( July 21, 1936 – February 10, 1939) was the self-proclaimed Stateless territory and Anarchist "In all my life," she wrote later, "I have not met with such warm hospitality, comradeship and solidarity. "[123] After touring a series of collectives in the province of Huesca, she told a group of workers: "Your revolution will destroy forever [the notion] that anarchism stands for chaos. A collective is a group of people who share or are motivated by at least one common issue or interest or work together on a specific project(s to achieve a common objective Huesca ( Spanish: Huesca, Aragonese: Uesca) is a province of northeastern Spain, in northern Aragon. "[124] She began editing the weekly CNT-FAI Information Bulletin and responded to English-language mail. [125]
Goldman began to worry about the future of Spain's anarchism when the CNT-FAI joined a coalition government in 1937 – against the core anarchist principle of abstaining from state structures – and, more distressingly, made repeated concessions to Communist forces in the name of uniting against fascism. She wrote that cooperating with Communists in Spain was "a denial of our comrades in Stalin's concentration camps". [126] Russia, meanwhile, refused to send weapons to anarchist forces, and disinformation campaigns were being waged against the anarchists across Europe and the US. Her faith in the movement unshaken, Goldman returned to London as an official representative of the CNT-FAI. [127]
Delivering lectures and giving interviews, Goldman enthusiastically supported the Spanish anarcho-syndicalists. She wrote regularly for Spain and the World, a biweekly newspaper focusing on the civil war. Freedom (ISSN 0016-0504) is a London -based anarchist Newspaper published every two weeks by Freedom Press. In May 1937, however, Communist-led forces attacked anarchist strongholds and broke up agrarian collectives. Barcelona May Days is a term covering the events between May 3 and May 8 1937, when factions on the Republican side of the Spanish Civil Newspapers in England and elsewhere accepted the timeline of events offered by the Second Spanish Republic at face value. The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country British journalist George Orwell, present for the crackdown, wrote: "[T]he accounts of the Barcelona riots in May … beat everything I have ever seen for lying. Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer "[128]
Goldman returned to Spain in September, but the CNT-FAI appeared to her like people "in a burning house". Worse, anarchists and other radicals around the world refused to support their cause. [129] The Nationalist forces declared victory in Spain just before she returned to London. Frustrated by England's repressive atmosphere – which she called "more fascist than the fascists"[130] – she returned to Canada in 1939. Her service to the anarchist cause in Spain was not forgotten, however. On her seventieth birthday, the former Secretary-General of the CNT-FAI, Mariano Vàzquez, sent a message to her from Paris, praising her for her contributions and naming her as "our spiritual mother". She called it "the most beautiful tribute I have ever received". [131]
Final years
As the events preceding World War Two began to unfold in Europe, Goldman reiterated her opposition to wars waged by governments. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including "[M]uch as I loathe Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin and Franco," she wrote to a friend, "I would not support a war against them and for the democracies which, in the last analysis, are only Fascist in disguise. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party "[132] She felt that England and France had missed their opportunity to oppose fascism, and that the coming war would only result in "a new form of madness in the world". [132] This position was vastly unpopular, as Hitler's attacks on Jewish communities reverberated throughout the Jewish diaspora.
Death
On Saturday, 17 February 1940, Goldman suffered a debilitating stroke. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain She became paralyzed on her right side, and although her hearing was unaffected, she could not speak. As one friend described it: "Just to think that here was Emma, the greatest orator in America, unable to utter one word. "[133] For three months she improved slightly, receiving visitors and on one occasion gesturing to her address book to signal that a friend might find friendly contacts during a trip to Mexico. She suffered another stroke on 8 May, however, and on 14 May she died in Toronto, Canada. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario [134][135] The US Immigration and Naturalization Service allowed her body to be brought back to the United States, and she was buried in Chicago's German Waldheim Cemetery with other labor activists and radicals, near the graves of those executed after the Haymarket affair. The United States Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS) was a part of the United States Department of Justice and handled legal and illegal Immigration German Waldheim Cemetery, also known as Waldheim Cemetery, was a cemetery in Forest Park, a suburb of Chicago in Cook County, [136]
Philosophy
Goldman spoke and wrote extensively on a wide variety of issues. While she rejected orthodoxy and fundamentalist thinking, she was an important contributor to several fields of modern political philosophy. The word orthodox, from Greek orthodoxos "having the right opinion" from orthos ("right true straight" + doxa ("opinion She was influenced by many diverse thinkers and writers, including Mikhail Bakunin, Henry David Thoreau, Peter Kropotkin, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nikolai Chernyshevsky, and Mary Wollstonecraft. Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin ( - July 1 1876) was a well-known Russian Revolutionary and theorist of Collectivist anarchism. Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25 1803 &ndash April 27 1882 was an American essayist philosopher poet and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19th century Mary Wollstonecraft (ˈwʊlstənkrɑːft 27 April 1759 – 10 September Another philosopher who influenced Goldman was Friedrich Nietzsche. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist In her autobiography she wrote: "Nietzsche was not a social theorist, but a poet, a rebel, and innovator. His aristocracy was neither of birth nor of purse; it was the spirit. In that respect Nietzsche was an anarchist, and all true anarchists were aristocrats. "[137]
Anarchism
Anarchism was central to Goldman's view of the world and she is today considered one of the most important figures in the history of anarchism. First drawn to it during the persecution of anarchists after the 1886 Haymarket affair, she wrote and spoke regularly on behalf of anarchism. In the title essay of her book Anarchism and Other Essays, she wrote:
Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism & Other Essays is a book by the Feminist Anarchist Emma Goldman, published in 1911 Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations. [138]
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Goldman's anarchism was intensely personal. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Anarchism is a Political philosophy with many heterogeneous and diverse schools of thought, united by a common opposition to compulsory Some observers believe certain Buddhist teachings form a philosophical ground for Anarchism. Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination Christian anarchism is any of several traditions which combine Anarchism with Christianity. Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is an umbrella term embracing two Anarchist schools of thought the first school is Socialist Crypto-anarchism is an Ideology that expounds the use of strong Public-key cryptography to enforce Privacy and individual freedom. Anarcha-feminism (also called anarchist feminism and anarcho-feminism) combines Anarchism with Feminism. Green anarchism is a school of thought within Anarchism which puts an emphasis on Environmental issues. Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective Infoanarchism is an Umbrella term for various groups of people who are opposed to forms of Intellectual property, such as Copyright and Patents Insurrectionary anarchism is a revolutionary theory practice and tendency within the Anarchist movement which opposes formal anarchist organizations such as labor unions and Left anarchism or left-wing anarchism refers to forms of anarchism that are seen by some on the ' left of politics ' Anarcho-pacifism (also pacifist anarchism or anarchist pacifism) is a form of Anarchism which completely rejects the use of Violence in Philosophical anarchism is an Anarchist school of thought which contends that the State lacks moral legitimacy but does not advocate revolution to eliminate Platformism is a tendency within the wider Anarchist movement which shares an affinity with organising in the tradition of Dielo Truda's Organizational Platform Post-anarchism or postanarchism is the term used to represent anarchist philosophies developed since the 1980s using post-structuralist and Post-left anarchy is a recent current in Anarchist thought that promotes a critique of anarchism's relationship to traditional leftism. Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of Civilization. Social anarchism, socialist anarchism, anarcho-socialism, anarchist socialism or Communitarian anarchism,(sometimes used interchangeably with Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. Anarchism without adjectives (from the Spanish " anarquismo sin adjetivos " in the words of historian George Richard Esenwein "referred to an An Anarch is a Conservative Revolutionary ideal of a sovereign individual, conceived by Ernst Jünger. Anarchy (from αναρχία anarchía, "without ruler " may refer to any of the following "Absence of government a state of lawlessness A black bloc is made up largely of anarchists or autonomists, anti-capitalist individuals or groups that gather for protests demonstrations or other event Traditionally the revolutionary left sees the commune as a populist replacement for the elitist parliament Consensus democracy is the application of Consensus decision making to the process of legislation in a Democracy. __FORCETOC__ Decentralization or Decentralisation (see Spelling differences) is the process of dispersing Decision-making governance closer to the people Deep ecology is a recent branch of ecological Philosophy ( Ecosophy) that considers Humankind an integral part of its environment. Direct action is political action which happens outside normal political channels via indirect actions such as electing representatives. Direct Democracy is a movement within the British Conservative Party dedicated to localism and Constitutional reform as a means of reviving public Dual power is a concept first articulated in an article by Lenin, "The Dual Power" ( dvoevlastie) which described a situation in the wake of the February Especifismo (English specifism is one of the two main forms of anarchist activism championed by FARJ (Federação Anarquista do Rio de Janeiro and other South American anarchist organizations Horizontalidad ( Eng: horizontality or horizontalism) is a theory or system that advocates the creation development and maintenance of social structures Not to be confused with the concept of "popular illegalisms" created by Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish. Individual reclamation ( Fr: reprise individuelle) is a form of the Direct action, characterized by the individual theft of resources from the rich by the Anarchist law refers to a series of ongoing debates within the various branches of Anarchist theory regarding if and how norms of individual and/or collective behavior Participatory Politics or Parpolity is a theoretical political system proposed by Stephen R A Permanent autonomous zone (or a PAZ) is a Community that is autonomous from the generally recognized Government or authority structure in which The term prefigurative politics is widespread within various activist movements and in short it describes modes of organization and tactics undertaken that accurately reflect the future Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a Concept that promotes physical violence against Refusal of work is a concept that has been advocated at various times by many social activist groups mostly located on the Libertarian left. Pleistocene Rewilding Rewilding is the process of creating a lifestyle that is beyond Domestication. Social Ecology is a philosophy developed by French geographer and anarchist Élisée Reclus and revived by Murray Bookchin in the 1960s See also the closely related articles Emergence and Self-organization. Anarchism is a heterogeneous philosophy with many different tendencies and schools of thought; differences on questions of ideology values and tactics are common This article discusses similarities and differences between Anarcho-capitalism and other types of Anarchism. The anarchist philosophical and political movement has some connections to elements of the Animal liberation movement. Though some Anarchists advocate free-market, Laissez-faire Capitalism, other anarchists oppose capitalism to varying degrees Criticisms of anarchism originate from the interest groups it opposes as well as related theories such as Marxism. Although anarchists commonly reject Organized religion (see Anarchism and religion) there have been numerous traditions within Islam (often associated with Sufism Anarchism and Marxism are related political philosophies which emerged in the nineteenth century Anarchism and nationalism both emerged in Europe following the French Revolution and have a long and complicated While there is no organized Orthodox Jewish anarchist movement, various anarchistic ideas are common in the works of many Kabbalists and Hasidic teachers Anarchists have traditionally been skeptical of and opposed to Organized religion. Anarchism and violence have become closely connected in popular thought in part because of a concept of " Propaganda of the deed " Originating in the Greek language ( αρχή "arche" means "beginning origin outset prime principle start threshold" the term "anarchy" The Amakasu Incident occurred on September 16, 1923, in the chaos immediately following the Great Kantō earthquake. Anarchist Catalonia ( July 21, 1936 – February 10, 1939) was the self-proclaimed Stateless territory and Anarchist The Anarchist Exclusion Act refers to two different acts passed by the United States Congress intended to keep immigrants that subscribed to anarchist ideas Somalia, from 1991 to present is cited as a real-world example of a Stateless society and legal system The Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations occurred on the 1st to the 4th of May 1986 in Melbourne, Australia. Barcelona May Days is a term covering the events between May 3 and May 8 1937, when factions on the Republican side of the Spanish Civil The Global Carnival Against Capital took place on Friday June 18, 1999. La Escuela Moderna ( Spanish for "The Modern School" was a progressive school that existed briefly at the start of the 20th century in Catalonia ( The Hague Congress was the Fifth congress of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA held in (September 1872) in The Hague Holland which anarchists consider The, also known as the, was a Socialist - Anarchist plot to assassinate the Japanese Emperor Meiji in 1910 leading to a mass arrest of leftists and the execution The International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam took place from 24 August to 31 August, 1907. The Kate Sharpley Library (or KSL) is a Library dedicated to anarchist texts and History. This article is about the historical event known as the Kronstadt rebellion The Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan is recognized as one of the world’s most complete collections of materials documenting the history of Anarchism LIP is a French clock company whose turmoil became emblematic of the conflicts between workers and management in France For other events in May 1968 see 1968. May Day occurs on May 1 and refers to any of several Public holidays In many countries May Day is synonymous with International Workers' Day, or Labour The Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris was a Government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally from 26 March) to 28 May Provo was a Dutch Counterculture movement in the mid-1960s that focused on provoking violent responses from authorities using non-violent bait The Red inverted triangle was the badge that political prisoners in Nazi Concentration camps had to wear The Spanish Revolution of 1936 began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. Third Russian Revolution (also know as the Left Wing Rebellions Against the Bolsheviks) was a series of Rebellions and uprisings against the Bolsheviks Tragic Week (in Catalan la Setmana Tràgica, in Spanish la Semana Trágica) ( July 25 - August 2, 1909) is the Protest activity surrounding the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999, which was to be the launch of a new millennial round of Trade negotiations occurred Anarcho-punk is a faction of the Punk subculture that consists of bands groups and individuals promoting anarchist politics Anarchism has long had an association with the Arts, particularly in music and literature Black anarchism opposes the existence of the State and the subjugation and domination of people of color and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society Celtic anarchism is a new tendency within the larger Anarchist movement A precise definition of culture jamming is elusive It has been called a Resistance movement to Cultural hegemony, whereas some say the defining theme of culture jamming DIY (or Do It Yourself culture is a broad term that refers to a wide range of Grassroots political activism Freeganism is an anti-consumerist lifestyle whereby people employ alternative living strategies based on "limited participation in the conventional economy and minimal consumption The Independent Media Center (aka Indymedia or IMC) is a global participatory network of journalists that reports on political and social issues An infoshop is a storefront or Social center that serves as a node for the distribution of Anarchist information typically in the form of books Zines, The Internationale ( L'Internationale in French) is a famous socialist, communist, and Social-democratic Jewish anarchism is a general term encompassing various expressions of Anarchism within the Jewish community Lifestyle anarchism is a term derived from Murray Bookchin 's polemical essay " Social Anarchism Or Lifestyle Anarchism An Unbridgeable Chasm. Popular education is at the crossroads between Politics and Pedagogy, and strongly relies on the democratic ideal of the Enlightenment, which considered Radical cheerleading is a form of Cheerleading that originated in Florida, but has now spread across the United States as well as Canada Radical environmentalism, is a grassroots branch of the larger Environmental movement that emerged out of an Ecocentrism -based frustration with the co-option of mainstream Squatting is the act of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied space or Building that the squatter does not own rent or otherwise have permission to use While anarchists have historically largely denied the importance of Symbols to political movement anarchists have embraced certain symbols for their cause " To The Barricades " ( A Las Barricadas) was one of the most popular songs of the Spanish anarchists during the Spanish Civil War. Anarchist economics is the set of theories and practices of economic activity within the political philosophy of Anarchism. Agorism is an anarchist Political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III that holds the ultimate goal as bringing about a society in which Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is an umbrella term embracing two Anarchist schools of thought the first school is Socialist Counter-economics is a term originally coined by Samuel Edward Konkin III, a radical Libertarian activist and theorist who defined it as " the study and/or Free-market anarchism (sometimes called market anarchism) refers to an Individualist anarchist Philosophy that harmonizes the abolition of the state with A free school, sometimes intentionally spelled free skool, is a decentralized network in which skills information and knowledge are shared without Hierarchy or the Give-away shops, freeshops, or free stores are second-hand stores where all goods are free "Georgist" redirects here For the Romanian political group see National Liberal Party-Brătianu. A gift economy is a Social theory in which goods and services are given without any explicit agreement for immediate or future Quid pro quo. Market abolitionism is a belief that the market, in the economic sense should be completely eliminated from society Mutual aid is a term in Political economy used to signify the economic concept of voluntary reciprocal exchange of resources and services for mutual benefit Mutualism, is an Anarchist school of thought, can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon that envisioned a society where each person might possess a Participatory economics, often abbreviated parecon, is a proposed Economic system that uses participatory decision making as an economic mechanism The Really Really Free Market ( RRFM) movement is a non- hierarchical collective of individuals who form a temporary Market based on an alternative Self-ownership (or sovereignty of the individual, individual sovereignty or individual autonomy) is the moral or natural right (aka Freedom of a person Social anarchism, socialist anarchism, anarcho-socialism, anarchist socialism or Communitarian anarchism,(sometimes used interchangeably with Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. Wage slavery is a term first coined by the Lowell Mill Girls in 1836 though articulated as a concept at least as early as Cicero and elaborated by subsequent thinkers Worker self-management (or autogestion) is a form of workplace decision-making in which the workers themselves agree on choices (for issues like customer care general production This is a list of anarchist movements by region, both geographical and/or political Anarchism in Africa refers both to purported anarchic political organization of some traditional African societies and to modern Anarchist movements in Africa The powerful Radical faction of Austria-Hungary 's Social Democratic Party was anarchist in all but name until 1884 and anarchist ideas penetrated deeply Anarchism was an influential contributor to the social politics of '''Brazil''''s Old Republic. Anarchism in Canada spans a range of anarchist philosophy including Anarcho-syndicalism, Individualist anarchism, green anarchy and Anarchist The origins of Chinese Anarchism are traceable to the early Chinese Nationalist movement Anarchism as a social movement in Cuba held great influence with the Working classes during the 19th and early 20th century Anarchism in France dates from the 18th century Many Anarchists such as the Egalitarians took part in the French Revolution. evolution of Anarchism in Greece has shown a series of historical paradoxes which have to do with both the insufficient historical coverage of such events as well as the distortion In India, Anarchism never took the form of formally named "anarchism" Irish Anarchism has little historical tradition before the 1970s and as a movement it only really developed from the late 1990s - although one organisation the Workers Anarchism has been an undercurrent in the politics of Palestine and Israel for over a century Italy, in particular at the turn of the 20th century had a strong Anarcho-syndicalist movement Anarchism was an influential movement in Japan in the 19th and 20th centuries Anarchism in Korea began in 1894 when Japan invaded Korea with the stated intention of protecting it from China. Pre-conquest some of the indigenous peoples of what is today Mexico had decisionmaking structures based on participation discussion and consensus hallmarks of modern anarchism The Anarchist movement in Poland developed at the end of the 19th century under the influence of anarchist ideas from Western Europe and Russia Russian anarchism is Anarchism in Russia or among Russians. Bakunin and the anarchists' exile See also Exile In 1848 Anarchism has historically gained more support and influence in Spain than anywhere else especially before Francisco Franco 's victory in the Spanish Civil War One of the first Swedish anarchists was the Swedish artist Ivan Aguéli who in 1884 was arrested and sentenced in the " Trial of the thirty " in Paris Anarchism came to the political scene in Turkey only after the publication of Kara, a monthly magazine Anarchism in Ukraine dates to the 20th century though it has roots in the peasant uprisings of Stenka Razin and Yemelyan Pugachev as well as the Zaporozhian Anarchism in the United States spans a wide range of Anarchist Philosophy, from Individualist anarchism to Anarchist communism and other less Anarchism as a Political movement in Vietnam started in the early twentieth century This is a list of Anarcho-punk bands The following is a list of notable or influential books on or relating to Anarchism, in alphabetical order by author This is a list of anarchist communities, past and present Throughout history anarchists have been involved in a wide variety of communities This is a list of Fictional anarchists; the source material in which they are found their creator(s the individual(s who interpreted them as anarchists during This is a list of Jewish Anarchists. A Yehuda Ashlag Paul Avrich B The following is a list of anarchist musicians, which details instruments such musicians utilize musical genres they perform and if applicable bands which they are members of This list uses the word Organization in its loosest sense Some of the following groups would be better categorized as networks. The following is a chronological list of noteworthy anarchist periodicals This is a list of anarchists poets, examples of their published work and the source material in which their poetry is found Anti-capitalism describes a wide variety of movements ideas and attitudes which oppose Capitalism. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and Anti-consumerism refers to the socio-political movement against Consumerism. Anti-corporate activists (see Activism) believe that the rise of large business Corporations is posing a threat to the legitimate authority of the public good " Anti-globalization " is a term that encompasses a number of related ideas Antimilitarism is a doctrine commonly found in the Anarchist and more globally in the Socialist movement which may be both characterized as Internationalist Anti- Statism refers to opposition to state intervention into personal social or economic affairs The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. Autarchism (from Greek, "belief in self rule" is a Political philosophy that upholds the principle of Individual liberty, rejects compulsory Autonomism refers to a set of Left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. The labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better Left communism is the range of communist viewpoints held by the Communist Left, which opposes the political ideas of the Bolsheviks Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Libertarian Marxism is a school of Marxism that describes itself as taking a less Authoritarian view of Marxist theory than conventional currents such as Stalinism Libertarian socialism is a group of political philosophies that aim to create a society without political economic or social hierarchies – a society in which all violent The Situationist International ( SI) was a small group of international political and artistic Agitators with roots in Marxism, Lettrism and the She believed it was necessary for anarchist thinkers to live their beliefs, demonstrating their convictions with every action and word. "I don't care if a man's theory for tomorrow is correct," she once wrote. "I care if his spirit of today is correct. "[139] Anarchism and free association were to her logical responses to the confines of government control and capitalism. "It seems to me that these are the new forms of life," she wrote, "and that they will take the place of the old, not by preaching or voting, but by living them. "[139]
At the same time, she believed that the movement on behalf of human liberty must be staffed by liberated humans. While dancing among fellow anarchists one evening, she was chided by an associate for her carefree demeanor. In her autobiography Goldman wrote:
I told him to mind his own business, I was tired of having the Cause constantly thrown in my face. I did not believe that a Cause which stood for a beautiful ideal, for anarchism, for release and freedom from conventions and prejudice, should demand denial of life and joy. I insisted that our Cause could not expect me to behave as a nun and that the movement should not be turned into a cloister. If it meant that, I did not want it. "I want freedom, the right to self-expression, everybody's right to beautiful, radiant things. "[140]
Capitalism
Goldman believed that the economic system of capitalism was inimical to human liberty. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where "The only demand that property recognizes," she wrote in Anarchism and Other Essays, "is its own gluttonous appetite for greater wealth, because wealth means power; the power to subdue, to crush, to exploit, the power to enslave, to outrage, to degrade. "[141] She also argued that capitalism dehumanized workers, "turning the producer into a mere particle of a machine, with less will and decision than his master of steel and iron. "[141]
Originally opposed to anything less than complete revolution, Goldman was challenged during one talk by an elderly worker in the front row. In her autobiography, she wrote:
He said that he understood my impatience with such small demands as a few hours less a day, or a few dollars more a week. … But what were men of his age to do? They were not likely to live to see the ultimate overthrow of the capitalist system. Were they also to forgo the release of perhaps two hours a day from the hated work? That was all they could hope to see realized in their lifetime. [29]
Goldman realized that smaller efforts for improvement such as higher wages and shorter hours could be part of a social revolution.
Tactics
Among the tactics that Goldman endorsed was targeted violence. Early in her career Goldman believed that the use of violence, while distasteful, could be effective in achieving a greater good. She advocated propaganda of the deed – attentat, or violence carried out to encourage the masses to revolt. Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a Concept that promotes physical violence against She supported her partner Alexander Berkman's attempt to kill industrialist Henry Clay Frick, and even begged him to allow her to participate. Alexander Berkman ( November 21 1870 – June 28 1936) was a Russian American writer and a leading member of the anarchist Henry Clay Frick ( December 19 1849 &ndash December 2 1919) was an American industrialist and art patron once [142] She believed that Frick's actions during the Homestead strike were reprehensible and that his murder would produce a positive result for working people. The Homestead Strike was a labor lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents "Yes," she wrote later in her autobiography, "the end in this case justified the means. "[142] While she never gave explicit approval of Leon Czolgosz's assassination of U. Leon Frank Czolgosz (Zol-gash (May 1873 Czolgosz was born in Alpena Michigan She later wrote a piece in defense of Czolgosz S. President William McKinley, she defended his ideals and believed actions like his were a natural consequence of repressive institutions. William McKinley Jr ( January 29, 1843 September 14, 1901) was the twenty-fifth President of the United States, and the last As she wrote in "The Psychology of Political Violence": "the accumulated forces in our social and economic life, culminating in an act of violence, are similar to the terrors of the atmosphere, manifested in storm and lightning. "[143]
Her experiences in Russia led her to reassess her earlier belief that revolutionary ends justified violent means. The repression and authoritarian control of the Soviet Union caused a radical shift in her perspective. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Indeed, by 1923 she had nearly reversed her position. In the afterword to My Disillusionment in Russia, she wrote: "There is no greater fallacy than the belief that aims and purposes are one thing, while methods and tactics are another. My Disillusionment in Russia is a book by Emma Goldman describing her experiences in Soviet Russia from 1920 to 1921 where she saw the aftermath of the Russian … The means employed become, through individual habit and social practice, part and parcel of the final purpose…. "[144]
Nevertheless, she viewed the state as essentially and inevitably a tool of control and domination. As a result, Goldman believed that voting was useless at best and dangerous at worst. Voting, she wrote, provided an illusion of participation while masking the true structures of decision-making. Instead, Goldman advocated targeted resistance in the form of strikes, protests, and "direct action against the invasive, meddlesome authority of our moral code". Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by Employees to perform work. [145] She maintained an anti-voting position even when many anarcho-syndicalists in 1930s Spain voted for the formation of a liberal republic. Goldman wrote that any power anarchists wielded as a voting bloc should instead be used to strike across the country. [146] She disagreed with the movement for women's suffrage, which demanded the right of women to vote. In her essay "Woman Suffrage", she ridicules the idea that women's involvement would infuse the democratic state with a more just orientation: "As if women have not sold their votes, as if women politicians cannot be bought!"[147] She agreed with the suffragists' assertion that women are equal to men, but disagreed that their participation alone would make the state more just. "To assume, therefore, that she would succeed in purifying something which is not susceptible of purification, is to credit her with supernatural powers. "[148]
Feminism
Although she was hostile to first-wave feminism and its suffragist goals, Goldman advocated passionately for the rights of women, and is today heralded as a founder of anarcha-feminism, which challenges patriarchy as a hierarchy to be resisted alongside state power and class divisions. First-wave feminism refers to a period of Feminist activity during the nineteenth and early Twentieth century in the United Kingdom and Anarcha-feminism (also called anarchist feminism and anarcho-feminism) combines Anarchism with Feminism. Patriarchy is the structuring of Society on the basis of Family units where fathers have primary responsibility for the welfare of hence authority over [149] In 1897 she wrote: "I demand the independence of woman, her right to support herself; to live for herself; to love whomever she pleases, or as many as she pleases. I demand freedom for both sexes, freedom of action, freedom in love and freedom in motherhood. "[150]
A nurse by training, she was an early advocate for educating women concerning contraception. Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent Like many contemporary feminists, she saw abortion as a tragic consequence of social conditions, and birth control as a positive alternative. An Goldman was also an advocate of free love, and a strong critic of marriage. The term free love has been used since at least the nineteenth century to describe a Social movement that rejects Marriage, which is seen as a form NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** She saw early feminists as confined in their scope and bounded by social forces of Puritanism and capitalism. A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, She wrote: "We are in need of unhampered growth out of old traditions and habits. The movement for women's emancipation has so far made but the first step in that direction. "[151][152]
Gay and lesbian rights
Goldman was also an outspoken critic of prejudice against homosexuals. BenPhelpsJPG|thumb|right|Westboro Baptist Church picket signs with Ben Phelps grandson of Fred Phelps Her belief that social liberation should extend to gays and lesbians was virtually unheard of at the time, even among anarchists. [153] As Magnus Hirschfeld wrote, "she was the first and only woman, indeed the first and only American, to take up the defense of homosexual love before the general public. Magnus Hirschfeld ( May 14, 1868 - May 14, 1935) was a German- Jewish physician sex researcher, and early Gay rights "[154] In numerous speeches and letters she defended the rights of gays and lesbians to love as they pleased and condemned the fear and stigma associated with homosexuality. As Goldman wrote in a letter to Hirschfeld, "It is a tragedy, I feel, that people of a different sexual type are caught in a world which shows so little understanding for homosexuals and is so crassly indifferent to the various gradations and variations of gender and their great significance in life. "[154]
Other issues
As an anarchist, Goldman championed numerous human rights causes, particularly the issues of free speech and prison reform. Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation. Prison reform is the attempt to improve conditions inside Prisons aiming at a more effective Penal system. Widely persecuted for her advocacy of anarchism and opposition to World War I, Goldman was active in the early 20th century free speech movement, seeing freedom of expression as a fundamental necessity for achieving social change. World War I was mainly opposed by Left-wing groups but there was also opposition by Christian Pacifist groups [155][156][157][158] Her outspoken championship of her ideals, in the face of persistent arrests, inspired Roger Baldwin, one of the founders of the American Civil Liberties Union. Roger Nash Baldwin ( January 21 1884 &ndash August 26 1981) was one of the founders of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU. The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU) consists of two separate Non-profit organizations the ACLU Foundation a 501(c(3 organization which focuses [159]
Goldman viewed crime as a natural outgrowth of an unjust economic system. In her essay "Prisons: A Social Crime and Failure", she quotes liberally from the nineteenth-century authors Fyodor Dostoevsky and Oscar Wilde, and writes: "Year after year the gates of prison hells return to the world an emaciated, deformed, will-less, shipwrecked crew of humanity, with the Cain mark on their foreheads, their hopes crushed, all their natural inclinations thwarted. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900 was an Irish Playwright, Novelist, poet and Author of With nothing but hunger and inhumanity to greet them, these victims soon sink back into crime as the only possibility of existence. "[160]
A committed atheist, Goldman viewed religion as another instrument of control and domination. Atheism Her essay "The Philosophy of Atheism" quotes Bakunin at length on the subject, and adds:
Consciously or unconsciously, most theists see in gods and devils, heaven and hell, reward and punishment, a whip to lash the people into obedience, meekness and contentment. … The philosophy of Atheism expresses the expansion and growth of the human mind. The philosophy of theism, if we can call it a philosophy, is static and fixed. Theism, in its most inclusive usage is the belief in at least one Deity. [161]
In essays like "The Hypocrisy of Puritanism" and a speech entitled "The Failure of Christianity", Goldman made more than a few enemies among religious communities by attacking their moralistic attitudes and efforts to control human behavior. She blamed Christianity for "the perpetuation of a slave society", arguing that it dictated individuals' actions on Earth and offered poor people a false promise of a plentiful future in heaven. [162] She was also critical of Zionism, which she saw as another failed experiment in state control. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the [163]
Legacy
Goldman was well-known during her life, described as—among other things—"the most dangerous woman in America". [164] After her death and through the middle part of the 20th century, her fame faded. Scholars and historians of anarchism viewed her as a great speaker and activist, but did not regard her as a philosophical or theoretical thinker on par with, for instance, Kropotkin. [165]
In 1970, Dover Press reissued Goldman's biography, Living My Life, and in 1972, feminist writer Alix Kates Shulman issued a collection of Goldman's writing and speeches, Red Emma Speaks. Dover Publications is an American book Publisher founded in 1941 by Hayward Cirker and his wife Blanche Alix Kates Shulman (b Aug 171932 is an American writer of fiction memoirs and essays as well as one of the early Radical feminist activists of feminism's Second Wave These works brought Goldman's life and writings to a larger audience, and she was in particular lionized by the women's movement of the late twentieth century. Second-wave feminism refers to a period of Feminist activity which began during the 1960s and lasted through the late 1970s In 1973 Shulman was asked by a printer friend for a quotation by Goldman for use on a t-shirt. She sent him the selection from Living My Life about "the right to self-expression, everybody's right to beautiful, radiant things"; the printer created a paraphrase that has become one of Goldman's most famous quotations, even though she herself probably never said or wrote it: "If I can't dance I don't want to be in your revolution. "[166] Variations of this saying have appeared on thousands of t-shirts, buttons, posters, bumper stickers, coffee mugs, hats, and other items. [167] Although the words are not explicitly Goldman's own, they capture the spirit of her belief in personal liberty and self-expression.
The women's movement of the 1970s that "rediscovered" Goldman was accompanied by a resurgent anarchist movement, beginning in the late 1960s, which also reinvigorated scholarly attention to earlier anarchists. The growth of feminism also initiated some reevaluation of Goldman's philosophical work, with scholars pointing out the significance of Goldman's contributions to anarchist thought in her time. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Goldman's belief in the value of aesthetics, for example, can be seen in the later influences of anarchism and the arts. Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called Anarchism has long had an association with the Arts, particularly in music and literature Similarly, Goldman is now given credit for significantly influencing and broadening the scope of anarchist activism to sexual liberty, reproductive rights, and freedom of expression. [168]
Goldman has been depicted in numerous works of fiction over the years, perhaps most notably by Maureen Stapleton, who won an Academy Award for her role as Goldman in Reds. Lois Maureen Stapleton ( June 21, 1925 &ndash March 13, 2006) was an American Academy Award -winning actress "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. Reds is a 1981 film starring Warren Beatty and Diane Keaton. It centers on the life of John Reed, the Communist, journalist Plays depicting Goldman's life include Howard Zinn's Emma;[169] Martin Duberman's Mother Earth (1991);[170] Jessica Litwak's Emma Goldman: Love, Anarchy, and Other Affairs (Goldman's relationship with Berkman and her arrest in connection with McKinley's assassination); Lynn Rogoff's Love Ben, Love Emma (Goldman's relationship with Reitman);[171] and Carol Bolt's Red Emma. Howard Zinn (born August 24 1922 is an American Historian, political scientist, social critic, activist and Playwright, best known Emma (or Emma A Play in Two Acts about Emma Goldman American Anarchist, its full title is a play by historian and playwright Howard Zinn. Martin Bauml Duberman (b August 6, 1930) is an American historian playwright and gay-rights activist Lynn Rogoff is an American film and Television producer, and stage Playwright, theatre director and professor Carol Bolt ( August 25, 1941 – November 28, 2000) was a Canadian playwright [172] Ethel Mannin's 1941 novel Red Rose is also based on Goldman's Life. Ethel Edith Mannin (1900 – 1984 was a popular British novelist and travel writer [173]
Goldman has been honored by a number of organizations named in her memory. The Emma Goldman Clinic, a women's health center located in Iowa City, Iowa selected Goldman as a namesake "in recognition of her challenging spirit. Iowa City is a city in Johnson County, Iowa, United States. It is the principal city of the Iowa City Iowa Metropolitan Statistical Area which "[174] Red Emma's Bookstore Coffeehouse, an infoshop in Baltimore, Maryland adopted her name out of their belief "in the ideas and ideals that she fought for her entire life: free speech, sexual and racial equality and independence, the right to organize in our jobs and in our own lives, ideas and ideals that we continue to fight for, even today". Red Emma's Bookstore Coffeehouse is a radical Infoshop located in Baltimore Maryland, USA and run by a worker-owner Collective. An infoshop is a storefront or Social center that serves as a node for the distribution of Anarchist information typically in the form of books Zines, [175] The Emma Goldman Cooperative House in Madison, Wisconsin (part of the Madison Community Cooperative) also adopted her name, describing itself as "committed to advocating a sustainable and socially just society". Madison is the capital of the US state of Wisconsin and the County seat of Dane County. Madison Community Cooperative, or MCC, is an umbrella organization composed of close to a dozen Housing cooperatives in Madison Wisconsin with around 200 [176]
Works
Goldman was a prolific author, penning countless pamphlets and articles on a diverse range of subjects. She also authored six books, including her autobiography, Living My Life, and a biography of fellow anarchist Voltairine de Cleyre. Living My Life is the 993-page autobiography of Lithuanian -born Anarchist Emma Goldman, published in two volumes in 1931 ( Alfred A Voltairine de Cleyre ( November 17 1866 June 20 1912) was according to Emma Goldman, "the most gifted and brilliant
Books by Goldman
- Anarchism and Other Essays. Anarchism & Other Essays is a book by the Feminist Anarchist Emma Goldman, published in 1911 New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association, 1910.
- The Social Significance of the Modern Drama. The Social Significance of the Modern Drama is a 1914 treatise by Emma Goldman on political implications of significant playwrights in the late nineteenth and early twentieth Boston: Gorham Press, 1914.
- My Disillusionment in Russia. My Disillusionment in Russia is a book by Emma Goldman describing her experiences in Soviet Russia from 1920 to 1921 where she saw the aftermath of the Russian Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page and Co. , 1923.
- My Further Disillusionment in Russia. My Further Disillusionment in Russia is a 1924 non-fiction book by Emma Goldman, her continuation of My Disillusionment in Russia, the original Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page and Co. , 1924.
- Living My Life. Living My Life is the 993-page autobiography of Lithuanian -born Anarchist Emma Goldman, published in two volumes in 1931 ( Alfred A New York: Knopf, 1931.
- Voltairine de Cleyre. Berkeley Heights, N. J. : Oriole Press, 1932.
Edited collections
- Red Emma Speaks: Selected Writings and Speeches. New York: Random House, 1972. ISBN 0-394-47095-8
- Emma Goldman: A Documentary History Of The American Years, Volume 1 - Made for America, 1890-1901. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. ISBN 0-520-08670-8.
- Emma Goldman: A Documentary History Of The American Years, Volume 2 - Making Speech Free, 1902-1909. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. ISBN 0-520-22569-4.
Notes
- ^ Streitmatter, Rodger (2001). Voices of Revolution: The Dissident Press in America. New York: Columbia University Press, 122–134. Columbia University Press is a University press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University. ISBN 0-231-12249-7.
- ^ Goldman, Living, p. 24.
- ^ a b c Goldman, Living, p. 447.
- ^ Drinnon, Rebel, p. 5.
- ^ The order of birth is unclear; Wexler (in Intimate, p. 13) notes that although Goldman writes of herself as her mother's fourth child, her brother Louis (who died at the age of six) was probably born after her.
- ^ Chalberg, p. 13.
- ^ Drinnon, Rebel, p. 12.
- ^ Goldman, Living, p. 11.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, p. 12.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, pp. 13–14.
- ^ Goldman, Living, p. 20.
- ^ Goldman, Living, p. 28.
- ^ Drinnon, Rebel, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Chalberg, p. 15.
- ^ Goldman, Living, p. 12.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, pp. 23–26.
- ^ a b Chalberg, p. 16.
- ^ Goldman, Living, p. 22.
- ^ Falk, Love, p. 14.
- ^ a b Goldman, Living, p. 23.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, p. 27.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, pp. 30–31.
- ^ Falk, Love, pp. 15–16.
- ^ Drinnon, Rebel, pp. 15–17.
- ^ Chalberg, p. 27.
- ^ Chalberg, pp. 27–28.
- ^ Goldman, Living, p. 40.
- ^ Goldman, Living, p. 51.
- ^ a b Goldman, Living, p. 52.
- ^ Goldman, Living, p. 54.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, p. 53.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, p. 57.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, pp. 57–58.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, pp. 61–62.
- ^ Quoted in Wexler, Intimate, p. 63.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, pp. 63–65.
- ^ a b Goldman, Living, p. 91.
- ^ Drinnon, Rebel, p. 45.
- ^ Chalberg, pp. 42–43; Falk, Love, p. 25; Wexler, Intimate, p. 65.
- ^ "Alexander Berkman, the Anarchist, to Be Deported; Case of Emma Goldman Now Up for Decision", The New York Times, November 26, 1919.
- ^ Goldman, Living, p. 106.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, p. 65.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, pp. 65–66.
- ^ Quoted in Wexler, Intimate, p. 66.
- ^ "Panic of 1893". Ohio History Central. Ohio Historical Society, 2007. Retrieved on 18 December 2007. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Quoted in Chalberg, p. 46.
- ^ Goldman, Living, p. 123.
- ^ Drinnon, Rebel, pp. 58–59.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, p. 76.
- ^ Drinnon, Rebel, p. 57.
- ^ Nellie Bly, "Nelly Bly Again: She Interviews Emma Goldman and Other Anarchists", New York World, September 17, 1893. Nellie Bly (May 5 1864 &ndash January 27 1922 was an American journalist author Industrialist, and charity worker The New York World was a Newspaper published in New York from 1860 until 1931 Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
- ^ Drinnon, Rebel, p. 60.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, p. 78.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, pp. 78–79.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, pp. 84–89.
- ^ Chalberg, pp. 65–66.
- ^ Drinnon, Rebel, p. 68.
- ^ Chalberg, p. 73.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, p. 104.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, pp. 103–104.
- ^ Goldman, Living, p. 300.
- ^ Quoted in Chalberg, p. 76.
- ^ Drinnon, Rebel, p. 74.
- ^ a b Chalberg, p. 78.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, pp. 106–112.
- ^ Quoted in Chalberg, p. 81.
- ^ Goldman, Living, p. 318.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, p. 115.
- ^ Chalberg, pp. 84–87.
- ^ Quoted in Chalberg, p. 87.
- ^ Goldman, Living, p. 377.
- ^ Chalberg, pp. 88–91.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, pp. 121–130.
- ^ Goldman, Living, p. 384.
- ^ Chalberg, p. 94.
- ^ Drinnon, Rebel, pp. 97–98.
- ^ Quoted in Goldman, Living, p. 391.
- ^ Drinnon, Rebel, p. 98.
- ^ Chalberg, p. 97.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, pp. 135–137.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, p. 166.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, p. 168.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, pp. 140–147.
- ^ a b Goldman, Anarchism, p. 49.
- ^ Quoted in Wexler, Intimate, p. 210.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, pp. 211–215.
- ^ Drinnon, Rebel, pp. 186–187; Wexler, Intimate, p. 230.
- ^ Berkman, p. 151
- ^ Drinnon, Rebel, pp. 186–187.
- ^ Chalberg, p. 129.
- ^ a b "Emma Goldman and A. Berkman Behind the Bars", The New York Times, June 16, 1917. Retrieved on 2007-12-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila
- ^ Quoted in Wexler, Intimate, p. 232.
- ^ Quoted in Chalberg, p. 134.
- ^ Shaw, Francis H. (July 1964). "The Trials of Emma Goldman, Anarchist". The Review of Politics 26 (3): 444–445. “Prosecuted under the Espionage Act of 1917 for obstructing the draft, Emma Goldman. . . ”
- ^ Trial and Speeches of Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman in the United States District Court, in the City of New York, July, 1917 (New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association, 1917).
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, p. 235–244.
- ^ Quoted in Chalberg, p. 141.
- ^ Chalberg, pp. 141–142.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, p. 253–263.
- ^ Quoted in Drinnon, Rebel, p. 215.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, pp. 266–274.
- ^ Quoted in Wexler, Intimate, p. 243.
- ^ Quoted in Wexler, Exile, p. 17.
- ^ Quoted in Chalberg, p. 150.
- ^ Quoted in Drinnon, Rebel, p. 235.
- ^ Drinnon, Rebel, pp. 236–237.
- ^ Quoted in Drinnon, Rebel, p. 237.
- ^ Wexler, Exile, pp. 47–49.
- ^ Wexler, Exile, pp. 56–58.
- ^ Chalberg, pp. 161–162.
- ^ Quoted in Wexler, Exile, p. 96.
- ^ Falk, Love, pp. 209–210.
- ^ Quoted in Wexler, Exile, p. 111.
- ^ Wexler, Exile, p. 115.
- ^ Quoted in Chalberg, p. 164.
- ^ Wexler, Exile, p. 122.
- ^ Wexler, Exile, p. 135.
- ^ Chalberg, pp. 165–166.
- ^ Wexler, Exile, p. 154.
- ^ Wexler, Exile, pp. 158–164.
- ^ Drinnon, Rebel, pp. 298–300.
- ^ Drinnon, Rebel, pp. 301–302.
- ^ Quoted in Wexler, p. 232.
- ^ Quoted in Drinnon, Rebel, p. 303.
- ^ Wexler, Exile, p. 205.
- ^ Quoted in Wexler, Exile, p. 209.
- ^ Wexler, Exile, pp. 209–210.
- ^ Quoted in Wexler, Exile, p. 216.
- ^ Wexler, Exile, p. 222.
- ^ Quoted in Wexler, p. 226.
- ^ Both quoted in Wexler, Exile, p. 232.
- ^ a b Quoted in Wexler, Exile, p. 236.
- ^ Quoted in Wexler, Exile, p. 240.
- ^ Wexler, pp. 240–241.
- ^ "Emma Goldman, Anarchist, Dead. Internationally Known Figure, Deported From The U.S., Is Stricken In Toronto. Disillusioned By Soviets Opposed Lenin And Trotsky As Betrayers Of Socialism Through Despotism.", The New York Times, May 14, 1940. Retrieved on 2008-04-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. "Emma Goldman, internationally known anarchist, died early today at her home here after an illness of several months. She was 70 years old. "
- ^ Drinnon, Rebel, pp. 312–313.
- ^ Goldman, Living, 194.
- ^ Goldman, Anarchism, p. 62.
- ^ a b Quoted in Wexler, Intimate, p. 92.
- ^ Goldman, Living, p. 56.
- ^ a b Goldman, Anarchism, p. 54.
- ^ a b Goldman, Living, p. 88.
- ^ Goldman, Anarchism, p. 79.
- ^ Goldman, Disillusionment, pp. 260–261.
- ^ Wexler, Intimate, p. 91.
- ^ Wexler, Exile, p. 167.
- ^ Goldman, Anarchism, p. 205.
- ^ Goldman, Anarchism, p. 198.
- ^ Marshall, p. 409.
- ^ Quoted in Wexler, Intimate, p. 94.
- ^ Goldman, Anarchism, p. 224.
- ^ See generally Haaland; Goldman, "The Traffic in Women"; Goldman, "On Love".
- ^ (1992) Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U. S. A. . New York City: Penguin Books, 376–380.
- ^ a b Goldman, Emma (1923). "Offener Brief an den Herausgeber der Jahrbücher über Louise Michel" with a preface by Magnus Hirschfeld. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 23: 70. Translated from German by James Steakley. Goldman's original letter in English is not known to be extant.
- ^ See generally Living My Life.
- ^ See Geoffrey R. Stone, Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime, From the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism (2004), pp. 139–152 (discussing persecution of Goldman and other anti-war activists, and the passage of the Espionage Act of 1917). The Espionage Act of 1917 was a United States federal law passed shortly after entering World War I on June 15 1917 which made it a Crime for a person
- ^ Falk, Volume 2 - Making Speech Free.
- ^ David M. Rabban, Free Speech In Its Forgotten Years (1997).
- ^ Christopher M. Finan, From the Palmer Raids to the Patriot Act: A History of the Fight for Free Speech in America, p. 18.
- ^ Goldman, Anarchism, p. 120.
- ^ Goldman, Emma (February 1916). "The Philosophy of Atheism". Mother Earth.
- ^ Goldman, "The Failure of Christianity". Mother Earth, April 1913.
- ^ Wexler, Exile, p. 41.
- ^ Avrich, Paul (2006). Paul Avrich ( August 4, 1931 - February 16, 2006) was a professor and Historian. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America. AK Press, 45. AK Press is a collectively owned and operated independent Publisher and book distributor that specialises in ISBN 1904859275.
- ^ Marshall, pp. 396–401.
- ^ Shulman, Alix Kates. Alix Kates Shulman (b Aug 171932 is an American writer of fiction memoirs and essays as well as one of the early Radical feminist activists of feminism's Second Wave "Dances with Feminists". Women's Review of Books, Vol. IX, no. 3. December 1991. Available at the Emma Goldman Papers. Retrieved on 13 December 2007. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Wexler, Exile, p. 1.
- ^ Marshall, pp. 408–409.
- ^ Zinn, Howard (2002). Howard Zinn (born August 24 1922 is an American Historian, political scientist, social critic, activist and Playwright, best known Emma: A Play in Two Acts about Emma Goldman, American Anarchist. South End Press. South End Press is a Non-profit Book publisher which is run on a model of Participatory economics, and was founded in 1977 by Michael ISBN 089608664X.
- ^ Duberman, Martin (1991). Martin Bauml Duberman (b August 6, 1930) is an American historian playwright and gay-rights activist Mother Earth: An Epic Drama of Emma Goldman's Life. St. Martin's Press. St Martin's Press is a book publisher headquartered in the iconic Flatiron Building in New York City. ISBN 031205954X.
- ^ Lynn Rogoff at doollee. com: The Playwrights Database
- ^ Wexler, Exile, p. 249.
- ^ Mannin, Ethel (1941). Ethel Edith Mannin (1900 – 1984 was a popular British novelist and travel writer Red Rose: A Novel Based on the Life of Emma Goldman ('Red Emma'). Jarrolds.
- ^ "About Us". The Emma Goldman Clinic. 2007. Retrieved on 15 December 2007. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Red Emma's Bookstore Coffeehouse : About : Who is Red Emma?. Red Emma's Bookstore Coffeehouse. Red Emma's Bookstore Coffeehouse is a radical Infoshop located in Baltimore Maryland, USA and run by a worker-owner Collective. Retrieved on 2008-02-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the
- ^ "Emma Goldman Cooperative House". Online at Madison Community Cooperative. Madison Community Cooperative, or MCC, is an umbrella organization composed of close to a dozen Housing cooperatives in Madison Wisconsin with around 200 Retrieved on 15 December 2007. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
References
- Avrich, Paul. Paul Avrich ( August 4, 1931 - February 16, 2006) was a professor and Historian. The Haymarket Tragedy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. The Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University. ISBN 0-691-04711-1.
- Berkman, Alexander. Alexander Berkman ( November 21 1870 – June 28 1936) was a Russian American writer and a leading member of the anarchist Life of an Anarchist: The Alexander Berkman Reader. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows Press, 1992. ISBN 1-888363-17-7.
- Chalberg, John. Emma Goldman: American Individualist. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc., 1991. HarperCollins is a Publishing company owned by News Corporation. ISBN 0-673-52102-8.
- Drinnon, Richard. Rebel in Paradise: A Biography of Emma Goldman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. The University of Chicago Press is the largest University press in the United States OCLC 266217. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
- Drinnon, Richard and Anna Maria, eds. Nowhere At Home: Letters from Exile of Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. New York: Schocken Books, 1975. Schocken Books ( Schocken Verlag) is a Publishing company that was established in Berlin with a publishing office in Prague in 1931 by the OCLC 1055309. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
- Falk, Candace, et al. Emma Goldman: A Documentary History Of The American Years, Volume 1 - Made for America, 1890-1901. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. University of California Press, also known as UC Press, is a Publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in Academic ISBN 0-520-08670-8.
- Falk, Candace, et al. Emma Goldman: A Documentary History Of The American Years, Volume 2 - Making Speech Free, 1902-1909. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. University of California Press, also known as UC Press, is a Publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in Academic ISBN 0-520-22569-4.
- Falk, Candace Serena. Love, Anarchy, and Emma Goldman. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990. Rutgers University Press is a nonprofit Academic publishing house operating in Piscataway New Jersey under the auspices of Rutgers University. ISBN 0-8135-1512-2.
- Glassgold, Peter, ed. Anarchy! An Anthology of Emma Goldman's Mother Earth. Washington, D. C. : Counterpoint, 2001. ISBN 1-58243-040-3.
- Goldman, Emma. Anarchism and Other Essays. 3rd ed. 1917. New York: Dover Publications Inc. Dover Publications is an American book Publisher founded in 1941 by Hayward Cirker and his wife Blanche , 1969. ISBN 0-486-22484-8.
- Goldman, Emma. Living My Life. 1931. New York: Dover Publications Inc. Dover Publications is an American book Publisher founded in 1941 by Hayward Cirker and his wife Blanche , 1970. ISBN 0-486-22543-7.
- Goldman, Emma. My Disillusionment in Russia. 1923. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1970. OCLC 76645. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
- Goldman, Emma. Red Emma Speaks. ed. Alix Kates Shulman. Alix Kates Shulman (b Aug 171932 is an American writer of fiction memoirs and essays as well as one of the early Radical feminist activists of feminism's Second Wave New York: Random House, 1972. Random House Inc is the world's largest English-language general trade book publisher ISBN 0-394-47095-8.
- Goldman, Emma. The Social Significance of Modern Drama. 1914. New York: Applause Theatre Book Publishers, 1987. ISBN 0-936839-61-9.
- Goldman, Emma. The Traffic in Women, and Other Essays on Feminism. Albion, CA: Times Change Press, 1970. ISBN 0-878-10001-6.
- Goldman, Emma. The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation. New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association, 1906. OCLC 15865931
- Goldman, Emma. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose Vision on Fire: Emma Goldman on the Spanish Revolution. ed. David Porter. New Paltz, NY: Commonground Press, 1983. ISBN 0-9610348-2-3.
- Haaland, Bonnie. Emma Goldman: Sexuality and the Impurity of the State. Montréal, New York, London: Black Rose Books, 1993. ISBN 1-895431-64-6.
- Marsh, Margaret S. Anarchist Women 1870-1920. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981. Temple University Press is a University press publishing house that is part of Temple University, Philadelphia Pennsylvania. ISBN 0-877-22202-9.
- Marshall, Peter. Peter Marshall (born 23 August 1946, Bognor Regis, England) is an English philosopher historian biographer travel writer and poet Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: HarperCollins, 1992. HarperCollins is a Publishing company owned by News Corporation. ISBN 0-00-217855-9.
- Moritz, Theresa. The World's Most Dangerous Woman: A New Biography of Emma Goldman. Vancouver: Subway Books, 2001. ISBN 0-9681660-7-5.
- Solomon, Martha. Emma Goldman. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1987. ISBN 0-8057-7494-7.
- Weiss, Penny A. and Loretta Kensinger, eds. Feminist Interpretations of Emma Goldman. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007. The Penn State University Press, also called Penn State Press was established in 1956 and is a non-profit Publisher of scholarly books and journals ISBN 0271029765.
- Wexler, Alice. Emma Goldman: An Intimate Life. New York: Pantheon Books, 1984. Pantheon Books is an American imprint with Editorial independence that is part of the Knopf Publishing Group which was acquired by Random House ISBN 0-394-52975-8. Republished as Emma Goldman in America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1984. ISBN 0-8070-7000-3.
- Wexler, Alice. Emma Goldman in Exile: From the Russian Revolution to the Spanish Civil War. Boston: Beacon Press, 1989. ISBN 0-8070-7004-1.
External links
- Works by Emma Goldman at Project Gutenberg
- Emma Goldman Papers Project at UC Berkeley
- Emma Goldman entry at the Anarchy Archives
- My Disillusionment in Russia by Emma Goldman
- Emma Goldman "Women of Valor" exhibit at the Jewish Women's Archive
- Extracts from My Further Disillusionment with Russia (1924)
- Emma Goldman Papers. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley The Anarchy Archives project is a self-described online research center on the history and theory of Anarchism.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Goldman, Emma |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Red Emma |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Lithuanian-born American anarchist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 27 June 1869 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Kaunas, Lithuania |
| DATE OF DEATH | 14 May 1940 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Toronto, Canada |
Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Kaunas ( ˈkoʊnəs is the second largest City in Lithuania and a former temporary capital. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page
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