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"Disaster Relief" redirects here. For an episode of The West Wing TV series, see Disaster Relief (The West Wing). " Disaster Relief " is episode 94 of The West Wing. Plot A national emergency is declared by Bartlet in light of a killer Tornado

Emergency management (or disaster management) is the discipline of dealing with and avoiding risks. [1] It is a discipline that involves preparing for disaster before it happens, disaster response (e. g. emergency evacuation, quarantine, mass decontamination, etc. For other uses see Quarantine (disambiguation Quarantine is voluntary or compulsory isolation typically to contain the spread of something Mass decontamination (abbreviated mass decon ), as well as supporting, and rebuilding society after natural or human-made disasters have occurred. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions A natural hazard or geophysical hazards is a threat of an event that will have a negative effect on people or the environment A disaster is the impact of a natural or human-made hazard that negatively affects society or environment. In general, any Emergency management is the continuous process by which all individuals, groups, and communities manage hazards in an effort to avoid or ameliorate the impact of disasters resulting from the hazards. Actions taken depend in part on perceptions of risk of those exposed. Risk is a Concept that denotes the precise probability of specific eventualities [2] Effective emergency management relies on thorough integration of emergency plans at all levels of government and non-government involvement. Activities at each level (individual, group, community) affect the other levels. It is common to place the responsibility for governmental emergency management with the institutions for civil defense or within the conventional structure of the emergency services. Civil defense or civil defence (see spelling differences) is an effort to prepare Civilians for Military attack Emergency services are organizations which ensure Public safety by addressing different emergencies In the private sector, emergency management is sometimes referred to as business continuity planning. Business Continuity Planning ( BCP) is an Interdisciplinary Concept used to create and validate a practiced Logistical Plan for how

Emergency Management is one of a number of terms which, since the end of the Cold War, have largely replaced Civil defense, whose original focus was protecting civilians from military attack. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Modern thinking focuses on a more general intent to protect the civilian population in times of peace as well as in times of war. Another current term, Civil Protection is widely used within the European Union and refers to government-approved systems and resources whose task is to protect the civilian population, primarily in the event of natural and human-made disasters. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Within EU countries the term Crisis Management emphasises the political and security dimension rather than measures to satisfy the immediate needs of the civilian population. Crisis management A crisis is a major unpredictable event that threatens to harm an organization and its stakeholders The academic trend is towards using the more comprehensive term disaster risk reduction, particularly for emergency management in a development management context. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR is a term used for techniques focus on preventing or minimising the effects of disasters

==Phases and professional activities== The nature of emergency management is highly dependent on economic and social conditions local to the emergency, or disaster. This is true to the extent that some disaster relief experts such as Fred Cuny have noted that in a sense the only real disasters are economic. Frederick C Cuny (born November 14, 1944 in New Haven, Connecticut) was an American Disaster relief specialist who was [3] Experts, such as Cuny, have long noted that the cycle of emergency management must include long-term work on infrastructure, public awareness, and even human justice issues. This is particularly important in developing nations. The process of emergency management involves four phases: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.

A graphic representation of the four phases in emergency management.
A graphic representation of the four phases in emergency management.

Mitigation

Mitigation efforts attempt to prevent hazards from developing into disasters altogether, or to reduce the effects of disasters when they occur. The mitigation phase differs from the other phases because it focuses on long-term measures for reducing or eliminating risk. [1] The implementation of mitigation strategies can be considered a part of the recovery process if applied after a disaster occurs. [1] However, even if applied as part of recovery efforts, actions that reduce or eliminate risk over time are still considered mitigation efforts. [1]

Mitigative measures can be structural or non-structural. Structural measures use technological solutions, like flood levees. Non-structural measures include legislation, land-use planning (e. g. the designation of nonessential land like parks to be used as flood zones), and insurance. Mitigation is the most cost-efficient method for reducing the impact of hazards. However, mitigation is not always suitable and structural mitigation in particular may have adverse effects on the ecosystem. An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants animals and micro-organisms( Biotic factors in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical (

A precursor activity to the mitigation is the identification of risks. Risk is a Concept that denotes the precise probability of specific eventualities Physical risk assessment refers to the process of identifying and evaluating hazards. [1] In risk assessment, various hazards (e. g. earthquakes, floods, riots) within a certain area are identified. Each hazard poses a risk to the population within the area assessed. [2] The hazard-specific risk (Rh) combines both the probability and the level of impact of a specific hazard. The equation below gives that the hazard times the populations’ vulnerability to that hazard produce a risk. Catastrophe modeling tools are used to support the calculation. This article refers to the use of computers to estimate losses caused by disasters The higher the risk, the more urgent that the hazard specific vulnerabilities are targeted by mitigation and preparedness efforts. However, if there is no vulnerability there will be no risk, e. g. an earthquake occurring in a desert where nobody lives.

\mathbf{R_h} = \mathbf{H} \times \mathbf{V_h} \,

Preparedness

In the preparedness phase, emergency managers develop plans of action for when the disaster strikes. Common preparedness measures include the

An efficient preparedness measure is an emergency operations center (EOC) combined with a practiced region-wide doctrine for managing emergencies. In a Military context the chain of command is the line of authority and responsibility along which orders are passed within a Military unit and between different An emergency population warning is a method whereby local regional or national authorities can contact members of the public en masse to warn them of an impending emergency Emergency shelters are places (such as Najidah) for people to live temporarily when they can't live in their previous residence similar to Homeless shelters The Emergency evacuation is the movement of people from a dangerous place due to the threat or occurrence of a disastrous event A stockpile is a pile or storage location for bulk materials forming part of the Bulk materials handling process An Emergency Operations Center, or EOC, is a central command and control facility responsible for carrying out the principles of Emergency preparedness and Another preparedness measure is to develop a volunteer response capability among civilian populations. Since, volunteer response is not as predictable and planable as professional response, volunteers are most effectively deployed on the periphery of an emergency.

Another aspect of preparedness is casualty prediction, the study of how many deaths or injuries to expect for a given kind of event. Casualty prediction is the science of predicting the number of deaths or injuries that may result from an Epidemic, Natural disaster or act of war such as the explosion This gives planners an idea of what resources need to be in place to respond to a particular kind of event.

Response

The response phase includes the mobilization of the necessary emergency services and first responders in the disaster area. Emergency services are organizations which ensure Public safety by addressing different emergencies A disaster area is a region or a locale heavily damaged by either natural hazards such as Tornadoes, Hurricanes, Tsunamis, Floods, This is likely to include a first wave of core emergency services, such as firefighters, police and ambulance crews. Firefighters are rescuers extensively trained primarily to put out hazardous Fires that threaten civilian populations and property to rescue people from car accidents collapsed Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force An ambulance is a Vehicle for transporting sick or injured people to from or between places of treatment for an Illness or Injury. They may be supported by a number of secondary emergency services, such as specialist rescue teams.

In addition volunteers and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as the local Red Cross branch or St. John Ambulance may provide immediate practical assistance, from first aid provision to providing tea and coffee. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated St John Ambulance, branded as St John in some territories is a common name used by a number of affiliated organizations in different countries dedicated to the teaching and First aid is the provision of initial care for an Illness or Injury. A well rehearsed emergency plan developed as part of the preparedness phase enables efficient coordination of rescue efforts. [4] Emergency plan rehearsal is essential to achieve optimal output with limited resources. In the response phase, medical assets will be used in accordance with the appropriate triage of the affected victims. Triage (ˈtriːɑːʒ is a process of prioritizing patients based on the severity of their condition so as to treat as many as possible when resources are insufficient for all

Where required, search and rescue efforts commence at an early stage. For the TV series of this title see Search and Rescue (TV series. Depending on injuries sustained by the victim, outside temperature, and victim access to air and water, the vast majority of those affected by a disaster will die within 72 hours after impact. [5] Bold text Individuals are often compelled to volunteer directly after a disaster. Volunteers can be both a help and a hindrance to emergency management and other relief agencies.

Recovery

The aim of the recovery phase is to restore the affected area to its previous state. It differs from the response phase in its focus; recovery efforts are concerned with issues and decisions that must be made after immediate needs are addressed. [1] Recovery efforts are primarily concerned with actions that involve rebuilding destroyed property, re-employment, and the repair of other essential infrastructure. [1] An important aspect of effective recovery efforts is taking advantage of a ‘window of opportunity’[4] for the implementation of mitigative measures that might otherwise be unpopular. Citizens of the affected area are more likely to accept more mitigative changes when a recent disaster is in fresh memory.

In the United States, the National Response Plan dictates how the resources provided by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 will be used in recovery efforts. The National Response Plan is the United States national plan to respond to emergencies such as terrorist attacks or natural disasters The Homeland Security Act (HSA of 2002, Pub L No 107-296 116 Stat [1] It is the Federal government that often provides the most technical and financial assistance for recovery efforts in the United States. [1]'Bold text'

Phases and personal activities

Mitigation

Personal mitigation is mainly about knowing and avoiding unnecessary risks. This includes an assessment of possible risks to personal/family health and to personal property.

One example of mitigation would be to avoid buying property that is exposed to hazards, e. g. in a flood plain, in areas of subsidence or landslides. ||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||}A floodplain, or flood plain, is flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a Stream or River that experiences occasional or periodic In Geology, Engineering, and Surveying, subsidence is the motion of a surface (usually the Earth's surface as it shifts downward relative to A landslide is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement such as rock falls deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows which can occur Homeowners may not be aware of a property being exposed to a hazard until it strikes. However, specialists can be hired to conduct risk identification and assessment surveys. Purchase of insurance covering the most prominent identified risks is a common measure.

Personal structural mitigation in earthquake prone areas includes installation of an Earthquake Valve to instantly shut off the natural gas supply to a property, seismic retrofits of property and the securing of items inside a building to enhance household seismic safety. An earthquake valve or seismic valve is an automatic way to shut off the low pressure regulated gas supply to a structure during a major Earthquake and/or if a pipe is broken See also Earthquake engineering Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, Contributions of photographs related to details of preparation are needed The latter may include the mounting of furniture, refrigerators, water heaters and breakables to the walls, and the addition of cabinet latches. A refrigerator (often called a " fridge " for short is a cooling appliance comprising a thermally insulated compartment and a Heat pump - Water heating is a thermodynamic process using an energy source to heat Water above its initial Temperature. In flood prone areas houses can be built on poles, as in much of southern Asia. In areas prone to prolonged electricity black-outs installation of a generator would be an example of an optimal structural mitigation measure. A power outage (also known as power cut, power failure, power loss, or blackout) is the loss of the Electricity supply to an In Electricity generation, an electrical generator is a device that converts Mechanical energy to Electrical energy, generally using Electromagnetic The construction of storm cellars and fallout shelters are further examples of personal mitigative actions. Storm cellars are underground structures that are either located below buildings or are built underground near houses or other such buildings A fallout shelter is an enclosed space specially designed to protect occupants from radioactive debris or fallout resulting from a Nuclear explosion.

Preparedness

See also hurricane preparedness and earthquake preparedness

Unlike mitigation activities, which are aimed at preventing a disaster from occurring, personal preparedness focuses on preparing equipment and procedures for use when a disaster occurs, i. Hurricane preparedness includes actions taken before a Tropical cyclone strikes to mitigate the damage and personal danger such storms can cause Earthquake preparedness refers to a variety of measures designed to help individuals businesses and local and state governments in earthquake prone areas to prepare for significant earthquakes e. planning. Preparedness measures can take many forms including the construction of shelters, installation of warning devices, creation of back-up life-line services (e. g. power, water, sewage), and rehearsing evacuation plans. Two simple measures can help prepare the individual for sitting out the event or evacuating, as necessary. For evacuation, a disaster supplies kit may be prepared and for sheltering purposes a stockpile of supplies may be created. A survival kit is a package of basic tools and supplies prepared in advance as an aid to survival in an emergency The preparation of a survival kit, commonly referred to as a "72-hour kit", is often advocated by authorities. These kits may include food, medicine, flashlights, candles and money. [6]

Response

The response phase of an emergency may commence with search and rescue but in all cases the focus will quickly turn to fulfilling the basic humanitarian needs of the affected population. For the TV series of this title see Search and Rescue (TV series. Humanitarianism is an active belief in Humanism (the idea of the value of human life whereby Humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans The basic needs approach is one of the major approaches to the measurement of Absolute poverty. This assistance may be provided by national or international agencies and organisations. Effective coordination of disaster assistance is often crucial, particularly when many organisations respond and local emergency management agency (LEMA) capacity has been exceeded by the demand or diminished by the disaster itself.

On a personal level the response can take the shape either of a home confinement or an evacuation. In Justice and Law, house arrest (also called home confinement, home detention, or electronic monitoring) is a measure by which Emergency evacuation is the movement of people from a dangerous place due to the threat or occurrence of a disastrous event In a home confinement a family would be prepared to fend for themselves in their home for many days without any form of outside support. In an evacuation, a family leaves the area by automobile (or other mode of transportation) taking with them the maximum amount of supplies they can carry, possibly including a tent for shelter. Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another If mechanical transportation is not available, evacuation on foot would ideally include carrying at least three days of supplies and rain-tight bedding, a tarpaulin and a bedroll of blankets being the minimum. A tarpaulin or tarp is a large sheet of strong flexible Water resistant or Waterproof material often Cloth such as Canvas or polyester

Recovery

The recovery phase starts after the immediate threat to human life has subsided. During reconstruction it is recommended to consider the location or construction material of the property.

The most extreme home confinement scenarios include war, famine and severe epidemics and may last a year or more. A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any Faunal species which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional Malnutrition, Starvation In Epidemiology, an epidemic (from Greek epi- upon + demos people is a classification of a disease that appears as new cases in a Then recovery will take place inside the home. Planners for these events usually buy bulk foods and appropriate storage and preparation equipment, and eat the food as part of normal life. A simple balanced diet can be constructed from vitamin pills, whole-meal wheat, beans, dried milk, corn, and cooking oil. A vitamin is an Organic compound required as a Nutrient in tiny amounts by an Organism. Whole grains are cereal grains that Bran and germ as well as the Endosperm, in contrast to Refined grains, which retain only Powdered milk is a manufactured dairy product made by evaporating Milk to dryness. Cooking oil is purified Fat of Plant or Animal origin which is liquid at room temperature [7] One should add vegetables, fruits, spices and meats, both prepared and fresh-gardened, when possible.

As a profession

Emergency managers are trained in a wide variety of disciplines that support them through out the emergency life-cycle. Professional emergency managers can focus on government and community preparedness (Continuity of Operations/Continuity of Government Planning), or private business preparedness (Business Continuity Management Planning). Business Continuity Planning ( BCP) is an Interdisciplinary Concept used to create and validate a practiced Logistical Plan for how Training is provided by local, state, federal and private organizations and ranges from public information and media relations to high-level incident command and tactical skills such as studying a terrorist bombing site or controlling an emergency scene.

In the past, the field of emergency management has been populated mostly by people with a military or first responder background. Currently, the population in the field has become more diverse, with many experts coming from a variety of backgrounds and having no military or first responder history at all. Educational opportunities are increasing for those seeking undergraduate and graduate degrees in emergency management or a related field.

Professional certifications such as Certified Emergency Manager (CEM) and Certified Business Continuity Professional (CBCP) are becoming more common as the need for high professional standards is recognized by the emergency management community, especially in the United States.

Tools

In recent years the continuity feature of emergency management has resulted in a new concept, Emergency Management Information Systems (EMIS). Emergency Management Information System ( EMIS) is a computer database for disaster response that provides graphical real-time information to responders For continuity and interoperability between emergency management stakeholders, EMIS supports the emergency management process by providing an infrastructure that integrates emergency plans at all levels of government and non-government involvement and by utilizing the management of all related resources (including human and other resources) for all four phases of emergencies.

Within other professions

Practitioners emergency management (disaster preparedness) come from an increasing variety of backgrounds as the field matures. Professionals from memory institutions (e. g. , museums, historical societies, libraries, and archives) are dedicated to preserving cultural heritage—objects and records contained in their collections. This has been a major component within these fields, but now there is a heightened awareness following the events on 9/11 and the hurricanes in 2005.

To increase the opportunity for a successful recovery of valuable records, a well-established and thoroughly tested plan must be developed. This task requires the cooperation of a well-organized committee led by an experienced chairperson. [8] Professional associations schedule regular workshops and hold focus sessions at annual conferences to keep individuals up to date with tools and resources in practice.

Tools

The joint efforts of professional associations and cultural heritage institutions have resulted in the development of tools to assist professionals in preparing disaster and recovery plans. The tools are available to users as well as templates created by existing libraries and archives that can be helpful to a committee preparing a disaster plan or updating an existing plan.

dPlan, The Online Disaster Planning Tool, developed in partnership between the Northeast Document Conservation Center (NEDCC) and Massachusetts Board of Library Commissioners (MBLC) is free and fairly simple to use. Users log-in to complete the comprehensive interactive form, the information is saved and stored, then, a hardcopy (PDF file) can be printed. The hardcopy should be readily available in case of emergency. [9]

With dPlan, there are seven sections including: Institutional Information; Prevention; Response and Recovery; Supplies and Services; Scope and Goals; Staff Training; Distribution, Review and Updating. It does not have to be completed in one sitting. The Data Collection Form can be printed in advance and the template can be filled in by hand before entering the data online. Or, it is possible to enter the data online and save it along the way. The 129-page document may seem daunting, but will prove to be invaluable. To reduce the amount of time needed to complete the form, check boxes and pull-down menus are provided. A scale of 1 to 4 is (one being serious risk and four not a risk at all) is used to measure conditions. The scale forces the user to make a choice resulting in a more effective reading. dPlan offers consistency in plans through vocabulary and format, yet an upload file feature allows for flexibility—necessary attachments and/or appendices may be added to supplement the plan.

The Emergency Response and Salvage Wheel is another useful tool. It was produced by the Heritage Emergency National Task Force on Emergency Response. The design of the waterproof, hand-held tool provides essential information in an easy to read format. The two-sided disc outlines action steps and salvage steps for emergency situations, including a section on electronic records. It is also available in Spanish. [10]

The Disaster Mitigation Planning Assistance Website. is a Website created by Michigan State University Libraries, the Center for Great Lakes Culture and the California Preservation Program. The Michigan State University Libraries comprise the 26th largest academic Library system in North America with over 4 It is possible to search resources based on individual needs. [11] Pull down menus filter results and an export feature makes it possible to download the data to an (CSV) Excel document. The document may contain company names, addresses, phone numbers, email addresses, and URL addresses for the corresponding service, supplier, or expert on file. It is also possible to submit resource as well as view sample plans from this Website.

There are workbooks from libraries and archives with published disaster plans. Many can be found online, but only two will be named at this time. The first one is New York University Library’s Disaster Plan Workbook. A committee of ten works in partnership with the Library’s Preservation Department to administer the plan. It contains seven chapters with forms, priorities and procedures along with a table of contents, appendices—divided into six sections—and index. "Instructions in the workbook provide undamaging salvage methods for all types of library materials, including a list of supplies needed for each. Consultants, specialists, hardware stores and staff telephone trees are listed. " [12] The workbook is displayed using HTML for navigation between the pages by clicking. It is not possible to type into the pages of the Workbook, but the pages may be printed and customized with pertinent information of the library or archive using this format.

Western New York Disaster Preparedness and Recovery Manual for Libraries and Archives is available for download as a PDF document. This manual provides a number of worksheets to be completed by the user. It contains a glossary of terms to ensure those involved in the planning and executing process are speaking the same language. A section on "Protection" lists emergency supplies; decisions to make when assembling in-house disaster response teams; and types of alarms and systems to warn against smoke and fire. Salvaging techniques and rehabilitation are also covered extensively. It is not limited to paper materials but also includes film, magnetic and digital media. [13]

Further reading

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). "Emergency Management Guide for Business & Industry." FEMA 141, (. PDF). 2007. Washington, D. C. : FEMA, 18 May 2006.

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). "NFPA 909: Code for the Protection of Cultural Resources Properties—Museums, Libraries, and Places of Worship." 2005 ed. Quincy, Mass. : NFPA, 2005.

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). "NFPA 1600: Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and Business Continuity Programs." 2007 ed. Quincy, Mass. : NFPA, 2007.

International organizations

International Association of Emergency Managers

The International Association of Emergency Managers (IAEM) is a non-profit educational organization dedicated to promoting the goals of saving lives and protecting property during emergencies and disasters. The International Association of Emergency Managers (abbreviated IAEM) is a Non-profit educational Organization for Emergency management professionals The mission of IAEM is to serve its members by providing information, networking and professional opportunities, and to advance the emergency management profession.

Red Cross/Red Crescent

National Red Cross/Red Crescent societies often have pivotal roles in responding to emergencies. Additionally, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC, or "The Federation") may deploy assessment teams to the affected country. History Founding In 1919 representatives from the National Red Cross Societies of Britain France Italy Japan and the US came together in Paris to found the League They specialize in the recovery component of the emergency management framework.

United Nations

Within the United Nations system responsibility for emergency response rests with the Resident Coordinator within the affected country. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security However, in practice international response will be coordinated, if requested by the affected country’s government, by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN-OCHA), by deploying a UN Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC) team. "OCHA" redirects there See Ocha for other possible meanings

World Bank

Since 1980, the World Bank has approved more than 500 operations related to disaster management, amounting to more than US$40 billion. The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e These include post-disaster reconstruction projects, as well as projects with components aimed at preventing and mitigating disaster impacts, in countries such as Argentina, Bangladesh, Colombia, Haiti, India, Mexcio, Turkey and Vietnam to name only a few. [14]

Common areas of focus for prevention and mitigation projects include forest fire prevention measures, such as early warning measures and education campaigns to discourage farmers from slash and burn agriculture that ignites forest fires; early-warning systems for hurricanes; flood prevention mechanisms, ranging from shore protection and terracing in rural areas to adaptation of production; and earthquake-prone construction. [15]

In a joint with Columbia University under the umbrella of the ProVention Consortium the World Bank has established A Global Risk Analysis of Natural Disaster Hotspots. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. [16]

In June 2006, the World Bank established the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), a longer term partnership with other aid donors to reduce disaster losses by mainstreaming disaster risk reduction in development, in support of the Hyogo Framework of Action. The facility helps developing countries fund development projects and programs that enhance local capacities for disaster prevention and emergency preparedness. [17]

National organisations

Australia

The key federal coordinating and advisory body for emergency management in Australia is Emergency Management Australia (EMA). Emergency Management Australia ( EMA) is an Australian Federal Government Agency tasked with coordinating governmental responses to emergency incidents Each state has its own State Emergency Service. A State Emergency Service is an Australian volunteer organisation that provides emergency help during and after declared (natural or otherwise disasters The Emergency Call Service provides a national 000 emergency telephone number to contact state Police, Fire and Ambulance services. Arrangements are in place for state and federal cooperation.

India

The Indian government spends a lot in managing disasters through National Disaster Management of India under the Ministry of Home affairs. There has been a shift from response and recovery to strategic risk management and reduction, and from a government-centred approach to decentralized community participation.

Recently the Government has formed the Emergency Management and Research Institute (EMRI). The Emergency Management and Research Institute (EMRI was established in April 2005 as Public Private Partnership

Canada

Public Safety Canada (PSC) is Canada’s national emergency management agency. Public Safety Canada, formerly known as Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada, legally incorporated as the federal Department of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Each province is required to set up their Emergency Management Organizations.

PSC coordinates and supports the efforts of federal organizations ensuring national security and the safety of Canadians. They also work with other levels of government, first responders, community groups, the private sector (operators of critical infrastructure) and other nations.

PSC’s work is based on a wide range of policies and legislation through the Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Act which defines the powers, duties and functions of PSC are outlined. Other acts are specific to fields such as corrections, emergency management, law enforcement, and national security.

Provincial EMOs

Germany

In Germany the Federal Government controls the German Katastrophenschutz (disaster relief) and Zivilschutz (civil protection) programs. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Civil defense or civil defence (see spelling differences) is an effort to prepare Civilians for Military attack The local units of German fire department and the Technisches Hilfswerk (Federal Agency for Technical Relief, THW) are part of these programs. The Feuerwehr is a number of German fire departments The responsible body for operating and equipping fire departments are the German communities ("Gemeinden" and cities ("Städte" The Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk ( Federal Agency for Technical Relief, THW is a Disaster relief organisation controlled by the German federal government The German Armed Forces (Bundeswehr), the German Federal Police and the 16 state police forces (Länderpolizei) all have been deployed for disaster relief operations. The Bundeswehr ( German for "Federal Defence Force") is the name of the unified Armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany The Bundespolizei ( BPOL) is the (primarily uniformed federal police force of Germany. Besides the German Red Cross [1] and its regional sister organisation, the Bavarian Red Cross, humanitarian help is dispensed by the Johanniter-Unfallhilfe [2], the German equivalent of the St. John's Ambulance, the Malteser-Hilfsdienst [3], the Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund [4], to cite the largest relief organisation that are equipped for large-scale emergencies. Command and control are provided by mobile municipal headquarter units. For more details see the article at [5]

New Zealand

In New Zealand the Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management (MCDEM) has statutory authority for managing any state of emergency declared by the central government. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies Central government or the national government (or in Federal states the Federal government) is the Government at the level of the Nation-state Local government bodies such as city and regional councils have their own emergency management agencies to manage localised states of emergency, but these all defer to the MCDEM in the event of a national state of emergency. Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a State. The Wellington Emergency Management Office (WEMO) occupies a purpose built building with its own water, electricity, communications and sewerage facilities to ensure continued operations in the event of an emergency or disaster.

Russia

In Russia the Ministry of Emergency Situations (EMERCOM) is engaged in fire fighting, Civil Defense, Search and Rescue, including rescue services after natural and human-made disasters. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Distinguish from a Firefight, which means a battle with firearms Civil defense or civil defence (see spelling differences) is an effort to prepare Civilians for Military attack For the TV series of this title see Search and Rescue (TV series.

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom adjusted its focus on emergency management following the 2000 UK fuel protests, severe UK flooding in the same year and the 2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth crisis. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The fuel protests in the United Kingdom were a series of Campaigns held in the United Kingdom over the cost of Petrol and Diesel for road vehicle The outbreak of Foot-and-mouth disease in the United Kingdom in the spring and summer of 2001 caused a crisis in British Agriculture and This resulted in the creation of the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 (CCA) which legislated the responsibilities of all category one responders regarding an emergency response. The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament that gives the British government wide-ranging powers in an emergency The CCA is managed by the Civil Contingencies Secretariat through Regional Resilience Forums and at the local authority level. The Civil Contingencies Secretariat, created in July 2001 is the department of the British Cabinet Office responsible for emergency planning in the UK.

Disaster Management training is generally conducted at the local level by the organisations involved in any response. This is consolidated through professional courses that can be undertaken at the Emergency Planning College. The Emergency Planning College (Hawkhills is situated at the heart of Government within the Civil Contingencies Secretariat (CCS of the Cabinet Office Furthemore diplomas and undergraduate qualifications can be gained throughout the country - the first course of this type was carried out by Coventry University in 1994. Coventry University is a post-1992 University in Coventry, West Midlands, England. Institute of Emergency Management is a charity organisation, established in 1996, to provide consulting services for the government, media and commercial sectors. The Institute of Emergency Management (IEM was incorporated as a Registered charity (No

The Professional Society for Emergency Planners is the Emergency Planning Society.

The UK’s largest ever emergency exercise was carried out on 20 May 2007 near Belfast, Northern Ireland, and involved the scenario of a plane crash landing at Belfast International Airport. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of Staff from five hospitals and three airports participated in the drill, and almost 150 international observers assessed its effectiveness. [18]

United States

Under the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is lead agency for emergency management. The purpose of FEMA is to coordinate the response to a Disaster which has occurred in the United States and which overwhelms the resources of local and state authorities The HAZUS software package developed by FEMA is central in the risk assessment process in the country. HAZUS (abbreviation for HAZ ards U nited S tates is a GIS -based Natural hazard loss estimation software package developed and freely The United States and its territories are covered by one of ten regions for FEMA’s emergency management purposes. Tribal, state, county and local governments develop emergency management programs/departments and operate hierarchially within each region. Emergencies are managed at the most-local level possible, utilizing mutual aid agreements with adjacent jurisdictions. If the emergency is terrorist related or if declared an "Incident of National Significance", the Secretary of Homeland Security will initiate the National Response Framework (NRF). The United States National Response Framework (NRF is part of the National Strategy for Homeland Security that presents the guiding principles enabling all levels Under this plan the involvement of federal resources will be made possible, integrating in with the local, county, state, or tribal entities. Management will continue to be handled at the lowest possible level utilizing the National Incident Management System (NIMS). NIMS redirects here For other meanings see Nims. The National Incident Management System ( NIMS) is a system used in the

The Citizen Corps is an organization of volunteer service programs, administered locally and coordinated nationally by DHS, which seek to mitigate disaster and prepare the population for emergency response through public education, training, and outreach. Citizen Corps is a United States National service program under the Jurisdiction of the Department of Homeland Security that seeks to mobilize Community Emergency Response Teams are a Citizen Corps program focused on disaster preparedness and teaching basic disaster response skills. In the United States a Community Emergency Response Team ( CERT) sometimes known as a Neighborhood Emergency Response Team ( NERT) or These volunteer teams are utilized to provide emergency support when disaster overwhelms the conventional emergency services.

Academic resources

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Haddow, George D. ; Jane A. Bullock (2004). Introduction to Emergency Management. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Butterworth-Heinemann was a UK -based international Publishing company specialized in professional information and learning materials for higher education and professional ISBN 0-7506-7689-2.  
  2. ^ a b Wisner, Ben; P. Blaikie, T. Cannon, and I. Davis (2004). At Risk - Natural hazards, people’s vulnerability and disasters. Wiltshire: Routledge. Etymology The county formerly 'Wiltonshire' or 'Wiltunscir' (9th century is named after the former county town of Wilton (itself named after the River Wylye Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals ISBN 0-415-25216-4.  
  3. ^ Cuny, Fred C. (1983). Disasters and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire,  
  4. ^ a b Alexander, David (2002). Principles of Emergency planning and Management. Harpenden: Terra Publishing. Harpenden is a town in the City and District of St Albans of Hertfordshire in the South East of England. ISBN 1-903544-10-6.  
  5. ^ Walker, Peter (1991). International Search and Rescue Teams, A League Discussion Paper. Geneva: League of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking History Founding In 1919 representatives from the National Red Cross Societies of Britain France Italy Japan and the US came together in Paris to found the League  
  6. ^ 72 Hour Kits, an article from Home Security Guru
  7. ^ www.fema.gov Federal Emergency Management Agency Website
  8. ^ Buchanan, Sally. "Emergency preparedness. " from Paul Banks and Roberta Pilette. Preservation Issues and Planning. Chicago: American Library Association, 2000. 159-165. ISBN 978-0-8389-0776-4
  9. ^ dPlan. Accessed December 3, 2007
  10. ^ Heritage Preservation. Accessed December 3, 2007
  11. ^ The Disaster Mitigation Planning Assistance Website. Accessed December 8, 2007
  12. ^ New York University Libraries. Accessed December 3, 2007
  13. ^ Western New York Library Resource Center (WNYLRC). Accessed December 3, 2007
  14. ^ List of World Bank projects with disaster management components and World Bank Disaster Risk Management Projects
  15. ^ World Bank Disaster Risk Management Projects
  16. ^ Natural Disaster Hotspots
  17. ^ Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery
  18. ^ Mock plane crash tests NI crews, BBC News, May 20, 2007

See also

Amateur Radio operators may help provide emergency communications in the event of an Emergency:

External links

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