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For other uses, see Emergency (disambiguation).

An emergency is a situation which poses an immediate risk to health, life, property or environment. Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Life is a state that distinguishes Organisms from non-living objects such as non-life and dead organisms being manifested by growth through Metabolism Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual See also Nature The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a terminology that is comprised of all living and [1] Most emergencies require urgent intervention to prevent a worsening of the situation, although in some situations, mitigation may not be possible and agencies may only be able to offer palliative care for the aftermath.

Whilst some emergencies are self evident (such as a natural disaster which threatens many lives), many smaller incidents require the subjective opinion of an observer (or affected party) in order to decide whether it qualifies as an emergency. A natural disaster is the consequence of a Natural hazard (eg

The precise definition of an emergency, the agencies involved and the procedures used, vary by jurisdiction, and this is usually set by the government, whose agencies (emergency services) are responsible for emergency planning and management. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Emergency services are organizations which ensure Public safety by addressing different emergencies

Contents

Defining an emergency

In order to be defined as an emergency, the incident should be one of the following:

Whilst most emergency services agree on protecting human health, life and property, the environmental impacts are not considered sufficiently important by some agencies. Probability is the likelihood or chance that something is the case or will happen Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus This also extends to areas such as animal welfare, where some emergency organisations cover this element through the 'property' definition, where animals which are owned by a person are threatened (although this does not cover wild animals). Animal welfare refers to the viewpoint that it is morally acceptable for humans to use nonhuman animals for food in animal research, as clothing and in entertainment This means that some agencies will not mount an 'emergency' response where it endangers wild animals or environment, although others will respond to such incidents (such as oil spills at sea which pose a threat to marine life). The attitude of the agencies involved is likely to reflect the predominant opinion of the government of the area.

Types of emergency

Dangers to life

Many emergencies cause an immediate danger to the life of people involved. This can range from emergencies affecting a single person, such as the entire range of medical emergencies which include heart attacks, strokes and trauma, to incidents affecting large numbers of people such as natural disasters including hurricanes, floods or mudslides. A medical emergency is an Injury or Illness that is acute and poses an immediate risk to a person's life or long term health Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain Treatment of physical trauma is described here and in First aid. A natural disaster is the consequence of a Natural hazard (eg A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge Mudslide redirects here it is also the name of a cocktail. A mudflow or mudslide is the most rapid (up to 80 km/h / 50 mph

Most agencies consider these to be the highest priority of emergency, which follows the general school of thought that nothing is more important than human life. [2]

Dangers to health

Some emergencies are not immediately threatening to life, but might have serious implications for the continued health and well-being of a person or persons (although a health emergency can subsequently escalate to be threatening to life).

The causes of a 'health' emergency are often very similar to the causes of an emergency threatening to life, which includes medical emergencies and natural disasters, although the range of incidents which can be categorised here is far greater than those which cause a danger to life (such as broken limbs, which do not usually cause death, but immediate intervention is required if the person is to recover properly)

Dangers to property

Other emergencies do not threaten any people, but do threaten peoples' property. An example of this would be a fire in a warehouse which has been evacuated. Fire is the heat and light energy released during a Chemical reaction, in particular a combustion reaction. The situation is treated as an emergency as the fire may spread to other buildings, or may cause sufficient damage to make the business unable to continue (affecting livelihood of the employees).

Many agencies categorise property emergency as the lowest priority, and may not take as many risks in dealing with it. For instance, firefighters are unlikely to enter a burning building which they know to be empty, as the risk is unjustified, whereas they are more likely to enter a building where people are reported as trapped. Firefighters are rescuers extensively trained primarily to put out hazardous Fires that threaten civilian populations and property to rescue people from car accidents collapsed

Dangers to the environment

Some emergencies do not immediately endanger life, health or property, but do affect the natural environment and creatures living within it. Not all agencies consider this to be a genuine emergency, but it can have far reaching effects on animals and the long term condition of the land. Examples would include forest fires and marine oil spills. A wildfire, also known as a wildland fire, forest fire, brush fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, Peat fire, For the fictional character see Oil Slick (Transformers. An oil spill is the release of a Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbon into

Systems of classifying emergencies

Agencies across the world have different systems for classifying incidents, but all of them serve to help them allocate finite resource, by prioritising between different emergencies.

The first stage in any classification is likely to be defining whether the incident qualifies as an emergency, and consequently if it warrants an emergency response. Some agencies may still respond to non-emergency calls, depending on their remit and availability of resource. An example of this would be a fire department responding to help retrieve a cat from a tree, where no life, health or property is immediately at risk.

Following this, many agencies assign a sub-classification to the emergency, prioritising incidents which have the most potential for risk to life, health or property (in that order). For instance, many ambulance services use a system called the Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System (AMPDS) or a similar solution. The Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System (AMPDS is a medically approved unified system used to dispatch appropriate aid to medical emergencies including systematized caller interrogation [3][4] The AMPDS categorises all calls to the ambulance service using it as either 'A' category (immediately life threatening), 'B' Category (immediately health threatening) or 'C' category (non-emergency call which still requires a response). Some services will now also have a fourth category, where they believe that no response is required after clinical questions are asked.

Another system for prioritizing medical calls is known as Emergency Medical Dispatch (EMD). [5][6] Jurisdictions that use EMD typically assign a code of "alpha" (low priority), "bravo" (medium priority), "charlie" (requiring advanced life support), delta (high priority, requiring advanced life support) or "echo" (maximum possible priority, e. A paramedic is a medical professional usually a member of the emergency medical service, who primarily provides Pre-hospital advanced medical and Advanced Life Support (ALS- Implies that a EMT is capable of performing advanced life support skills as either an EMT-I (Intermediate or an EMT-P (Paramedic commonly referred g. , witnessed cardiac arrests) to each inbound request for service; these codes are then used to determine the appropriate level of response. [7][8][9]

Other systems (especially as regards major incidents) use objective measures to direct resource. Emergency management (or disaster management) is the discipline of dealing with and avoiding risks Two such systems are CHALET and ETHANE,[10] which are both mnemonics to help emergency services staff classify incidents, and direct resource. CHALET is a mnemonic indicating a protocol used by Emergency services to report situations which they may be faced with especially as it relates to major incidents ETHANE is a mnemonic indicating a protocol used by Emergency services to report situations which they may be faced with especially as it relates to major incidents where [11] Each of these acronyms helps ascertain the number of casualties (usually including the number of dead and number of non-injured people involved), how the incident has occurred, and what emergency services are required.

Agencies involved in dealing with emergencies

Main article: Emergency service

Most developed countries have a number of emergency services operating within them, whose purpose is to provide assistance in dealing with any emergency which may occur. Emergency services are organizations which ensure Public safety by addressing different emergencies Emergency services are organizations which ensure Public safety by addressing different emergencies They are often government operated, paid for from tax revenue as a public service, but in some cases, they may be private companies, responding to emergencies in return for payment, or they may be voluntary organisations, providing the assistance from funds raised from donations. A donation is a gift given typically to a cause or/and for charitable purposes

Most developed countries operate three core emergency services which are:

In some countries or regions, two or more of these services may be provided by the same agency[12] (e. g. the fire service providing emergency medical cover), and under different conditions (e. g. publicly funded fire service and police, but a private ambulance service)

There may also be a number of secondary emergency services, which may be a part of one of the core agencies, or may be separate entities who assist the main agencies. An ambulance is a Vehicle for transporting sick or injured people to from or between places of treatment for an Illness or Injury. This can include services providing specialist rescue (such as mountain rescue[13] or mine rescue[14]), bomb disposal[15] or search and rescue[16][17][18]. Mountain rescue refers to Search and rescue activities that occur in a mountainous environment although the term is sometimes also used to apply to search and rescue in Mine rescue is the very specialized job of rescuing miners and others who have become trapped or injured underground in mines usually in Mining accidents and Disasters Bomb disposal is the process by which hazardous explosive devices are rendered safe For the TV series of this title see Search and Rescue (TV series.

Summoning emergency services

Main article: Emergency telephone number

Most countries have an emergency telephone number, also known as the universal emergency number, which can be used to summon the emergency services to any incident. Many countries' public telephone networks have a single emergency telephone number, sometimes known as the universal emergency telephone number or occasionally the Many countries' public telephone networks have a single emergency telephone number, sometimes known as the universal emergency telephone number or occasionally the This number varies from country to country (and in some cases by region within a country), but in most cases, they are in a short number format, such as 911 (United States)[19], 999 (United Kingdom)[20][21], 112 (Europe)[22][23] and 000 (Australia). 911 (usually pronounced "nine-one-one" is the Emergency telephone number for the North American Numbering Plan (NANP 999 is the United Kingdom 's and Ireland's official Emergency telephone number and Poland 's medical emergency number [24]

The majority of mobile phones will also dial the emergency services, even if the phone keyboard is locked, or if the phone has an expired or missing SIM card, although the provision of this service varies by country and network. [23]

Civil emergency services

In addition to those services provided specifically for emergencies, there may be a number of agencies who provide an emergency service as an incidental part of their normal 'day job' provision. This can include public utility workers, such as in provision of electricity or gas, who may be required to respond quickly, as both utilities have a large potential to cause danger to life, health and property if there is an infrastructure failure. A public utility (usually just utility) is an organization that maintains the Infrastructure for a public service (often also providing a service using This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter [25][26]

Emergency action principles (EAP)

Main article: Emergency action principles

Emergency action principles are the key 'rules' which guide the actions of rescuers and potential rescuers. Emergency action principles are the guiding rules to be employed by the first person or persons on the scene of an Emergency. Because of the inherent nature of emergencies, no two are likely to be the same, so emergency action principles help to guide rescuers at incidents, by sticking to some basic tenets.

The adherence to (and contents of) the principles by would be rescuers varies widely based on the training the people involved in emergency have received, the support available from emergency services (and the time it will take to arrive) and the emergency itself. A personal and cultural value is a Relative ethic value, an assumption upon which implementation can be extrapolated The term training refers to the acquisition of knowledge skills and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge

Key emergency principle

The key principle taught in almost all systems is that the rescuer, be they a lay person or a professional, should assess the situation for danger. For the term in chemistry see Principle (chemistry. Not to be confused with Principal. System (from Latin systēma, in turn from Greek systēma is a set of interacting or interdependent Entities, real or abstract Rescue refers to operations that usually involve the saving of Life, or prevention of Injury. This article is about people called professionals For the Movie, see The Professional or Leon. For article assessment process on Wikipedia see WikipediaVersion 1 [27][28]

The reason that an assessment for danger is given such high priority is that it is core to emergency management that rescuers do not become secondary victims of any incident, as this creates a further emergency that must be dealt with. For article assessment process on Wikipedia see WikipediaVersion 1 Management (covering theory practice and scope of management and Manager' (covering the people who manage might help clarify and systematise

A typical assessment for danger would involve observation of the surroundings, starting with the cause of the accident (e. Observation is either an activity of a living being (such as a Human) which senses and assimilates the Knowledge of a Phenomenon, or the recording of data Vicinty redirects here Vicinity Corporation provided the MapBlast web mapping service in the late 1990s An accident is a specific identifiable unexpected unusual and unintended external event which occurs in a particular time and place without apparent or deliberate g. a falling object) and expanding outwards to include any situational hazards (e. A hazard is a situation which poses a level of threat to Life, Health, Property or environment. g. fast moving traffic) and history or secondary information given by witnesses, bystanders or the emergency services (e. A witness is someone who has firsthand knowledge about a Crime or dramatic event through their Senses (e g. an attacker still waiting nearby). For the term attacker in computer security see Adversary (cryptography and Adversary (online algorithm.

Once a primary danger assessment has been complete, this should not end the system of checking for danger, but should inform all other parts of the process.

If at any time the risk from any hazard poses a significant danger (as a factor of likelihood and seriousness) to the rescuer, they should consider whether they should approach the scene (or leave the scene if appropriate). FACTOR may also refer to the Object Oriented programming requirements caputre acronym "Functionality Application domain Conditions Technology Objects and Responsibility" In Statistics, the likelihood function (often simply the likelihood) is a function of the Parameters of a Statistical model that plays a key role

Managing an emergency

A graphic representation of the four phases in emergency management.
A graphic representation of the four phases in emergency management.
Main article: Emergency management

There are many protocols which the emergency services use in dealing with an emergency, which usually start with planning before an emergency occurs. Emergency management (or disaster management) is the discipline of dealing with and avoiding risks One commonly used system for demonstrating the phases is shown here on the right.

The planning phase starts at preparedness, where the agencies decide on how they will respond to a given incident or set of circumstances. This should ideally include lines of command and control, and division of activities between agencies. This avoids potentially negative situations such as three separate agencies all starting an official rest centre for victims of a disaster.

Following an emergency occurring, the agencies then move to a response phase, where they execute their plans, and may end up improvising some areas of their response (due to gaps in the planning phase, which are inevitable due to the individual nature of most incidents).

Agencies may then be involved in recovery following the incident, where they assist in the clear up from the incident, or help the people involved overcome their mental trauma.

The final phase in the circle is mitigation which involves taking steps to ensure that no re-occurrence is possible, or putting additional plans in place to ensure less damage is done. This should feed back in to the preparedness stage, with updated plans in place to deal with future emergencies, thus completing the circle.

State of emergency

Main article: State of emergency

In the event of a major incident, such as civil unrest or a major disaster, many governments maintain the right to declare a state of emergency,[29] which gives them extensive powers over the daily lives of their citizens, and may include temporary curtailment on certain civil rights, including the right to trial (for instance to discourage looting of an evacuated area, a shoot on sight policy may be in force)

Personal emergencies

Some people undergo incidents which cause them to believe they are in an emergency situation. A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies Looting ( Hindi lūṭ akin to Sanskrit luṭhati steals also Latin latro, latronis However, it does not pose a risk to their life, physical health or property. In some instances, people may feel that they are entitled to or deserve an emergency response from agencies they come in to contact with, which is a view that may or may not be shared by the agency.

Some of these cases may be genuine emergencies if they threaten the mental health and well-being of the person involved, but many agencies do not recognise this as valid. This is more likely to be dealt with by social services or a physician than by the traditional emergency service agencies. Social work is a discipline involving the application of Social theory and research methods to study and improve the lives of people groups and societies A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health

See also

References

  1. ^ UK Government Advice on Definition of an Emergency. A certified first responder is a person who has completed forty to sixty hours of training in providing prehospital care for medical emergencies. The Emergency Medical Technician ( EMT) exists in many countries and is a health care provider trained to provide prehospital emergency medical care First aid is the provision of initial care for an Illness or Injury. The Emergency Response Information Network (ERIN is a 24-hour Hurricane TV channel set up by the Dish Network. The Emergency Response Unit ( Irish: Aonad Práinnfhreagartha) (ERU of An Garda Síochána (the Irish police force is a specialist armed intervention A maritime emergency is usually any serious distress to a maritime vessel or her crew A medical emergency is an Injury or Illness that is acute and poses an immediate risk to a person's life or long term health Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  2. ^ UK Government document stating that life-saving activity is the highest priority in an emergency. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  3. ^ Tampa Fire Department EMS dispatch details. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  4. ^ London Ambulance Service details of AMPDS use. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  5. ^ EMD Resources. Retrieved on 2007-07-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death
  6. ^ EMD Training Guide. Utah Bureau of Emergency Medical Services (January 2005). Retrieved on 2007-07-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death
  7. ^ DEMSOC Annual Report - 2005. Delaware Emergency Medical Services Oversight Council (2005). Retrieved on 2007-07-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000
  8. ^ Brian Dale. Using the ECHO Determinant. Retrieved on 2007-07-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000
  9. ^ Jeff J. Clawson. EMD: Making the Most of EMS. Retrieved on 2007-07-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000
  10. ^ Patient Plus reference to CHALET and ETHANE systems. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  11. ^ London Emergency planning committee use of CHALET. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  12. ^ New York City Fire Department is the largest combined Fire and EMS service in the United States. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  13. ^ Mountain Rescue Association (US). Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  14. ^ United States Mine Rescue Association. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  15. ^ British Army Bomb Disposal Engineer Career Page. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  16. ^ Maritime Search and Rescue Agencies in the UK (at the MCA). Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  17. ^ CANIS specialist search dog charity in the UK. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  18. ^ Search and Rescue service in Essex, UK. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  19. ^ US National Emergency Number Association. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  20. ^ History of the 999 System. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  21. ^ Metropolitan Police advice on using 999. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  22. ^ UK government advice on the use of 112 alongside 999. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  23. ^ a b European Commission document on the Implementation of the Single 112 emergency number. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  24. ^ Australian Government Advice on Emergency Calls. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  25. ^ UK National Gas Emergency Number. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  26. ^ UK Government Gas and Electricity National Emergency Plan. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  27. ^ UK Health and Safety Executive publication on dealing with emergencies - Danger assessment is the first point. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE is a United Kingdom Non-departmental public body. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  28. ^ St John Ambulance UK Primary Assessment guide. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
  29. ^ UK Government Civil Contingencies Act, giving powers to declare a state of emergency. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following

Dictionary

emergency

-noun

  1. A situation such as a natural or man-made disaster requiring urgent assistance.
  2. An emergency department.

-adjective

  1. Related to the emergency or to the provision of assistance.
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